Chapter 13Chapter 13Key Issue 4Key Issue 4

Why do inner suburbs Why do inner suburbs have distinctive problems?have distinctive problems?

Problems of Suburbs

• The peripheral model– Density gradient– Cost of suburban sprawl– Suburban segregation

• Transportation and suburbanization– Motor vehicles– Public transportation

• Local government fragmentation– Metropolitan government– Growing smart

Growth of Chicago

Fig. 13-19: Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport. The city of Chicago covers only a portion of the Chicago metropolitan statistical area (inset).

The Peripheral ModelThe Peripheral Model An increasing % of people are living in the suburbs.An increasing % of people are living in the suburbs. Suburbs offer: houses, private land surrounding the house, Suburbs offer: houses, private land surrounding the house,

space for cars, opportunity for house ownership, space and space for cars, opportunity for house ownership, space and privacy.privacy.

Families are attracted to suburbs because of space to play Families are attracted to suburbs because of space to play and protection from crime & traffic.and protection from crime & traffic.

Chauncey Harris says the U.S. follows the peripheral model: Chauncey Harris says the U.S. follows the peripheral model: an urban area that has an inner city surrounded by an urban area that has an inner city surrounded by suburban residential and business areas, tied by a road.suburban residential and business areas, tied by a road.

Peripheral areas lack major physical, social and economic Peripheral areas lack major physical, social and economic problems of inner-city neighborhoods.problems of inner-city neighborhoods.

Around the ring road are edge cities with consumer and Around the ring road are edge cities with consumer and business services, manufacturing centers, hotels and even business services, manufacturing centers, hotels and even theme park attractions.theme park attractions.

Peripheral Model of Urban Areas

Fig. 13-20: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient

1900-1990

Fig. 13-21: The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

Density GradientDensity Gradient Traveling outward from the center of a city, population Traveling outward from the center of a city, population

density declines, known as density gradient. The number density declines, known as density gradient. The number of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from the of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from the city center increases.city center increases.

Changes in density gradient: 1)# of people living in the Changes in density gradient: 1)# of people living in the center has decreased, providing a gap in the center 2) # center has decreased, providing a gap in the center 2) # of people living on a hectacre of land has decreased in of people living on a hectacre of land has decreased in the central residential areas because of population the central residential areas because of population decrease and the spread of suburbs. decrease and the spread of suburbs.

Sprawl is the continual spread of development over the Sprawl is the continual spread of development over the landscape. Developers seek cheap land that can easily be landscape. Developers seek cheap land that can easily be developed and sprawl happens from families wanting to developed and sprawl happens from families wanting to own larger areas of land.own larger areas of land.

Suburban DevelopmentSuburban Development If there continues to be demand for single-family detached If there continues to be demand for single-family detached

houses then suburbs will continue.houses then suburbs will continue. Current system of developing land on urban peripheries is Current system of developing land on urban peripheries is

inefficient in the U.S. Developers buy farms, often farther inefficient in the U.S. Developers buy farms, often farther away from the city, creating open pockets between cities and away from the city, creating open pockets between cities and suburbs.suburbs.

New roads and utilities must be constructed, costing tax New roads and utilities must be constructed, costing tax payers.payers.

Land is wasted as prime agricultural land is lost to housing Land is wasted as prime agricultural land is lost to housing developments.developments.

Energy is wasted due to more commutersEnergy is wasted due to more commuters Greenbelts or rings of open space are used to surround some Greenbelts or rings of open space are used to surround some

cities.cities. Residential suburbs are segregated: residents are separated Residential suburbs are segregated: residents are separated

from commercial and manufacturing activities of the cities from commercial and manufacturing activities of the cities and housing is usually built for people that can afford the cost and housing is usually built for people that can afford the cost of living.of living.

Zoning ordinances prevented the mixing of land uses in the Zoning ordinances prevented the mixing of land uses in the same district residential and commercial are usually separate.same district residential and commercial are usually separate.

Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.

Fig. 13-22: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

Northampton, United Kingdom

There is usually a sharp boundary between an urban area in the U.K., such as Northampton, and the surrounding rural area.

TransportationTransportation People are more dependent on transportation for access to People are more dependent on transportation for access to

work, shopping and leisure in suburbs.work, shopping and leisure in suburbs. More than half the trips are work-related, 1/4More than half the trips are work-related, 1/4thth of trips are of trips are

shopping or personal trips.shopping or personal trips. Cars are an important user of land in the city as an average Cars are an important user of land in the city as an average

city provides 1/4city provides 1/4thth of its land to roads and parking lots. of its land to roads and parking lots. Technological improvements have helped traffic flow with Technological improvements have helped traffic flow with

GPS, congestion charges, toll roads.GPS, congestion charges, toll roads. Rush hour is the peak hour of four consecutive 15-minute Rush hour is the peak hour of four consecutive 15-minute

periods that have the heaviest traffic.periods that have the heaviest traffic. Average American loses 36 hours per year sitting in traffic Average American loses 36 hours per year sitting in traffic

jams and wastes 55 gallons of gas, valuing more than $1 jams and wastes 55 gallons of gas, valuing more than $1 billion per year in the U.S.billion per year in the U.S.

Many cities have built rapid transit lines to provide faster, Many cities have built rapid transit lines to provide faster, cheap transportation.cheap transportation.

Tokyo Subway

“Subway pushers” help push as many people as possible into subway cars during rush hour in Tokyo. Other passengers wait in orderly lines to board the next train.

Public Transport in Brussels

Fig. 13-23: Brussels, Belgium illustrates the integration of heavy rail (Métro Lines 1 & 2) and light rail (trams) in European public transport.

Tram Line in Brussels

A Line 92 tram on the Rue Royale in Brussels.

Fragmentation of Local Fragmentation of Local GovernmentsGovernments

The fragmenting of local governments in the U.S. makes it The fragmenting of local governments in the U.S. makes it difficult to solve regional problems of traffic, waste disposal difficult to solve regional problems of traffic, waste disposal and building affordable housing.and building affordable housing.

Firefighters for example are often summoned from multiple Firefighters for example are often summoned from multiple stations to attend to the same response because of stations to attend to the same response because of overlapping districts.overlapping districts.

The large # of local government units has called for a The large # of local government units has called for a metropolitan government that could coordinate all the local metropolitan government that could coordinate all the local governments.governments.

A council of government is a cooperative agency of A council of government is a cooperative agency of representatives of various local governments in the region. representatives of various local governments in the region. Some are known as federations and others as consolidations.Some are known as federations and others as consolidations.

Smart growth is legislation and regulations to limit suburban Smart growth is legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.sprawl and preserve farmland.