Chapter 18Chapter 18

The Triumph of the The Triumph of the BourgeoisieBourgeoisie

1830-18711830-1871

The Working ClassThe Working Class

New class left New class left behind by behind by industrializationindustrialization

Also known as Also known as proletariatproletariat

Expressed their Expressed their frustrations through frustrations through political uprisings political uprisings and social and social movementsmovements

RealismRealism

New cultural style New cultural style that reflected that reflected changing political changing political and social and social conditionsconditions

Realism focused on Realism focused on ordinary people and ordinary people and attempted to depict attempted to depict the “heroism of the “heroism of everyday life.”everyday life.”

The Revolutions of 1830 and The Revolutions of 1830 and 18481848

The rebellions were propelled by liberal The rebellions were propelled by liberal ideas and nationalistic goalsideas and nationalistic goals

Causes of revolutionsCauses of revolutions Declining productionDeclining production Rising unemploymentRising unemployment Falling agricultural pricesFalling agricultural prices The revolutions took place in Paris, Berlin, and The revolutions took place in Paris, Berlin, and

Vienna as the middle class and working class Vienna as the middle class and working class toppled kings and ministers.toppled kings and ministers.

RealpolitikRealpolitik

Realpolitik or power Realpolitik or power politics governed politics governed most European most European states from 1850-states from 1850-1871.1871.

Bismarck, the prime Bismarck, the prime minister of Prussia, minister of Prussia, was a major force in was a major force in Realpolitik..Realpolitik..

Great BritainGreat Britain

Reform Bill of 1832 Reform Bill of 1832 extended voting rights extended voting rights to middle class male to middle class male workersworkers

Reform Bill of 1867 Reform Bill of 1867 extended right to vote extended right to vote to working classto working class

During the reign of During the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-Queen Victoria (1837-1901), Great Britain at 1901), Great Britain at peak of economic peak of economic power.power.

Civil War in the U.S.Civil War in the U.S.

Economic issues divided the Economic issues divided the northern and southern northern and southern statesstates

The question of slavery. InThe question of slavery. In 1861 the southern states 1861 the southern states

seceded from the union, seceded from the union, provoking a civil warprovoking a civil war

The Civil War lasted four The Civil War lasted four years and resulted in huge years and resulted in huge losseslosses

Northern victory in 1865 Northern victory in 1865 under President Lincolnunder President Lincoln

Relations between north and Relations between north and south continued to be south continued to be strained in period of strained in period of Reconstruction (1865-1876)Reconstruction (1865-1876)

IndustrialismIndustrialism

After its beginnings in After its beginnings in England, industrialism England, industrialism took place in France took place in France and Belgium.and Belgium.

Great Britain passed Great Britain passed into the second phase into the second phase of the Industrial of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

By 1850, all the major By 1850, all the major cities in Great Britain cities in Great Britain were linked by rail.were linked by rail.

The Crystal PalaceThe Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace The Crystal Palace housed the Great housed the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Exhibition of 1851 in London.London.

In a structure that In a structure that used advanced used advanced methods and building methods and building materials, the newest materials, the newest inventions and inventions and machine-made goods machine-made goods were displayed for the were displayed for the public.public.

The Suez CanalThe Suez Canal

Opened in 1869Opened in 1869 Linked the Gulf of Suez Linked the Gulf of Suez

and the Red Sea with and the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.the Mediterranean Sea.

Shortened the distance Shortened the distance between Europe and between Europe and India, thus enabling India, thus enabling steamships to ferry steamships to ferry goods and passengers goods and passengers around the world more around the world more quicklyquickly

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

Major philosophical Major philosophical view of the centuryview of the century

Started by Jeremy Started by Jeremy BenthamBentham

Utility for society was Utility for society was always identified with always identified with the greatest happiness the greatest happiness for the greatest for the greatest number.number.

Reinterpreted by John Reinterpreted by John Stuart Mill, who started Stuart Mill, who started out as a follower of out as a follower of Utilitarianism, but later Utilitarianism, but later changed his views.changed his views.

SocialismSocialism

Two groups spoke for Two groups spoke for socialism: the utopian socialism: the utopian socialists and the Marxists. socialists and the Marxists.

