chapter 13 urban patterns an introduction to human geography the cultural landscape, 8e james m....
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 13
Urban Patterns
An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 8e
James M. Rubenstein
PPT by Abe Goldman
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Urban Settlements
• Urbanization– Increasing urban percentage– Increasing urban populations
• Defining urban settlements– Social differences between urban and rural
settlements– Physical definitions of urban settlements
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Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.
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Large Cities
Fig. 13-2: Cities with 2 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.
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Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.
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St. Louis Metropolitan Area
Fig. 13-3: The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states. It is also a diversified trade center, given its position on the Mississippi River.
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Megalopolis
Fig. 13-4: The Boston–Washington corridor contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.
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Urban Structure
• Three models of urban structure– Concentric zone model– Sector model– Multiple nuclei model– Geographic applications
• Use of the models outside North America– European cities– Less developed countries
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Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.
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Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.
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Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.
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Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.
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Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.
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Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig. 13-10: The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.
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Professionals in Glasgow
Fig. 13-11: Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to live near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.
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Mexico City
Fig. 13-12: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.
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Fès (Fez), Morocco
Fig. 13-13: The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.
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Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig. 13-14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.
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Latin American City Model
Fig. 13-15: In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.
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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fig. 13-16: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.
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Inner Cities
• Inner-city physical problems– Deterioration process– Urban renewal
• Inner-city social problems– Underclass– Culture of poverty
• Inner-city economic problems– Annexation
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Dayton, Ohio, Inner City
Fig. 13-17: Drug-related arrests (left) have been concentrated in the inner-west side of the city. In the 2001 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin concentrated in the African-American section of the city.
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Growth of Chicago
Fig. 13-18: Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport.
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Problems of Suburbs
• The peripheral model– Density gradient– Cost of suburban sprawl– Suburban segregation
• Transportation and suburbanization– Motor vehicles– Public transportation
• Local government fragmentation– Metropolitan government– Growing smart
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Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig. 13-19: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.
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Cleveland, Ohio, 1900–1990
Fig. 13-20: The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.
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Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.
Fig. 13-21: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.
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Public Transport in Brussels
Fig. 13-22: Brussels illustrates the integration of heavy rail and light rail in public transport.