chapter 12: structure and ceramic bonding...

23
ISSUES TO ADDRESS... Structures of ceramic materials: How do they differ from that of metals? 1 Point defects: How are they different from those in metals? • Impurities: How are they accommodated in the lattice and how do they affect properties? Mechanical Properties: What special provisions/tests are made for ceramic materials? CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS 2 • Bonding: --Mostly ionic, some covalent. --% ionic character increases with difference in electronegativity. He - Ne - Ar - Kr - Xe - Rn - Cl 3.0 Br 2.8 I 2.5 At 2.2 Li 1.0 Na 0.9 K 0.8 Rb 0.8 Cs 0.7 Fr 0.7 H 2.1 Be 1.5 Mg 1.2 Sr 1.0 Ba 0.9 Ra 0.9 Ti 1.5 Cr 1.6 Fe 1.8 Ni 1.8 Zn 1.8 As 2.0 C 2.5 Si 1.8 F 4.0 Ca 1.0 Table of Electronegativities CaF 2 : large SiC: small Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University. Large vs small ionic bond character: CERAMIC BONDING ความเปนพันธะไอออนนิก ขึ้นอยูกับปริมาณความแตกตางของคา Electronegativity

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Page 1: CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURE AND CERAMIC BONDING …pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~ltachai/335/lecture2.pdf · • Point defects: How are they ... PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS 2 • Bonding:--Mostly

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...• Structures of ceramic materials:

How do they differ from that of metals?

1

• Point defects:How are they different from those in metals?

• Impurities:How are they accommodated in the lattice and howdo they affect properties?

• Mechanical Properties:What special provisions/tests are made for ceramicmaterials?

CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

2

• Bonding:--Mostly ionic, some covalent.--% ionic character increases with difference in

electronegativity.

He -

Ne -

Ar -

Kr -

Xe -

Rn -

Cl 3.0Br

2.8I

2.5At

2.2

Li 1.0Na 0.9K

0.8Rb 0.8Cs 0.7Fr

0.7

H 2.1

Be 1.5Mg 1.2

Sr 1.0Ba 0.9Ra 0.9

Ti 1.5

Cr 1.6

Fe 1.8

Ni 1.8

Zn 1.8

As 2.0

C 2.5Si

1.8

F 4.0

Ca 1.0

Table of Electronegativities

CaF 2: largeSiC: small

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 byCornell University.

• Large vs small ionic bond character:

CERAMIC BONDING

ความเปนพันธะไอออนนิก ขึ้นอยูกับปริมาณความแตกตางของคา Electronegativity

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Lattice points:

Each lattice point has one octahedral, one T+ and one T-

Interstitial sitesin FCC

Octahedral Site Tetrahedral site

Interstitial sites in FCC

In one FCC, there are 4 atom/unit cell4 Octahedral sites8 Tetrahedral sites

3

• Charge Neutrality:--Net charge in the

structure shouldbe zero.

--General form: AmXpm, p determined by charge neutrality

• Stable structures:--maximize the # of nearest oppositely charged neighbors.

Adapted from Fig. 12.1, Callister 6e.

- -

- -+

unstable

- -

- -+

stable

- -

- -+

stable

CaF 2: Ca 2+cation

F-

F-

anions+

IONIC BONDING & STRUCTURE

4

• Coordination # increases withIssue: How many anions can you

arrange around a cation?

rcationranion

rcationranion

Coord #

< .155 .155-.225 .225-.414 .414-.732 .732-1.0

ZnS (zincblende)

NaCl (sodium chloride)

Cs Cl (cesium

chloride)

2 3 4 6 8

Adapted from Table 12.2, Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 12.2, Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 12.3, Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 12.4, Callister 6e.

COORDINATION # AND IONIC RADII

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AX Structures: Zinc Blende

Zinc Blende

Zinc Blende:FCC of anion (S)Half of tetrahedral sites

contain cations (Zn)

Ex: ZnS

AX Structures: Rock SaltRocksalt:FCC of anion (Cl)All octhedral sites contain cations (Na)

Ex: NaCl

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AX Structures: Cesium Chloride CsCl:SC – anion (Cl)Center – cation (Cs)

Ex: CsCl

5

• On the basis of ionic radii, what crystal structurewould you predict for FeO?

Cation Al3+ Fe 2+ Fe 3+ Ca 2+ Anion O2- Cl- F-

Ionic radius (nm) 0.053 0.077 0.069 0.100

0.140 0.181 0.133

• Answer:

rcationranion

=0.0770.140

= 0.550

based on this ratio,--coord # = 6--structure = NaCl

Data from Table 12.3, Callister 6e.

