chapter 12-renaissance and reformation
TRANSCRIPT
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Renaissance and
Reformation, 1350-1600
The Renaissance
The Intellectual andArtistic Renaissance
The ProtestantReformation
The Spread ofProtestantism and the
Catholic Response
The Renaissance
Objectives:1.Explain why, between1350 and 1550, Italianintellectuals believedthey entered a new ageof human achievement2. Characterize city-states, which were
centers of political,economic, and sociallife in Renaissance Italy
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The Italian Renaissance
The word renaissancemeans rebirthof the
ancient Greek andRoman worlds
began in Italy andspread to the rest of
Europe
Renaissance Italy waslargely an *urban society
Within this growing urbansociety, a *secular, or
worldly, viewpoint emerged;material things came to
dominate many peoplesminds
This was the age of recoveryfrom the disasters of the 14th
century
A new view of humanbeings emerged
A high regard forhuman worth and arealization of whatindividuals could
achieve created thisnew social ideal
*Leonardo da Vinci, a
painter, sculptor,architect, inventor, andmathematician
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The churches,wealthy homes,
and publicbuildings were
decorated with artthat celebratedreligious and
secular themes, the
human body, andclassical antiquity
The Italian States
During the MiddleAges, Italy had failed to
develop a centralizedmonarchical state
city-states in northernand central Italy to
remain independent*Milan, *Venice, and
*Florence
Milan
Milan, located in northernItaly at the cross roads of the
main trade routes fromItalian coastal cities to theAlpine passes, was one of
the richest city-states in Italy
*Francesco Sforza became
one of its important leaders
*mercenaries were usedextensively
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Venice
Another major northernItalian city-state was the
republic of Venice
Officially Venice was arepublic with an elected
leader called a Doge
Venices trade empire wastremendously profitable and
made Venice aninternational power
Florence
The republic of Florencedominated the region of
Tuscany
In 1434, *Cosimo de Medicitook control of the city
*Lorenzo de Medici, hisgrandson, dominated the
city at a time when Florencewas the the cultural center
of Italy
The Italian Wars
The growth of powerfulmonarchical states in therest of Europe eventually
led to trouble for the Italianstates
French king Charles VIII,conquest of southern Italy
Spanish king Charles I
The sack of Rome in 1527
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Machiavelli and the New
Statecraft
*Niccolo Machiavelli, The
Prince
The central argument: how to
acquire and keep political
power
How rulers ought to behave
based on human nature, not onChristian principles
A prince acts on behalf of the
state, not his conscience
Renaissance Society
In the MiddleAges, society wasdivided into three
estates
Changes occurredin the following
centuries
The Nobility
Nobles were faced withdeclining incomes duringthe greater part of the the14th and 15th centuries
By this time, the noble, oraristocrat, was expected to
fulfill certain ideals
The Book of the Courtier,
Italian BaldassareCastiglione
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Character, grace, andtalent
Perform military andphysical exercises
To gain a classicaleducation and enrich his
life with arts
The aim of the perfectnoble was to serve his
prince in a effective andhonest way
The Intellectual and
Artistic Renaissance
Objectives:1. Discuss humanismthe most importantintellectual movementassociated with theRenaissance2. Identify the greatartists and sculptorsproduced by the
Renaissance, such asMichelangelo, Raphael,and Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian Renaissance
Humanism
Secularism and an emphasis
on the individual
characterized the
Renaissance
A key intellectual movement
of the Renaissance was
*humanism
Humanism was based on
the study of the classics, the
literary works of ancient
Greece and Rome
*Petrarch, the father ofItalian Renaissance
humanism, did more than
any other individual inthe 14th century
Emphasis on using pureclassical Latin, not
medieval church Latin
Humanists rejectedfamily and a life of action
Vernacular Literature
Some writers wrote inthe vernacular
In the 14th century, theliterary works of the
Italian author *Dante,the English author
Geoffrey Chaucer, andthe FrenchwomanChristine de Pizan
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Divine Comedy
The Canterbury Tales
The Book of the City of Ladies
Education in the Renaissance
The humanist movement had aprofound effect on education
At the core of humanist schoolswere the liberal studies
According to the humanists,students should study history,moral philosophy, eloquence,letters, poetry, mathematics,
astronomy, and music
Following the Greekideal of a soundmind in a soundbody, humanisteducators also
stressed physicaleducation
