chapter 21 the high tide of imperialism. the spread of colonial rule q: what were the causes of the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 21
THE HIGH TIDE OF
IMPERIALISM
![Page 2: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Spread of Colonial Rule
• Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how did it differ from European expansion in earlier periods?
![Page 3: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Colonialism & Imperialism
• Economic motives for colonialism– Raw materials & New Markets– Oil, tin, rubber & manufactured goods
• Imperialism– Process of western economic expansion in
Asia and Africa• efforts of western capitalist states to seize markets,
cheap raw materials, and lucrative avenues for investment
![Page 4: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Voices of Imperialism• John A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study in 1902
• Jules Ferry (1885) & Karl Pearson– Evoked Social Darwinism
• Cecil Rhodes, – purpose was to extend the British empire on “which
the sun never set.”
• Moral Arguments: Promote Christianity & Build a better world.
![Page 5: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Colonial Rivalry• Colonial rivalry
– scramble to acquire new territories in Asia and Africa, primary motive, economic
– Africa• British engaged in a struggle with rivals to protect their
interests in the Suez canal and Red Sea
– Southeast Asia • U.S. seized the Philippines from Spain and to keep
them from the Japanese
– Indochina• The French took over in competition with Germany,
Japan or the U.S. would usurp that territory
![Page 6: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Colonial System
• Q: What types of administrative systems did the various colonial powers establish in their colonies, and how did these systems reflect the general philosophy of colonialism?
![Page 7: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Philosophy of Colonialism
• “Might makes it right”– pseudoscientific validation from the concept
of Social Darwinism
• “White mans burden”– Moral justification:
• bringing the benefits of western democracy, capitalism, and Christianity to the tradition-ridden societies of Africa and Asia,
– (civilizing mission)
![Page 8: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Foreign Intervention & Occupation
• Indirect Rule
• Direct Rule
• Association (French)
• Assimilation
![Page 9: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
India Under the British Raj
• Q: What were some of the major consequences of British rule in India, and how did they affect the Indian peoples?
![Page 10: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
British India, 1800
• Empire of the Muhgals • British sought to consolidate their control
over Indian and expand into the interior– Direct Rule
• East India Co.• Later by the British Crown
– Indirect Rule• through their local Maharajas and rajas.
![Page 11: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•company’s resident dominating a procession in Tanjore in 1825, while the Indian ruler, Sarabhoji, follows like an obedient shadow
© Art Media, Victoria and Albert Museum, London/HIP/The Image Works
The East Indian Co. Resident and His Puppet
![Page 12: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Colonial Reforms
• British government brought order and “stability” and quelled civil wars
• Benefits – Increase in access to education
• Girls had some increase access – wifely duties, – Sati outlawed – widows allowed to remarry legally– new infrastructure of railroads and telegraph,
postal service, health and sanitation improved.
![Page 13: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Costs of Colonialism• High price for stability
– British used the Zamindar system– Economic hardship to the majority of millions of
people• Introduction of British textiles put thousands of Bengali
women out of work and severely damaged the local textile industry
– Limited industrialization, • remiss in bringing the benefits of modern science and
technology
– Psychological impact of British arrogance, contempt and discrimination
![Page 14: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
India Under British Rule, 1805–1931
•This map shows the different forms of rule that the British applied in India under their control.
![Page 15: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Colonial regimes in SE Asia
• Q: Which western countries were most active in seeking colonial possessions in Southeast Asia, and what were their motives in doing so?
![Page 16: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia
• 1800 only two societies were under colonial rule
– Spanish Philippines– Dutch East Indies
• 1900 the entire area colonized by the west
![Page 17: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Effects of Dutch Colonialism in Java
•Dutch administration buildings in Batavia© William J. Duiker
![Page 18: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Singapore and Malaya
•“Opportunity in the Orient”
•1819 Stamford Raffles founded British colony in Singapore
•Strategic shipping port in the region
![Page 19: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Government Hill in Singapore
•Strait of Malacca, an important commercial seaport in Asia.
© British Library/HIP/Art Resource, NY
![Page 20: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Colonial Southeast Asia
•British Burma
Malacca
•French Vietnam
Laos
Cambodia
•American Philippines
![Page 21: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Nature of Colonial Rule
• Colonial administrations did not allow for “democratic” institutions nor encouraged educational reforms.