Utopians believed that the ills Utopians believed that the ills of industrial society could be of industrial society could be overcome through overcome through cooperation between workers cooperation between workers and capitalists. and capitalists.

Marxists called for revolution, Marxists called for revolution, violence and triumph of violence and triumph of socialism.socialism.

Marx and Engels wrote the Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, the Communist Manifesto, the bible of socialism. Forecast a bible of socialism. Forecast a classless society and a classless society and a workers’ revolution.workers’ revolution.

Religion and ScienceReligion and Science

Major conflict of the Major conflict of the centurycentury

Higher criticismHigher criticism movement began in movement began in

GermanyGermany Scholars began to try to Scholars began to try to

locate sources of each locate sources of each book of the Bible.book of the Bible.

The Bible no longer The Bible no longer looked at as divine looked at as divine revelation.revelation.

GeologyGeology

Geologists discredited Geologists discredited the biblical story of the biblical story of creationcreation

Biologists questioned Biologists questioned divine origin of human divine origin of human beingsbeings

Charles Lyell’s fossil Charles Lyell’s fossil research showed that research showed that the earth was much the earth was much older than Christians older than Christians claimed.claimed.

EvolutionEvolution

Darwin’s Darwin’s Origin of Species Origin of Species published in 1859.published in 1859.

Showed that over the Showed that over the course of time, modern course of time, modern plants and animals had plants and animals had evolved from simpler evolved from simpler forms through a process of forms through a process of natural selectionnatural selection

Darwin’s Darwin’s A Descent of Man A Descent of Man published in 1871. published in 1871.

Applied his findings to Applied his findings to human beings, portraying human beings, portraying them as the outcome of them as the outcome of millions of years of millions of years of evolution.evolution.

Other Scientific AdvancesOther Scientific Advances

Louis Pasteur proved Louis Pasteur proved the germ theory of the germ theory of diseasedisease

John Dalton invented John Dalton invented atomic theoryatomic theory

Mendeleev worked out Mendeleev worked out table of elementstable of elements

In the 1840’s, chemists In the 1840’s, chemists introduced nitrous introduced nitrous oxide and chloroform.oxide and chloroform.

Realism in LiteratureRealism in Literature

Focused on everyday lives of middle Focused on everyday lives of middle and lower class peopleand lower class people

Realists sought to convey what they Realists sought to convey what they saw around them in a serious accurate saw around them in a serious accurate and unsentimental way.and unsentimental way.

French RealismFrench Realism Balzac – began realist movement in Balzac – began realist movement in

literatureliterature Gustav Flaubert – leading French Gustav Flaubert – leading French

Realist. Madame BovaryRealist. Madame Bovary English RealismEnglish Realism

Charles DickensCharles Dickens Elizabeth GaskellElizabeth Gaskell George EliotGeorge Eliot Russian RealismRussian Realism TolstoyTolstoy DostoevskyDostoevsky African American Writers slave African American Writers slave

narrativesnarratives Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth

Realism in Art Realism in Art

Courbet-his Courbet-his provocative provocative canvases outraged canvases outraged audiences and audiences and made him the made him the guiding spirit of guiding spirit of Realism.Realism.

CourbetCourbet

CourbetCourbet

DaumierDaumier

Chronicled the life Chronicled the life of Paris with a of Paris with a dispassionate eyedispassionate eye

DaumierDaumier

DaumierDaumier

DaumierDaumier

MilletMillet

Painted the Painted the countryside near countryside near Barbizon, a village Barbizon, a village south of Parissouth of Paris

MilletMillet

MilletMillet

MilletMillet

ManetManet

Leader in a new Leader in a new style of paintingstyle of painting

Dispassionate art Dispassionate art in which the in which the subject and artist subject and artist have no necessary have no necessary connectionconnection

Art for art’s sake.Art for art’s sake.

ManetManet

ManetManet

ManetManet

ManetManet

Post-romantic ComposersPost-romantic Composers WagnerWagner VerdiVerdi RachmaninoffRachmaninoff WagnerWagner MahlerMahler StraussStrauss VerdiVerdi DvorakDvorak SmetanaSmetana GriefGrief SibeliusSibelius

Music 1830-1871Music 1830-1871