Its aim was not to
create great scholarsbut complete
citizens
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The Artistic
Renaissance in Italy
Renaissance artists soughtto imitate nature in their
works
They wanted onlookers tosee the reality of the
objects or events theywere portraying
New Techniques in Painting
frescospainting done on
fresh, wet plaster withwater-based paints
By mastering the laws ofperspective, which enabledhim to create the illusion of
three dimensions,Masaccio developed a new,
realistic style of painting
Sculpture and Architecture
Roman style of sculptureand realism
Cathedrals and the newItalian style
By the end of the fifteenth
century, Italian painters,sculptors, and architectscreated a new artistic
world
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Masters of the High
Renaissance
1490 - 1520, the HighRenaissance emerged
Leonardo da Vinci,Raphael, and Michelangelo
Leonardo mastered the artof realistic painting
It was Leonardos goal to
create idealized forms thatwould capture the
perfection of nature andthe individual
Raphael, VaticanPalace
School of Athens
*Michelangelos figureson the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel in Romereveal an ideal type of
human being withperfect proportions
The Northern
Artistic Renaissance
In the north, the Gothiccathedrals with their stainedglass windows did not allow
for frescoes
Wooden panels for altarpieces
The most important northernschool of art in the 15th
century found in *Flanders
*Jan van Eyck, oil paint:Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
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One German artistwho was greatlyaffected by the
Italians was *AlbrechtDrer
Adoration of the Magi
Drer did not reject
the use of minutedetails characteristic
of northern artists
The Protestant
Reformation
Objectives:1. Discuss the majorgoal of humanism innorthern Europe,which was to reformChristendom2. Explain how MartinLuthers religiousreforms led to theemergence ofProtestantism
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Erasmus and
Christian Humanism
The ProtestantReformation is the name
given to the religiousmovement that divided the
western Church intoCatholic and Protestant
Groups
*Martin Luther began theReformation and set the
stage for religious change
During the 15th century,new classical learning
emerged in Christianity
*Christian HumanismNorthern Renaissance
humanism
Christian humanistsbelieved in the ability ofhuman beings to reasonand improve themselves
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In order to change society,
Christian Humanist must
first change the human
beings who make it up
*Desiderius Erasmusthe
philosophy of Christ
Christianity should show
people how to live good
lives on a daily basis rather
than provide a system of
beliefs that people have to
practice to be saved
He sought toprovide education,criticize the abuses
in the Church
The Praise of Folly a critical work onChristian society
Erasmus soughtreform with theCatholic Church
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Religion on the Eve
of the Reformation
Corruption in theCatholic ChurchThe
Renaissance popes failedto meet the Churchs
spiritual needs
Concerned with Italian
politics and worldlyinterests than withspiritual matters
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Julius II, the warrior-pope personally led
armies against hisenemies
Many church officialswere also concerned
with money and used
their church offices toadvance their careersand their wealth
Collections of relics grewmore popular as a means
to *salvation
Relics were used to gainan indulgencereleasefrom all or part of the
punishment for sin
Frederick the Wise5,000relics reducing purgatory
by 1,443 years
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a
monk and a professor at
the University of
Wittenberg, in Germany,
where he lectured on the
Bible
Catholic teaching had
stressed that both faith
and good works wereneeded to gain personal
salvation
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Luther argued that onecould never do enough
good works to earnsalvation
Luther came to believethat humans are notsaved through their
good works but through
their faith
God Grants salvationbecause God is merciful
Justification byfaith alone
The Bible becamefor Luther, as for
all otherProtestants, theonly source ofreligious truth
The Ninety-Five These
Luther was greatlyupset by the wide-spread selling of
indulgences
Monk Johann Tetzelsold indulgences withthe slogan As soon as
the coin in the cofferrings, the soul frompurgatory springs
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Martin Luther sent a listof Ninety-Five Theses
(arguments) to the localbishop
Thousands of copies ofthe Ninety-five Theses
were printed and spreadto all parts of Germany
Pope Leo X did not takeLuther seriously, calling
him a drunk German
A Break with the Church
By 1520, Luther hadbegun to move toward