• Albert Sarraut I will treat you like my younger brothers, but do not forget that I am the older brother. I will slowly give you the dignity of humanity
• French officials in Vietnam: Educating the natives meant not “one coolie less but one rebel more”
![Page 22: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cultural Influences—
East and West
© Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library
![Page 23: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Nature of Colonial Rule• Economic Development
– Exploitation of raw materials• Burma: Teakwood
• Malaya: Rubber and Tin
• East Indies: spices, tea, coffee, palm oil
• Philippines: sugar, copra (coconut flesh)
– Limited industrialization• Industrialization to meet needs of European elite and
local elites
• Most industrial and commercial establishments, banking, & trade, owned and managed by Europeans
![Page 24: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Nature of Colonial Rule
• Colonialism and the Countryside – Majority of people agrarian
• Subsistence agriculture
• Plantation agriculture– European Rubber & Tea Plantations– Workers “Shanghaied”
• English term , practice of recruiting laborers, often from the docks and streets of Shanghai: use of force, drugs or alcohol
![Page 25: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Production of Rubber
• European
Cash Crop of Asia
•Slave wages.
© William J. Duiker
![Page 26: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Production of
Rubber
•.latex sheets
© William J. Duiker
![Page 27: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Empire Building in Africa
• Q: What factors were behind the “Scramble for Africa” and what impact did it have on the continent?
![Page 28: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Berlin West African Conference1884-1885
![Page 29: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Scramble for Africa
© Snarky/Art Resource, NY
![Page 30: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Suez Canal • Strategic Imperialism
• British Control of Egypt & Sudan
![Page 31: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Opening of the Suez Canal, 1869
•Continues to be Egypt’s greatest revenue producer
© Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY
![Page 32: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
French Conquest & Settlement of Northwest Africa
• 1830 – 1869 France expanded influence into Algeria, the Sahara, Tunisia, Morocco
• Encouraged French re-settlement
• Created a system of White Privilege– Colons or settlers enjoyed representation in
government– Muslims not represented and dispossessed of
land and resources
![Page 33: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Belgium
• King Leopold II, 1876– “I want my share of this wonderful African cake”
• Organized private commercial organization to exploit resources of Congo basin– Established the Congo Free State– Exploitation of land and people of Congo justified
accusations that modern tropical colonization by Europeans was motivated by economic greed
• International outcry against repressive policies forced him to appoint a Commission of inquiry in 1904
![Page 34: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
1912
• Partition of Africa Completed• Industrial Development
– Demand for raw materials from Africa & elsewhere increased
– Improvements in shipping reduced transportation costs
– Steamships, telegraphs, railways, superior guns, military equipment facilitated European intervention & control
– European mentality, economic system & morality – the desire & justification to conquer other peoples was present
![Page 35: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Serving the White Ruler•African workers carry British officers across a mangrove swamp in Central Africa. Two porters in the rear bring the liquor. © Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works
![Page 36: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Resistance
• invasion disrupted to traditional life ways, political, socio-economic systems
• 25 conflicts with Europeans before WWI– Key resisters
• Ethiopia• Ashanti in present day Ghana• Followers of the Mahdi in Sudan• Zulus in Southern Africa
– All lost in the end with exception of Ethiopia who skillfully used modern weapons they purchased
![Page 37: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Empire Building in AfricaInformal Empire
• The Growing European Presence in West Africa– Emergence of European educated elite class of
Africans who were then employed by Europeans– Christianizing – African social splits– Tensions with African government
– British: Gold Coast, Sierra Leone– America: Liberia– French: Senegal River near Cape Verde
• Peanut plantations
![Page 38: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
South Africa
• Dutch & English Colonization
• Creation of Apartheid State(s)
• S. Africa Company:– Created Rhodesia– Diamond Mining
![Page 39: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Revere the conquering heroes: Establishing British
rule in Africa© Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
![Page 40: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Domestic Slaves, Zanzibar, 1890•Slave trade in decline: growing outrage among humanitarians in European countries over human trafficking & increase in price coupled with decrease in demand © Bojan Brecelj/CORBIS
![Page 41: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
New African LeadershipAnti-colonial movements
• Educated– Wanted to seize new opportunities created by
colonialism– Began to develop anti-colonial movements
• Prior to WWI, demanded African Christian Churches be placed under black African leadership
• New African independent states be established based on modern democratic principles
![Page 42: Chapter 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM. The Spread of Colonial Rule Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649e265503460f94b16a51/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Africa in 1914• Nationalist Political
movements in North Africa– Morocco
• Rif Rebellion led by Krim Brothers
• Brutally crushed by French and Spanish forces
– Algeria– Libya
• Italians bombed rebellion
– Tunisia• French crushed
movements in early 1900s