chapter 18 the triumph

8/13/2019 Chapter 18 the Triumph

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Chapter 18

The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie

1830-1871


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The Working Class

New class left behindby industrialization

Also known asproletariat

Expressed theirfrustrations throughpolitical uprisings andsocial movements


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Realism

New cultural stylethat reflected

changing political andsocial conditions

Realism focused onordinary people and

attempted to depictthe heroism ofeveryday life.


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The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

The rebellions were propelled by liberal ideasand nationalistic goals

Causes of revolutions Declining production

Rising unemployment

Falling agricultural prices

The revolutions took place in Paris, Berlin, and Viennaas the middle class and working class toppled kingsand ministers.


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Realpolitik

Realpolitik or powerpolitics governed

most European statesfrom 1850-1871.

Bismarck, the primeminister of Prussia,

was a major force inRealpolitik..


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Great Britain

Reform Bill of 1832extended voting rights tomiddle class male

workers Reform Bill of 1867

extended right to vote toworking class

During the reign ofQueen Victoria (1837-1901), Great Britain atpeak of economic power.


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Civil War in the U.S.

Economic issues divided thenorthern and southern states

The question of slavery. In1861 the southern states

seceded from the union,provoking a civil war

The Civil War lasted four yearsand resulted in huge losses

Northern victory in 1865under President Lincoln

Relations between north andsouth continued to be strainedin period of Reconstruction(1865-1876)


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Industrialism

After its beginnings inEngland, industrialismtook place in France and

Belgium.

Great Britain passed intothe second phase of theIndustrial Revolution

By 1850, all the majorcities in Great Britainwere linked by rail.


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The Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palacehoused the GreatExhibition of 1851 in

London. In a structure that used

advanced methods andbuilding materials, thenewest inventions and

machine-made goodswere displayed for thepublic.


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The Suez Canal

Opened in 1869

Linked the Gulf of Suezand the Red Sea with theMediterranean Sea.

Shortened the distancebetween Europe andIndia, thus enabling

steamships to ferry goodsand passengers aroundthe world more quickly


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Utilitarianism

Major philosophical viewof the century

Started by Jeremy

Bentham Utility for society was

always identified with thegreatest happiness forthe greatest number.

Reinterpreted by JohnStuart Mill, who startedout as a follower ofUtilitarianism, but laterchanged his views.


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Socialism

Two groups spoke for socialism:the utopian socialists and theMarxists.

Utopians believed that the ills ofindustrial society could beovercome through cooperationbetween workers and capitalists.

Marxists called for revolution,violence and triumph of socialism.

Marx and Engels wrote theCommunist Manifesto, the bible ofsocialism. Forecast a classlesssociety and a workers revolution.


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Religion and Science

Major conflict of thecentury

Higher criticism

movement began inGermany

Scholars began to try tolocate sources of each

book of the Bible. The Bible no longer looked

at as divine revelation.


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Geology

Geologists discredited thebiblical story of creation

Biologists questioneddivine origin of humanbeings

Charles Lyells fossilresearch showed that the

earth was much olderthan Christians claimed.


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Evolution

Darwins Origin of Speciespublished in 1859.

Showed that over the courseof time, modern plants and

animals had evolved fromsimpler forms through aprocess of natural selection

DarwinsA Descent of Manpublished in 1871.

Applied his findings to human

beings, portraying them as theoutcome of millions of years ofevolution.


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Other Scientific Advances

Louis Pasteur proved thegerm theory of disease

John Dalton inventedatomic theory

Mendeleev worked outtable of elements

In the 1840s, chemistsintroduced nitrous oxideand chloroform.


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Realism in Literature

Focused on everyday lives of middle andlower class people

Realists sought to convey what they sawaround them in a serious accurate andunsentimental way.

French Realism Balzacbegan realist movement in literature Gustav Flaubertleading French Realist.

Madame Bovary

English Realism Charles Dickens Elizabeth Gaskell George Eliot Russian Realism Tolstoy Dostoevsky African American Writers slave narratives Frederick Douglas Sojourner Truth


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Realism in Art

Courbet-hisprovocative canvases

outraged audiencesand made him theguiding spirit ofRealism.


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Courbet


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Courbet


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Daumier

Chronicled the life ofParis with a

dispassionate eye


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Daumier


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Daumier


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Daumier


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Millet

Painted thecountryside near

Barbizon, a villagesouth of Paris


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Millet


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Millet


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Millet


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Manet

Leader in a new styleof painting

Dispassionate art inwhich the subject andartist have nonecessary connection

Art for arts sake.


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Manet


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Manet


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Manet


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Manet


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Post-romantic Composers Wagner

Verdi

Rachmaninoff Wagner

Mahler

Strauss

Verdi

Dvorak Smetana

Grief

Sibelius

Music 1830-1871

chapter 18 the triumph

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