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Chapter 18 American Imperialism at the Turn of the Century I can explain motives behind U.S. interventions in Japan Hawaii China

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Motives?

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Japan On July 8, 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry led four ships into the harbor at Tokyo Bay, seeking to re-establish for the first time in over 200 years regular trade and discourse between Japan and the western world. Why? California had been annexed 1850 Ensuring western trade to pacific Secure coaling stations near China civilize the people Forced Japanese to modernize the Japanese military and naval fleet

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Russo-Japanese War 1904, Japan attacks Russian forces in Manchuria starting the Russo-Japanese War over influence in China 1905 Japan asks President Roosevelt to negotiate peace between Japan and Russia 1906 President Roosevelt receives a Nobel Peace Prize for writing a peace treaty (Treaty of Portsmouth) ending the Russo-Japanese 1907, President Roosevelt sent a tour of 16 battleships & four destroyers

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Motives?

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1800-1893 the 8 islands of Hawaii were united under a monarch named Chief Kamehameha. Abundant food and little industrialization Communal living and animistic spirituality Protestant missionaries arrive in Hawaii to convert the people to Christianity Americans begin settling and raising sugar crops by 1875 a negotiation of duty-free status is arranged A new tariff (McKinley Tariff) reverts the duty free-status of Hawaiian sugar, their economy to suffers (hit of 5 million) The Secret Hawaiian League is formed by businessmen, traders, and planters who want American control of the island The U.S. demands control of a harbor (Pearl Harbor) in return for continued exemption of taxation Hawaii

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Diplomat: John L. Stevens Lawyer: Lorrin Thurston Supreme Court Judge: Sanford B. Dole Committee of Safety Annexation Club

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King Kalakaua is forced at to sign a new Constitution aka the Bayonet Constitution by secret league. 1891 King dies, Nationalist Queen Liliuokalani begins to try to overturn the bayonet constitution and return Hawaii to Hawaiians in 1893 USS Boston is sent, 162 Marines/military personnel present Month of January debates and plans are set Liliuokalani refuses to publically give up on her constitutional revisions Marines brought in, government buildings occupied overthrowing the monarchy Hawaii

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Grover Cleveland becomes President and calls for an investigation of the revolt that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani President McKinley becomes president and calls for annexation of Hawaii July of 1898 Hawaii becomes a state in 1959

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Motives?

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China In 1843, 5 ports opened in China, despite the Chinese hesitance to allow foreign influence Japan attacked Manchuria, took control of the region, as well as Taiwan, and Korea Britain, France, Germany, and Russia all seek spheres of influence over opened China September of 1899 the Secretary of State John Hay sends Open Door Notes to Europe and Japan keep China equally accessible for all free trade Ensure the Chinese maintain rule over the country

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The secret society Fists of Righteous Harmony referred to as the Boxers by the west, circulate pamphlets accusing foreigners of corrupting the country and bringing over religion that displeased the gods The Fists of Righteous Harmony kill 300 foreigners in China in an 8week siege known as the Boxer Rebellion International naval forces rescue foreigners from China and the rebellion ends China

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