chapter 10 memory and thought. the processes of memory the storage and retrieval of what has been...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10Memory and Thought
![Page 2: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Processes of Memory
• The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory
• There are three processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval
![Page 3: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Encoding
• Encoding is the transforming od information so the nervous system can process it
• You use your senses to encode and establish a memory (ex: singing the states song)
![Page 4: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Storage
• Storage is the process by which information is maintained over time
• Information can be stored for a few seconds or for many years- usually depends on the encoding effort
![Page 5: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Retrieval
• Retrieval occurs when information is brought to mind from storage
• The ease of which information can be retrieved depends on how efficiently it was encoded and stored
![Page 6: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sensory Memory
• In sensory memory, the senses of sight and hearing are able to hold an input for a fraction of a second before it disappears
• If you choose to pay attention, information is automatically transferred to short-term memory
![Page 7: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Short-Term Memory
• Short-term memory is limited in capacity and in duration
• Maintenance rehearsal is the act of repeating information out loud in order to memorize it (ex: telephone numbers)
![Page 8: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Short-Term Memory, Cont.
• Chunking is the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember
• (ex: we ‘chunk’ numbers into groups like 916-4100 instead of 9164100)
![Page 9: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Short-Term Memory, Cont.
• The Primacy-Regency Effect refers to the fact that we are better able to recall items at the beginning or end of a list
• Short-term memory is also called working memory
![Page 10: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Long-Term Memory
• Long-term memory refers to the storage of information over extended periods of time
• The capacity of long-term memory is limitless
• There are four types of long-term memory
![Page 11: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of Long-Term Memory
• Semantic memory is knowledge on language including rules, words and meanings
• Episodic memory is memory of one’s life and personal experiences
• Declarative memory involves both episodic and sematic memory that you call forth and use as you need it
• Procedural memory is memory of learned skills
![Page 12: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Memory and the Brain
• Short-term memory is stored in the cortex
• Long-term memory is stored in the hippocampus
• Psychologists are still studying physiological changes to the brain in learning and memory
![Page 13: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Retrieving Information
• The storage of memory is useless without the ability to retrieve it
• The solution to retrieval is organization and the human brain is extremely organized
![Page 14: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Recognition
• Recognition is memory retrieval in which a person identifies something they have or have not experienced before
• Recognition is quite easy for the human mind
![Page 15: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Recall
• Recall is memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material
• More challenging than recognition
• Recall is influenced by reconstructive processes, or alterations of recalled memories
![Page 16: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Recall, Cont.
• If reconstruction of a memory is incomplete, sometimes confabulation occurs where memory gaps are filled with incorrect information
• We construct memory within our pre-existing schemas, or conceptual framework
![Page 17: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Forgetting
• Forgetting happens when once known information cannot be recalled
• Decay refers to the fading of memories over time (high school)
• Interference is the blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories (addresses)
![Page 18: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Amnesia
• Amnesia is a loss of memory
• May occur as a result of head injury, drug use, or severe stress
• Infant amnesia is the relative lack of early memories before age 3
![Page 19: Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. The Processes of Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory There are three processes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0231a28abf838cd442b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Improving Memory
• You can use several techniques to improve memory and learn better
• Elaborative rehearsal is the linking of new information to already known material
• Mnemonic devices are associations used to memorize information (EGBDF, PEMDAS, etc.)