unit 3. american imperialism eq: how did the us come to be a global power? major topics motives for...
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Unit 3. American Imperialism EQ: How did the US come to be a
global power? Major topics
Motives for imperialism Acquisition of Alaska and Hawaii Spanish-American War and acquisition of
the Philippines Major assessments
Spanish-American War article Presidential Advisory Committee speeches
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The Origins of a Global Power
US Imperialism
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THE ROOTS OF EXPANSIONISM
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George Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)
Washington warned Americans to “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”
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Manifest Destiny
MANIFEST DESTINY (coined 1845): the belief that the mission of the United States was to: expand bring democracy to others spread American values across the
continent and perhaps even the world What to do when we occupy the entire
continent?
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American Progress (John Gast, 1872)
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WHY IMPERIALISM?
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The Changing United States
Emerged as economic and political giant
Immigration, urbanization, industrialization
Everyday lives changed radically
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Immigration 1890s: 45% immigrants or children of
immigrants New immigrants
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US Immigration from Leading Countries Between 1850-1900
1850-60 1860-70 1870-80 1880-90 1890-1900
Ireland 36.9% 24.4% 15.4% 12.8% 11%Germany 34.8% 35.2% 27.4% 27.5% 15.7%Britain 13.5% 14.9% 21.1% 15.5% 8.9%Scandinavia 0.9% 5.5% 7.6% 12.7% 10.5%Russia * 0.2% 1.3% 3.5% 12.2%Austria-Hungary * 0.2% 2.2% 6% 14.5%
Italy * 0.5% 1.7% 5.1% 16.3%
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Urbanization 1/3
Americans=city dwellers by 1900
Problems in the cities
Immigration + urbanization + industrialization = fears
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Industrialization and International Trade Manufacturing overtakes agriculture Exports: cotton, grain, beef, tobacco,
dairy products, manufactured goods Value of exports: $1 billion by 1890s Surplus and tariffs
1893 depression= more fears
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Crisis!
Would immigration fundamentally change the United States? Could the US’s prosperity be sustained now that the nation had reached its physical limits?
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Overseas expansion is the answer!
Expansionists Expand into Asian
markets Control land and canals
in Caribbean, Central America, and Pacific islands
Expansionpolitical power
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Imperialism
Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories
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Motives: Economic Competition Raw materials New markets Foreign trade US was a leading
economic power by 1900
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Motives: Political and Military Competition
Build up military strength
Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) argues for a strong US navy The Influence of Sea
Power upon History (1890)
US becomes world’s 3rd largest naval power
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Motives: Social Darwinism
“Survival of the fittest”
Scientific racism
European and American superiority
Duty to “civilize”
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AMERICA EXPANDS
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US Buys Alaska 1867: Secretary of
State William Seward buys Alaska from Russia
$7.2 million; only 2 cents per acre!
“Seward’s Folly” Rich in natural
resources
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Hawaii: Before it was a state Americans owned sugar plantations that
provided ¾ of the islands’ wealth 1900: foreigners and immigrant laborers
outnumber native Hawaiians 3 to 1 1875: treaty allowed sale of Hawaiian sugar in
US without duty 1887: white business leaders forced King
Kalakua to change constitution 1887: US coerced Hawaii to sign treaty
allowing construction of naval base at Pearl Harbor
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Hawaii: The Crisis McKinley Tariff (1890):
duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar eliminated
Competition in US market from Cuba sugar
Queen Lilioukalani proposed new constitution to remove property qualifications for voting
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Hawaii: Road to Annexation
Business groups organized a revolution against queen
Marines took over government building and imprisoned queen
Established government with Sanford B. Dole as president
Eventually, in 1898, Hawaii is annexed
Annex: to incorporate (territory) into the domain of a city, country, or state
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Summary
1890s period of great change Many changes alarming and
frightening Approaches to restore economic well-
being, promote American ideals, assert American power
Significant element of US policy in 1890s becomes involvement overseas