EX: PREDICTING STRUCTURE OF FeO

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6

• Consider CaF2 :

rcationranion

=0.1000.133

≈ 0.8

• Based on this ratio, coord # = 8 and structure = CsCl. • Result: CsCl structure w/only half the cation sites

occupied.

• Only half the cation sitesare occupied since#Ca2+ ions = 1/2 # F- ions.

Adapted from Fig. 12.5, Callister 6e.

AmXp STRUCTURES AmXp Structure: Fluorite

Fluorite:SC – anion (F)½ center – cation (Ca)

Ex: CaF2

Note: reverse of Fluorite structure is Antifluorite structure: Li2O, Na2O, K2O

AmBnXp Structures: Perovskite

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( )AC

AC

NVAAn Σ+Σ′

=ρ (12.1)

โดยที่ n′ = จํานวนหนวยของสตูรเคมีที่ประกอบกันเปนหนึ่งหนวยเซลล CAΣ = ผลบวกของน้ําหนักอะตอมของแคตไอออนทั้งหมดในสตูรเคมี

AAΣ = ผลบวกของน้ําหนักอะตอมของแอนไอออนทั้งหมดในสตูรเคมี

cV = ปริมาตรของหนึ่งหนวยเซลล AN = เลขอะโวกาโดร

Theoretical Density of Ceramics

Vc = a3 = (2rNa++2rCl-)3

( )( ) A

3ClNa

22 NrrAAn

ClNa −+ ++′

= ( ) ( )[ ] ( )23377 1002.610181.0210102.02

)45.3599.22(4××+×

+−−

= 2.14 g/cm3

Actual = 2.16 g/cm3

Fluorite:SC – anion (F)½ center – cation (Ca)

Ex: CaF2

Note: reverse of Fluorite structure is Antifluorite structure: Li2O, Na2O, K2O

Antifluorite:FCC of anion (O)All tetrahedral sites contain cation (Li)

Ex: Li2O

Note: reverse of antifluorite structure is Fluorite structure: CaF2

OLi

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CorumdumHCP – anion (O)2/3 of octahedral – cation (Al)

Ex: Al2O3

Spinel: AB2O4FCC – anion (O)1/8 Tetrahedral: A2/4 Octrahedral: B

Ex: MgAl2O4

Spinel (inverse): B(AB)O4FCC – antion (O)1/8 Tetrahedral: B2/4 Octrahedral: A,B

Ex: FeMgFeO4

1 elementary cell = 1 FCC unit of OOne unit cell = 8 elementary cell

Octahedral Site Tetrahedral site

Interstitial sites in FCC

In one FCC, there are: 4 Octahedral sites8 Tetrahedral sites

Simple Ionic Structure Grouped According to Anion Packing

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Derivative Structure: โครงสรางที่ไดจากการแปรผันจากโครงสรางพื้นฐานเชน การบิดเบี้ยวจากโครงสรางเดิม (Distortion)

การแทนที่ของอิออนชนิดหนึ่งดวยอิออนอีกชนิดหนึ่ง (Ion Substitution)การลดจํานวนอิออนในบางตําแหนง (Non-stoichiometry)การเพิ่มจํานวนอิออนในบางตําแหนง (Non-stoichiometry) (Stuffing)การเพิ่มอิออนในตําแหนงแทรกที ่(Interstitial sites, interstices)การแทนที่ในตําแหนงที่เฉพาะเจาะจง (Ordering)

ตัวอยาง ZnS และ Diamond

Zn OC

Ex. (Mn,Fe)CO3 : substitution, makes complete solid solution.Mn2+ 0.97 angstromFe2+ 0.92 angstrom

Ex. CaCO3 และ MgCO3 : substitution, makes ordering.Ca2+ 1.14 angstromMg2+ 0.86 angstrom

Ex. γ-Li2ZnMn3O8 : OrderingLi order with Zn in tetrahedral siteLi order with Mn in octahedral site

Ex. Wustite is Fe0.95O : NonstoichiometryEx. ZrO2 doped with Ca: Nonstoichiometry

Zr1-xCaxO2-xEx. SiO4 when Al3+ substitute Si4+ , stuffing with Na+, K+, Ca2+, to balance the charge.

