Chapter 17:Chapter 17:The U.S. in WWIIThe U.S. in WWII

Section 3:Section 3:The War in the The War in the

PacificPacific

Standards California Academic Standards: California Academic Standards:

11.7.2, 6, & 711.7.2, 6, & 7

11.7 Students analyze America's 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II. participation in World War II.

.2 Explain U.S. and Allied wartime strategy, .2 Explain U.S. and Allied wartime strategy, including the major battles of Midway, Normandy, including the major battles of Midway, Normandy, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and the Battle of the Bulge. Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and the Battle of the Bulge.

.6 Describe major developments in aviation, .6 Describe major developments in aviation, weaponry, communication, and medicine and the weaponry, communication, and medicine and the war's impact on the location of American industry war's impact on the location of American industry and use of resources. and use of resources.

.7 Discuss the decision to drop atomic bombs and .7 Discuss the decision to drop atomic bombs and the consequences of the decision (Hiroshima and the consequences of the decision (Hiroshima and Nagasaki).Nagasaki).

ObjectivesFollowing lecture and reading of Following lecture and reading of

this section, this section, students will be able students will be able to:to:

1.1.Identify key turning points in the war in Identify key turning points in the war in the Pacific.the Pacific.

2.2.Explain the development of and the Explain the development of and the debates concerning the use of the atomic debates concerning the use of the atomic bomb.bomb.

3.3.Describe the challenges faced by the Describe the challenges faced by the Allies in building a just and lasting Allies in building a just and lasting postwar peace.postwar peace.

Japanese Advances In first 6 months after Pearl

Harbor, Japan conquered an empire (Pacific)

Gen. Douglas MacArthur led the Allied forces in Philippines

March 1942 U.S. & Filipino troops were trapped on Bataan Peninsula

FDR ordered MacArthur to leave, thousands of troops remainMacArthur vows to return!

Striking Back @ Japan Doolittle’s Raid

April 1942, Lt. Col. James Doolittle led air raid on Tokyo

Battle of the Coral Sea May 1942, U.S. & Australian soldiers stop Japanese

drive to Australia For first time since Pearl Harbor, a Japanese invasion

turned back

The Battle of Midway Admiral Chester Nimitz commanded U.S. naval forces in

Pacific Allies broke the secret Japanese code, win the

Battle of Midway, and stop Japan again Allies advance island by island to Japan

Island Hopping- taking less defended islands

Offense and Defense The Allied Offensive

Allied offensive begins August 1942 in Guadalcanal

October 1944, Allies converge on Leyte Island in Philippines

MacArthur returns to the Philippines

The Japanese Defense Japan used kamikaze attack

Pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships Battle of Leyte Gulf is a disaster for Japan

Imperial Navy severely damaged; played minor role after

Converging on Japan Iwo Jima

Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can reach Japan6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700

Japanese, 200 survive

The Battle for Okinawa April 1945 U.S. Marines invade Okinawa April–June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000

Japanese die

As fighting neared the Japanese homeland death tolls on both sides increased…

Invading Japan Allies feared an invasion of Japan may cause up

to 1.5 million Allied casualties

The Manhattan Project (Atom Bomb) J. Robert Oppenheimer was research director of

Manhattan Project July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico

desert Much more powerful than expected

President Truman ordered military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan

Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 6, Hiroshima, major military center,

destroyed by bomb (Little Boy) 3 days later, bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki

(Fat Man) September 2, 1945 Japan surrendered

Post War Issues The Yalta Conference

February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta

discussed post-war world FDR, Churchill make a concession:

Temporarily divide Germany into 4 parts (zones) Stalin promised free elections in Eastern

Europe; also agreed to fight Japan FDR got support for conference to establish

United Nations

Human Costs of the War WW II most destructive war in human

historyMillions of lives lost

Trials and Occupation The Nuremberg War Trials

Nuremberg trials—24 Nazi leaders tried, sentenced

charged with crimes: against humanity, against the peace, war crimes

Established the principle that people are responsible for their own actions, even in war

The Occupation of Japan MacArthur commanded U.S. occupation forces in

Japan Over 1,100 Japanese tried, sentenced

MacArthur reshaped Japan’s economy & government

Capitalism MacArthur Constitution, still in place today in Japan

Suffrage for women

In the Philippines, the In the Philippines, the 200,000 Japanese troops 200,000 Japanese troops eventually overran the eventually overran the 80,000 American and 80,000 American and Filipino troops under the Filipino troops under the command of General command of General Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur over over the course of four months the course of four months on the Bataan Peninsula on the Bataan Peninsula and another month of the and another month of the island of Corregidor in island of Corregidor in Manila Bay.Manila Bay.

