chapter 13 therapies powerpoint by prentice hall, inc., modified by stephen landman, ph.d
TRANSCRIPT
chapter 13
Therapies
PowerPoint by Prentice Hall, Inc., modified by Stephen Landman, Ph.D.
chapter 13
Insight TherapiesInsight therapies
Provide people with better awareness and understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions•Psychoanalysis •Client-Centered Therapy•Gestalt Therapy
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PsychoanalysisHidden feelings and motives are made conscious for better adaptation.
Freud’s method of psychotherapy
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Psychoanalysis (continued)
Freudian therapist = “psychoanalyst”
Symptoms are caused by unconscious conflicts
Goal of Psychoanalysis = Insight, which causes symptoms to disappear
Task of psychoanalyst is to make timely interpretations
Freud interpreted:1.Free Association – (reason for use of the couch)2.Dreams3.Transference
Catharsis = “Emotional Insight” (also called “abreaction”)
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Client-Centered Therapy
(person-centered therapy)Carl RogersProblems stem from conditional love from
parentsCalls for unconditional positive regard
•Conditional positive regard–Love and acceptance comes from conforming to what others want
•Unconditional positive regard–True acceptance regardless of actions
Nondirective“Reflection of Feeling”
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Gestalt TherapyTo help people be more genuine in day-to-day interactions
Focus on here-and-now, and whole person
Therapy is active, directive
Empty chair technique
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Behavior TherapiesFocus on behavior change, rather than insight
Belief that all behavior is learned. Uses principles of learning for treatment.
Maladaptive behaviors themselves are the focus of the therapy; they are not “symptoms” of an underlying problem.
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Behavior Therapy (continued)
Examples:• Desensitization – uses classical conditioning of Pavlov• Token Economy – uses operant conditioning of Skinner• Aversive therapy – classical conditioning (Antabuse for alcholism, slap a car to teach dog not to chase cars)• Behavioral marriage counseling• Behavioral Contracting• Modeling
Many other applications exist
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Cognitive Therapies
Changing clients’ perceptions of themselves and the world
One method: Rational-emotive therapy Albert Ellis, Ph.D.
• Irrational ideas, common in society, cause problems.
• Client needs to understand how the ideas are irrational and what self-talk is associated with them, and then needs to change to using rational self-talk instead.
• Ellis uses “counterpropaganda” to counter the irrational propaganda the client has been affected by.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy widely used today
•Combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy methods – not one specific technique•Supported by much research as being effective for wide range of problems (eating disorders, personality disorders, depression, pain disorders)•Short term•Structured and goal-directed•An educational model - Client does homework
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Group TherapiesMany advantages to group approach
Increased feedback on how a person affects others
Modeling
Learning from others’ mistakes
Laboratory for trying new behaviors
Social support
Realizing that one is not alone
Social skills and communication practice
Opportunity to be helpful to others
Cost effective
TypesFamily therapy
Couple therapy
Self-help groups (not technically a therapy group)
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Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Success rate
Eysenck (1952): About two-thirds get better with or without therapy. He was criticizing psychodynamic therapy, claiming behavior therapy to be superior.
Smith & Glass (1977) Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies concludes that therapy is better than no therapy.
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Which Therapy is Best?
Truax and Carkhuff (1967) found that characteristics of therapist are crucial. Effective therapists are characterized by warmth, genuiness, and empathy.
Most therapists are “eclectic”, drawing form various approaches, rather than strictly following one method.
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Which Type of Therapy is Best?
No apparent difference in effectiveness
Possible explanations:
All offer an explanation for problems
All offer hope
All provide a therapeutic alliance with a therapist
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Biological Treatments
Drug therapyMajor types
•Antipsychotic drugs•Antidepressant drugs•Lithium & Other Mood Stabilizers
Electroconvulsive therapyTranscranial magnetic stimulation (new treatment for depression)Psychosurgery
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Institutionalization
In past, institutionalization was most common approach
Antipsychotic drugs reduced this practice
Deinstitutionalization
This approach has own problems
Alternative forms of treatment
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PreventionForms of preventionPrimary prevention
•Efforts to reduce new cases of mental disorders
Secondary prevention•Identifying at-risk groups
Tertiary prevention•Helping people adjust after hospital release
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Client Diversity and Treatment
Gender and treatment
Rates of treatment for females is higher
Form of treatment can be gender biased
Culture and treatment
What constitutes normal can be culture-bound