ตัวอยาง Derivative structures• CuFeS2 จาก ZnS• FeTiO3 (โครงสราง Ilmenite) จาก Al2O3• NaAlSiO4, KAlSIO4, LiAlSiO4 จาก SiO2

o Al แทน Si และ Na,K,Li ในตําแหนงแทรกที่

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AlO(OH)2: (a) ideal (b) distortedSi2O5: (a) ideal (b) distorted

Polymorphism (หลายอัญรูป)• Change of crystal structure

เชน ZrO2 (monoclinic) ZrO2 (tetragonal) ที่ 1000 oC, ∆V>0Al2O3 – α-alumina (all temp.) เปน hexagonal, γ-alumina เปน cubicSiO2 - Quartz (H,L), Tridymite (H,M,L), Cristobalite (H,L)C – diamond, graphiteZnS – Zinc Blende, WurtziteBaTiO3 – Cubic, Tetragonal

Polytypism – change of stacking sequence- ZnS Tetrahedra อาจเรียงตัวเปนชั้นแบบ wurtzite หรือ Zinc Blende- SiC Tetrahedra เรียงตัวเปนชั้นได 74 แบบ

SiO2: Cristobalite and Tridymite

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ZnS: Wurtzite and Zinc Blende Structures Carbon: Graphite

Carbon: Bucky ball Carbon: Carbon Nanotube

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Carbon: Diamond Carbon: Diamond thin film

Phase Transformation1. Displacive Transformation (martensitic) , Fast rate เปนการบิดเบี้ยวของโครงสรางเชน ZrO2 (Tetragonal) ZrO2(Monoclinic)

2. Reconstructive Transformation , Slow rateการแตกพันธะ สรางพันธะใหม ตกผลึกใหม Displacive trans.:

Reconstructive trans.:

Original structure:

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ZrO2: Phase transformation; Tetragonal Monoclinic

Silicate: SiO44- molecule

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Silicate structure:• Orthosilicates SiO4

4-

• Pyrosilicates Si2O76-

• Metasilicates SiO32– - (SiO3)n

2n-

- chain, ring• (Si2O5)n

2n-

- layer• SiO2

โครงสรางผลึก

SilicatesRadius ratio Si:O = 0.29 coordination = 4 TetrahedronLow coordination open structure1. Orthosiliate – based on SiO4

4-

- Mg2SiO4, Al2SiO52. Pyrosilicate – based on Si2O7

6-

3. Metasilicate – based on (SiO3)n2n-

- CaSiO3, Be3Al2Si6O18, MgSiO3, MgCa(SiO3)2- Pyroxene (chain); Amphibole (double chain)

4. Layer structure – based on (Si2O5)n2n-

5. Framework Structure – based on (SiO2)n- KAlSi3O8, CaAl2Si2O8, LiAlSiO4; Al substitution +

K,Ca,Li interstices, loosely boned.

Sheet of Si2O52- Silica: SiO2

Quartz (H,L) , Tridymite (H,M,L) , Cristobalite(H,L)

(High,Middle,Low temperature)

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Clay minerals – Hydrated Aluminum Silicates- (Si2O5)2- + 2(AlO(OH)2) = Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Kaolinite- 2(Si2O5)2- + 2(AlO(OH)) = Al2(Si2O5)2(OH)2 Pyrophyllite- โครงสรางอื่นๆ เกิดจาก การแทนที่ของ Si4+ ดวย Al3+, Fe3+ และ อื่นๆ- การแทนที่กันเองของ Al3+, Mg2+, Fe2+

- โครงสรางที่เกิดจากการแทนที่เรียกวา Isomorphous

Silicate Mineral: Kaolinte

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Kaolinite crystal plate

Albite, (Sodium aluminum silicate)Microcline, (Potassium aluminum silicate)

Feldspar

The general formula, for the common feldspars, is XAl(1-2) Si(3-2) O8 . The X in the formula can be sodium, Na and/or potassium, K and/or calcium, Ca.

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Refractory (อิฐทนไฟ)Glass

Formation of Glass - Liquid Solid

• No crystallization• No specific melting, solidifying temperature• Continuous change of specific volume depending on cooling rate

Formation of Glass (others)

• Condensation from vapor onto cold substrate (Vapor deposition)• Chemical reaction (Gel)

Si(O Eth)4 Si(OH)4 SiO2

Glasses – Silicate based on SiO2

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Random Network Model

•โครงสรางตอเนื่องในสามมิต ิแบบไมมีแบบแผน•ไมมีหนวยยอยที่ซ้าํกัน

Network Former: ธาตุประจุบวกที่สรางพันธะกับอ็อกซิเจน เกิดเปนโครงขาย เชน SiB, Ge

Network Modifier: ธาตุประจุบวกที่กระจายอยูทั่วไปในโครงสรางอยางไมมีแบบแผน ชวยทําใหประจุเปนกลาง เพิ่มจํานวนอ็อกซิเจนเชน ธาตุหมุ 1, 2

Intermediate: ธาตุที่ทําหนาที่ไดทั้งสองอยางเชน Al, Ti

Sharing (a) corner (b) edge (c) face

ปกติ จํานวน O:Si = 2

ตัวอยาง เมื่อผสม K2O มี O เพิ่มจาก K2O ทําให O:Si > 2• มี unbonded oxygen มากขึ้น• ทําใหไดโครงสราง Silicate แบบตางๆดังรูป

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7

• Frenkel Defect--a cation is out of place.