MacArthur was forced to MacArthur was forced to abandon the Philippines abandon the Philippines but vowed, “I shall return.”but vowed, “I shall return.”

The Americans responded The Americans responded with the Doolittle raid, in with the Doolittle raid, in which Americans bombed which Americans bombed Tokyo.Tokyo.

This lifted American spirits This lifted American spirits and dampened Japan’s and dampened Japan’s spirits, having them doubt spirits, having them doubt their invincibility.their invincibility.

The Battle of The Battle of MidwayMidway

The Allies endured hunger, The Allies endured hunger, disease, and bombardments, disease, and bombardments, killing 14,000 and wounding killing 14,000 and wounding 48,000.48,000.

Admiral Chester Nimitz, Admiral Chester Nimitz, commander of American commander of American forces in the Pacific, learned forces in the Pacific, learned of Japanese intentions to take of Japanese intentions to take the island of Midway, then the island of Midway, then Hawaii.Hawaii.

Nimitz, outnumbered 4 to 1in Nimitz, outnumbered 4 to 1in ships and planes, prepared a ships and planes, prepared a surprise attack and staved surprise attack and staved off the Japanese invasion.off the Japanese invasion.Island HoppingIsland Hopping

The Pacific theater was huge The Pacific theater was huge because of all the distance because of all the distance between islands.between islands.

MacArthur came up with an MacArthur came up with an island hopping strategy to island hopping strategy to defeat Japan.defeat Japan.

In island hopping, the U.S. In island hopping, the U.S. would take less fortified would take less fortified islands back from the islands back from the Japanese.Japanese.

Then once secured between Then once secured between Japan and other islands would Japan and other islands would cut supply lines to local cut supply lines to local islands.islands.Allied VictoriesAllied Victories

In August 1942, the Japanese In August 1942, the Japanese lost their lost their first land battle of first land battle of the war on Guadalcanalthe war on Guadalcanal

In October 1944, through In October 1944, through island hopping, MacArthur island hopping, MacArthur returned to the Philippines as returned to the Philippines as promised.promised.

During the During the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Battle of Leyte Gulf, the Japanese unleashed the Japanese unleashed KamikazesKamikazes, a new battle tactic , a new battle tactic in which Japanese pilots in which Japanese pilots crashed planes with bombs on crashed planes with bombs on them into American ships.them into American ships.

After retaking the Philippines, After retaking the Philippines, the Allies turned attention to the Allies turned attention to Iwo Jima.Iwo Jima.

Taking Iwo Jima was critical Taking Iwo Jima was critical to our offensive, because to our offensive, because from Iwo Jima American from Iwo Jima American bomber planes could get to bomber planes could get to Japan.Japan.

Of the 20,700 Japanese, only Of the 20,700 Japanese, only 200 survived the American 200 survived the American attack on Iwo Jima.attack on Iwo Jima.

The next and last island The next and last island before reaching Japan was before reaching Japan was Okinawa, Japan’s last Okinawa, Japan’s last defensive outpost.defensive outpost.

Japanese loses defending Japanese loses defending Okinawa were 110,000. While Okinawa were 110,000. While only 7,600 Americans died.only 7,600 Americans died.

Between Iwo Jima and Between Iwo Jima and Okinawa FDR died, placing Okinawa FDR died, placing Harry Truman in office as Harry Truman in office as President.President.

There is no doubt that as the There is no doubt that as the fighting got closer and closer fighting got closer and closer to Japan, Japanese soldiers to Japan, Japanese soldiers became fiercer and more became fiercer and more desperate.desperate.

The Atomic Bomb The Atomic Bomb DecisionDecision

On July 16, 1945, the On July 16, 1945, the a-a-bomb was detonated in bomb was detonated in the New Mexico desertthe New Mexico desert; ; the flash could be seen the flash could be seen 180 miles away.180 miles away.

The bomb was more The bomb was more powerful than the powerful than the scientists thought it would scientists thought it would be.be.