a more definite breakwith the Catholic
Church
Luther also attackedthe Churchs system ofsacramentskeepingonly baptism and the
Eucharist
Luther continued toemphasize his new
doctrine of salvation
The Churchexcommunicated him
in 1521
By the *Edict ofWorms, martin
Luther was made anoutlaw within the
empire
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The Rise of Lutheranism
Luthers religious movementbecame a revolution
The doctrine developed byLuther soon became known asLutheranismthe first among
the protestant faith
To him, the state and its rulerswere called by God to maintain
the peace necessary for thespread of the gospel
Politics in the German
Reformation
The fate of Luthers movement
was closely tied to political
affairs
Charles V, the Holy Roman
emperor ruled an immense
empire in Spain and its
colonies, Austrian lands,
*Bohemia, *Hungary, Milan,
and Naples
The Hapsburg dynasty
problems in his empiredistracted Charles andgave Lutherans time to
organize
The advance of theOttoman Turks into theeastern part of Charles
empire forced theemperor to send forces
to the east
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An end to religious warfarein Germany came in 1555
with the peace of Augsburg
The German states werenow free to choose between
Catholicism andLutheranism
Subjects could not choosetheir own religion, onlyGerman rulers chose the
faith of their region
The Spread of Protestantism and
the Catholic Response
Objectives:1. Summarize thedifferent forms ofProtestantism thatemerged in Europeas the Reformationspread2. Summarize thereligious rebirth ofthe CatholicChurch
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With the Peace ofAugsburg, the
ideal of Christianunity was forever
lost
Even unityamong
Protestants wasfractured
The Zwinglian
Reformation
*Ulrich Zwingli was a
priest in *Zrich
Relics and images were
abolished. All paintings
and decorations were
removed form the churches
and replaced by
whitewashed walls
scripture reading, prayer,
and sermons replaced the
Catholic mass
Zwingli could not agreewith Luther on the
meaning of theEucharist (Communion)
His enemies killed him,cut up his body, andburned the pieces,scattered the ashes
Leadership passed to*John Calvin
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Calvin and Calvinism
In 1536, John Calvin wroteInstitutes of the Christian Faith,
a summary of Protestantthought
Calvin and Luther agreed onmost doctrines
Calvin emphasized the all-powerful nature of Godthepower, grace, and glory of
God
Calvin alsoemphasized the idea of
*predestinationtheeternal decreethatGod determined in
advance who would besaved and who would
be damned
This in turn made hisfollowers determinedto spread their faith
In 1536, Calvin beganworking on reform the
city of *Genevaaccording to his
theological principles
Citizens were punishedfor various crimes
such as dancing, sining,
obscene songs,drunkenness, swearing,
and playing cards
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Calvinism hadreplaced Lutheranismas the most importantand dynamic form of
Protestantism
The Reformation in
England
The English Reformation
was rooted in politics,not religion. King HenryVIII wanted to divorcehis first wife, Catherineof Aragon and marry
Anne Boleyn
The Pope refused togrant him an annulment
The Act of Supremacy of1534 declared that the kingwas taken, accepted, andreputed the only supreme
head on earth of theChurch of England
In matters of doctrine,Henry remained close toCatholic teachingshe
just wanted England andhis throne independent of
the Pope
Th A b ti t
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The Anabaptists
Reformers such as Lutherhad allowed the state toplay an important role in
church affairs
To the Anabaptists, thetrue church was a
community of adultsbelievers who chose to
follow Christ
Adult baptism separatedthem from all others
They considered all believers
to be equal, a belief they
based on the accounts of early
Christian communities
Anabaptists refused to hold
political office or bear arms
Their political beliefs caused
the Anabaptists to be
regarded as dangerous
radicals who threatened the
very fabric of sixteenth-
century society
The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Church alsohad a revitalization in the
16th century
The Catholic Reformationwas supported by threechief pillars: the Jesuits,
reform of the papacy, andthe council of Trent
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The Society of Jesus, theJesuits, was founded by
the Spanish nobleman*Ignatius of Loyota
Jesuits used education tospread their message
Jesuit missionaries
restored Catholicism toparts of Germany and
eastern Europe
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A Reform Commission in
1537, issued by Pope Paul
III, blamed the Churchs
problems on the corrupt
policies of the pope
The Council of Trent met for
18 yearsconfirmed that
both faith and good works
were necessary for salvation
The selling of indulgences
was forbidden