• Shottky Defect--a paired set of cation and anion vacancies.

Shottky Defect:

Frenkel Defect

• Equilibrium concentration of defects ~ e−QD /kT

Adapted from Fig. 13.20, Callister 5e. (Fig. 13.20 is from W.G. Moffatt, G.W. Pearsall, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. 1, Structure, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 78.) See Fig. 12.21, Callister 6e.

DEFECTS IN CERAMIC STRUCTURES

8

• Impurities must also satisfy charge balance

• Ex: NaCl Na + Cl-

• Substitutional cation impurity

• Substitutional anion impurity

initial geometry Ca 2+ impurity resulting geometry

Ca 2+

Na +

Na +Ca 2+

cation vacancy

initial geometry O2- impurity

O2-

Cl-

an ion vacancy

Cl-

resulting geometry

IMPURITIES

End

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9

• Room T behavior is usually elastic, with brittle failure.• 3-Point Bend Testing often used.

--tensile tests are difficult for brittle materials.F

L/2 L/2

δ= midpoint deflect ion

cross section

Rb

d

rect. circ.

• Determine elastic modulus according to:

E =

F

δ

L3

4bd 3=

F

δ

L3

12 πR4

rect. cross

section

circ. cross

section

Fx

linear-elastic behaviorδ

slope =

Adapted from Fig. 12.29, Callister 6e.

MEASURING ELASTIC MODULUS

10

• 3-point bend test to measure room T strength.F

L/2 L/2cross section

R

b

d

rect. circ.

location of max tension

• Flexural strength:

rect. σfs = σm

fail =1.5Fmax L

bd 2=

Fmax L

πR3

xFFmax

δmaxδ

• Typ. values:Material σfs (MPa) E(GPa)Si nitrideSi carbideAl oxideglass (soda)

700-1000550-860275-550

69

30043039069

Adapted from Fig. 12.29, Callister 6e.

Data from Table 12.5, Callister 6e.

MEASURING STRENGTH

11

• Elevated Temperature Tensile Test (T > 0.4 Tmelt).

• Generally,

ε

time

creep test

σ

σ x

slope = εss = steady-state creep rate.

εssceramics < εss

metals << εsspolymers. . .

MEASURING ELEVATED T RESPONSE

12

• Ceramic materials have mostly covalent & some ionic bonding.

• Structures are based on:--charge neutrality--maximizing # of nearest oppositely charged neighbors.

• Structures may be predicted based on:--ratio of the cation and anion radii.

• Defects--must preserve charge neutrality--have a concentration that varies exponentially w/T.

• Room T mechanical response is elastic, but fracturebrittle, with negligible ductility.

• Elevated T creep properties are generally superior tothose of metals (and polymers).

SUMMARY

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4

• Coordination # increases withIssue: How many anions can you

arrange around a cation?

rcationranion

rcationranion

Coord #

< .155 .155-.225 .225-.414 .414-.732 .732-1.0

ZnS (zincblende)

NaCl (sodium chloride)

Cs Cl (cesium

chloride)

2 3 4 6 8

Adapted from Table 12.2, Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 12.2, Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 12.3, Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 12.4, Callister 6e.

COORDINATION # AND IONIC RADII สําหรับเลขโคออดิเนชนัเทากบั 3 แคตไอออนซึ่งมีขนาดเล็กจะถูกรอมลอบดวยแอนไอออนสามตัวกอเปนสามเหลี่ยมดานเทา ABC

ดังแสดงในรูปขางลาง โดยทุกไอออนอยูในระนาบเดียวกนั

โดยหลักการตรีโกณมิติ เมื่อพิจารณาสามเหลี่ยมมุมฉาก APO จะเห็นวารัศมีของแคตไอออนจะสัมผัสกบัความยาวของดานสามเหลี่ยมดังนี ้

ArAP =

และ cA rrAO +=

αcos=AOAP

ขนาดของมุม α เทากบั 30o เนื่องจากเสน AO ตัดแบงมุม BAC ซึ่งมีขนาด 60o เปนสองสวนดังนี ้

2330cos ==

+= o

CA

A

rrr

AOAP

แกสมการหาอัตราสวนรัศมีของแคตไอออนตอแอนไอออนไดวา

155.02/3

2/31=

−=

A

C

rr

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โครงสรางผลึกของเซรามิกบางชนิด

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Table: Percent Ionic and Covalent Bonding Characteristic for Some Ceramic Compounds

% covalentcharacter

27

37

497089

BaTiO3 as capacitor

Wurtzite:HCP – antion (S)½ Tetragonal – cation (Z)

Ex: ZnS, BeO

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AlO(OH)2: (a) ideal (b) distortedSi2O5: (a) ideal (b) distorted