Even though it worked, and Even though it worked, and worked well, worked well, scientists, scientists, military leaders, civilian military leaders, civilian policymakers had major policymakers had major doubts about using it, doubts about using it, thinking it would be immoral thinking it would be immoral without warning.without warning.

Some claimed a Some claimed a demonstration of the bomb demonstration of the bomb for the Japanese to show for the Japanese to show them the devastation would them the devastation would get them to surrender.get them to surrender.

Eventually the Eventually the Interim Interim Committee decided dropping Committee decided dropping the bomb was necessary.the bomb was necessary.

People came around to the People came around to the same conclusion, especially same conclusion, especially after figures of U.S. casualties after figures of U.S. casualties and projected casualties came and projected casualties came in.in.

Bombed used for other reasons Bombed used for other reasons than to get Japanese to than to get Japanese to surrender.surrender.

Needed to justify cost spent on Needed to justify cost spent on developing weapondeveloping weapon

Wanted to give U.S. advantage Wanted to give U.S. advantage over Soviets when deciding over Soviets when deciding how to shape the postwar how to shape the postwar world. world.

The bomb was initially The bomb was initially estimated to have saved over 1 estimated to have saved over 1 million American lives.million American lives.The Bombs Are DroppedThe Bombs Are Dropped

The Japanese cities of The Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were bombed because they were bombed because they were military targets.military targets.

Hiroshima was bombed with the Hiroshima was bombed with the Enola Gay Bomber, bomb Enola Gay Bomber, bomb codenamed Little Boy on August 6, codenamed Little Boy on August 6, 19451945

Nagasaki was bombed with Fat Nagasaki was bombed with Fat Man, on August 9, 1945 when Man, on August 9, 1945 when Japanese leaders did not surrender.Japanese leaders did not surrender.

An estimated 200,000 Japanese An estimated 200,000 Japanese died from the blasts or injuries from died from the blasts or injuries from the blast by the end of the year.the blast by the end of the year.

On September 2, 1945, Emperor On September 2, 1945, Emperor Hirohito, of Japan, surrendered and Hirohito, of Japan, surrendered and the war was over.the war was over.

Rebuilding the WorldRebuilding the WorldFebruary 1945, before war February 1945, before war was over, was over, FDR, Churchill FDR, Churchill and Stalin met in Yalta, and Stalin met in Yalta, USSR.USSR.

At the Yalta Conference At the Yalta Conference they agreed to move ahead they agreed to move ahead with creating the UN.with creating the UN.

In April, 50 nations met in In April, 50 nations met in SF to SF to establish the UN.establish the UN.

The UN was a town meeting The UN was a town meeting for the world to help avoid for the world to help avoid conflicts before they start.conflicts before they start.

The The real power was held by real power was held by an 11 member security an 11 member security councilcouncil (6 permanent (6 permanent members, 5 rotating members, 5 rotating members)members)

In July 1945, Truman, In July 1945, Truman, Churchill and Stalin met in Churchill and Stalin met in Potsdam to discuss Potsdam to discuss disarmament of Germany.disarmament of Germany.

They decided to They decided to divide divide Germany into four sectors Germany into four sectors and the capital city of Berlin and the capital city of Berlin into four sectors.into four sectors.Nuremburg TrialsNuremburg Trials

We put 22 Nazis on trial for We put 22 Nazis on trial for their crimes 12 were their crimes 12 were sentenced to death.sentenced to death.

1st time people were held 1st time people were held accountable for crimes accountable for crimes during war time.during war time.

200 more found guilty of 200 more found guilty of war crimes in later dates.war crimes in later dates.The Occupation of JapanThe Occupation of Japan

MacArthur and U.S. MacArthur and U.S. occupied Japan.occupied Japan.

1,100 people were 1,100 people were arrested and put on trial.arrested and put on trial.

7 were put to death, 7 were put to death, including Tojoincluding Tojo

During 6 year occupation, During 6 year occupation, MacArthur reformed Japan’s MacArthur reformed Japan’s economy by introducing free-economy by introducing free-market practices and market practices and reformed Japan’s government reformed Japan’s government by calling for a new by calling for a new constitution that provided constitution that provided woman suffrage, and woman suffrage, and guaranteed basic freedoms.guaranteed basic freedoms.

To this day the Japanese To this day the Japanese constitution in known as the constitution in known as the MacArthur Constitution.MacArthur Constitution.