Chapter 1 First Humans Prehistory-3500 B.C.pages 2-20

SOL Standards Chapter 1STANDARD WHI.2a

The student will demonstrate knowledge of early development of humankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by

a) explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gatherer societies.

Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.

Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on

the availability of wild plants and animals.

b) listing characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies, including their use of tools and fire.

Hunter-gatherer societies during the

Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)

• Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter)

• Invented the first tools, including simple weapons

• Learned how to make fire • Lived in clans

• Developed oral language • Created “cave art”

c) describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities.

Societies during the Neolithic Era

(New Stone Age)

• Developed agriculture (Domesticated Plants) • Domesticated animals

• Used advanced tools • Made pottery

• Developed weaving skills

d) explaining how archaeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples.

-Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts.

-Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts.

-Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.

Section 1 Early Humans

Big Idea: Human life developed in different stages over millions of years and by 10,000 B.C. Homo

Sapien Sapiens had spread throughout the world.

The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind.

Artifacts are those things that people left behind, they can include:

Tools and Weapons Art and Sculpture Pottery

Jewelry Human Remains

Ancient Buildings and Monuments

The study of human life and culture

The remains of ancient plants and animals.

By studying fossils archaeologists and anthropologists can learn about what people ate, what animals they had around, and their way of life.

Carbon dating can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that were once alive

All living things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from the sun while they are alive.

Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5000 years. That means it takes 5,000 years for half of the Carbon 14 in something to break down.

If we know how much Carbon 14 something has left we can count back to how much is had to begin with to determine the age of the artifact. Is limited to things 50,000 years old or less.

Thermo – Luminescence is used for objects 200,000 years or older by measuring light given off from trapped electrons in the soil.

DNA has also proven useful in answering questions as what happen to early species of human.

Humans and other creatures that walk upright on two feet.

The first Hominids, they are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3-4 million years ago.

Homo habilis- meaning handy human was a phase between Australopithecus and Homo Erectus that emerged between 2.5-1.6 million years ago.

Second stage in early human development, Homo erectus, which means upright human being, emerged about 1.8 million years ago.

These were the first hominids to leave Africa and moved into Europe and Asia.

They also used more complex tools

About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged.

Homo Sapiens means “Wise Person.”

This group split into two distinct groups:

Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

Neanderthals

Discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany.

Thought to have lived between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago; they lived in Europe and Turkey.

They used stone tools, and buried their dead. It is thought they had some primitive religious beliefs.

It was originally thought that they were killed off by homo sapiens sapiens, but new evidence has recently emerged that shows that there was some genetic mixing between the two groups.

Modern Human Beings

Believed to have appeared in Africa between 150,000-200,000 years ago

Began to migrate outside of Africa 100,000 years ago.

Believed by many to have replaced the Neanderthals by 30,000 B.C..

By 10,000 B.C. Homo Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the world due to migration.

There are two theories for this migration:

One is the “out of Africa” model which states that homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and slowly replaced

other groups they encountered throughout the world.

The other theory is the multiregional model, which states that development from earlier hominids to modern humans occurred in different locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at

different times.

During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and 8000 B.C. the water level in the oceans dropped

revealing a land bridge over the Bering Strait connecting Asia and North America

“Paleo” means old “Lithic” means stone

Paleolithic= Old Stone Age. This era was called the stone age because early man used stone to make his tools and weapons.

Paleolithic man lived in groups called clans.These clans got their food by Hunting and GatheringOnce the food supply ran out they would move to a different area. Because they moved from place to place they were Nomadic.

Essential KnowledgeWere Nomadic: Wandered from place to place in search of food and shelterInvented the first tools and weapons including simple stone tools.Lived in groups called clans of about 20-30 people, used caves for shelter.Learned to make and control fire to keep warm and cook their food.Developed oral, or spoken languageMade cave art and statues.

The role of men was to do the huntingThe role of women was gathering and caring for children

Gathering was a more reliable source of food and so in Paleolithic society it is thought that it may have been Matriarchal, or female dominated.

Women were often seen at the time as symbols of life and fertility. Many ancient religions were centered around the worship of the earth and the woman was often representative of the earth and life because of the fact that women gave birth.

Early ideas about religion are often called sympathetic magic.

It is thought that early man often drew, or made representations of what he/she wanted to happen. Fertility statues for having many

children, paintings of successful hunts etc.

Use of FireEarly man learned to use fire to adapt to his environment.It was probably discovered from friction, lightning, or accidental hitting two rocks together.

Ice AgesFire was very important during the ice ages. Without fire man would not have been able to survive.

Cave ArtMan has created art for a very long time. There is some argument as to what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art as a form of religion?