Chapter 14 Section 1By Dan Kagan, Zach Titus, and Mason Friedman

Introduction

Main Idea: The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims and others.

Why it matters now: The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy of distrust.

The Age of Faith

● Return to the Basic principles of the Christian religion

● New religious orders were founded ● Influenced by the piety of the new

monasteries, the Popes began to reform the church

● The Pope's restored and expanded its power and authority of the Church

A1

The Pope helping the poor

The Main Problems of The Church In The 1000s

A2

● Many village priests married and had families, such marriages were against the Church rulings

● Positions in the Church were sold by bishops, a practice called simony

● The practice of lay investiture put kings in control of Church bishops. The Church believed that bishops should be appointed by the Church alone

A cartoon that demonstrates the practice of simony

The Role of Cluny Played in Launching reforms in the Church A3

● Tried to bring back the Church to the way it was before

● Benedictine monastery in France

● Monks here strictly followed the Benedictine rule

● Cluny’s reputation for virtue inspired the founding of similar monasteries

The Cluny Church

The Role of Cistercians Played in Launching reforms in the Church A3

● Tried to bring back the Church to the way it was before

● Founded in 1098● Followed the Cistercian

life of hardship, what won many followers, helping to bring about further reform Demonstrates what the

Cistercians monks did

Pope's Reform And Reorganize The Church 1100s And 1200s

A4

● The Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom, with the pope at its head

● Popes group advisor was called the papel● Curia acted as a court of law, developed the

Canon Law● Diplomats for the Pope traveled through Europe

dealing with bishops and kings, extending the power of the Pope

● Church collected taxes in the form of tithe, 10% of the people's earnings for every christian family

● Performed social services such as caring for the sick and the poor, and operated hospitals Where the reforms began

Friars and Monks● Friars had many differences and

similarities with monks.● Traveled all around European

Cities. ● Started around 1200 A.D. ● Friars took vows of christianity,

poverty, and obedience like monks

● Didn’t live in monasteries like the monks but preached abroad.

Franciscan Friar

A5

Dominicans and Franciscans

● In the 1200’s Spanish priest Dominic founds one of the oldest order of Friars.

● Dominicans founded.● Emphasized the importance of study. ● St. Francis of Assisi founds

Franciscans, another old order of Friars.

● St. Francis, a son of a rich merchant, gives up wealth and turns to preaching.

A5

Saint Francisco Coll Guitart

Dominicans and Franciscans A5

● Saint Francis had a special love for animals.

● Respected the Ark of Noah.● The formal name of Francis’

order was Ordo Fratrum Minorum or Friars and acted as brothers

● The Dominicans were known as Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum

● Saint Dominic was storied to have done miracles and left wealth to preach.

St. Dominic and Francis

Gothic Cathedral

● Between A.D. 800 and 1100 Romanesque churches were the only type of church.

● After 1100 Gothic churches started to be constructed in modern day France.

● The word “Gothic” comes from the tribes that used to inhabit the lands.

● Architecture focussed on use of glass and light entering the church.

A6

Milan Cathedral

The Crusades● In 1093 the Byzantine emperor

Alexius Comnenus requested help from the pope against the muslim turks.

● The pope called for a “holy war” or crusade against the Muslim Turks.

● Warriors gathered to retake the holy land of Jerusalem.

Map of the crusades

A7

“Crusading Spirit”

● The christian warriors, or crusaded went for economic and spiritual reasons.

● In 1096 50,000 to 60,000 warriors under the pope attacked Anatolia.

● With the Crusades came merchants from all over Europe trading with the attacked people. Depiction of the Crusades.

A8

The Origins of The Crusades

● Alexius idea was to gain a powerful army to bring Jerusalem and the Holy Land back under Christian control from the Seljuks

● Needed the help of Rome to aid his cause● Alexius sent ambassadors to Rome outlining his idea

to Urban II, the Pope, asking for their military assistance● In case the people were not persuaded by the Pope, he

granted for men that fought in this army, a free ticket to heaven.

● For people not fighting with this army, Urban threatened them.

● Urban's speech was received well and created two armies● Several men, including a monk known as Peter the Hermit

and a soldier called Walter the Penniless spread the word/speech of Urban to the lower class

A statue of Pope Urban II

First and Second Crusades

-Most Crusaders were French, but there were Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians, and Spaniards as well-During the First Crusade they knew nothing of the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land and had no grand strategy to capture Jerusalem-12,000 Crusaders besieged Jerusalem for a month and captured it on July 15, 1099-Four federal states were divided in this land and were each ruled by a European noble-The second Crusade was created to take back Edesa that was conquered by the Turks-The crusade was defeated and Jerusalem fell to the Muslims

First Crusade

A9

Third and Fourth Crusades

-Saladin was a Muslim leader that was responsible for the fall of Jerusalem-The Third Crusade was led by French King Philip Augustus, German emperor Frederick I, and English king Richard the Lion-Hearted-Frederick I drowned and Philip Augustus went home-In 1192 Richard and Saladin came to a truce-Jerusalem still belonged to the Muslims, but Christian pilgrims could visit the city’s holy places-1198 Pope Innocent III began another Crusade-The Crusade ended with the looting of Constantinople in 1204- There was a split between the church in the west and the church in the east

Third Crusade

A10

Reconquista and Inquisition

-Reconquista was a long effort to force the Muslims from Spain-1492 Muslims were completely driven out of Spain-Inquisition is a tribunal held by the Church to suppress herecy-A Heretic is someone who has different beliefs than the church-Heretics were burned at the stake

Heretic being burned at the stake

A11

Effects of the Crusades

-The failure of the later Crusades lowered the power of the Pope, weakened feudal nobility, and thousands of knights died or lost their fortunes-The Crusades stimulated trade between Europe and Southwest Asia-Muslims were on bad terms with Christians and Jews

Christian Crusade

A12

Conclusion

The Crusades grew from the forces of religious fervors, feudalism, and chivalry as they came together with explosive energy. This same energy could be seen in the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe.