World History 1

Chapter 1Foundations of Civilization

Prehistory-300 B.C.

Section 1 Understanding Our Past

Section 1 Understanding Our Past

ObjectivesLearn how scholars study the

historical past.Find out how anthropologists

investigate the period of prehistory.Understand how discoveries in Africa

and beyond have influenced anthropologists’ views about early humans and their ancestors.

ObjectivesLearn how scholars study the

historical past.Find out how anthropologists

investigate the period of prehistory.Understand how discoveries in Africa

and beyond have influenced anthropologists’ views about early humans and their ancestors.

The Study of HistoryThe Study of History

Importance of authenticityPersonal bias of the historianHistorians use:

DocumentsTax recordsLettersInterviewsJournals/DiariesArt

Importance of authenticityPersonal bias of the historianHistorians use:

DocumentsTax recordsLettersInterviewsJournals/DiariesArt

Investigating PrehistoryInvestigating Prehistory

What do you do when you do not have any written records to study?About 150 years ago, scholars became

interested in this period of historyAnthropology- study the origins and

development of people and their societiesArchaeology

Archaeologist study human material remains. They often have to revise their theories in the light of new evidence.

What do you do when you do not have any written records to study?About 150 years ago, scholars became

interested in this period of historyAnthropology- study the origins and

development of people and their societiesArchaeology

Archaeologist study human material remains. They often have to revise their theories in the light of new evidence.

Relative vs. Absolute Dating Methods

Relative vs. Absolute Dating Methods

RelativeGrouping similar

artifactsChronology of

artifactsAge of geological

features

RelativeGrouping similar

artifactsChronology of

artifactsAge of geological

features

AbsoluteDating bonesTree ringsCarbon-14 dating

http://science.howstuffworks.com/carbon-141.htm

AbsoluteDating bonesTree ringsCarbon-14 dating

http://science.howstuffworks.com/carbon-141.htm

Discoveries in Africa and Beyond

Discoveries in Africa and Beyond

Olduvai GorgeLocated in TanzaniaLouis Leakey and Mary Leaky

1959 Mary found skull of early hominidHominids include humans and their

closest relatives, all walk upright on 2 feet

Bottom of gorge 1.7-2.1 million years old

Olduvai GorgeLocated in TanzaniaLouis Leakey and Mary Leaky

1959 Mary found skull of early hominidHominids include humans and their

closest relatives, all walk upright on 2 feet

Bottom of gorge 1.7-2.1 million years old

Early Hominid GroupsEarly Hominid Groups

AustralopithecinesLived in Africa7 million years agoIncluded “Lucy”, the skeleton found

by archaeologist Donald Johnson in 1974

AustralopithecinesLived in Africa7 million years agoIncluded “Lucy”, the skeleton found

by archaeologist Donald Johnson in 1974

Homo habilis- means “handy man”First to use stone tools

Homo habilis- means “handy man”First to use stone tools

Homo erectus“upright man”Larger brainsSmaller teethFire?Hand axRemains found in Asia and Europe

Homo erectus“upright man”Larger brainsSmaller teethFire?Hand axRemains found in Asia and Europe

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

Between 250,000 and 100,000 years ago, Homo erectus disappeared

Homo sapiens emergedGroups to which modern humans

belongNeanderthals and the earliest modern

humans come from this groupAround 50,000 or 30,000 years ago the

Neanderthals disappeared

Between 250,000 and 100,000 years ago, Homo erectus disappeared

Homo sapiens emergedGroups to which modern humans

belongNeanderthals and the earliest modern

humans come from this groupAround 50,000 or 30,000 years ago the

Neanderthals disappeared

Section 2- Neolithic Revolution

Section 2- Neolithic Revolution

ObjectivesDescribe the skills and beliefs that early

modern humans developed during the Old Stone Age

Analyze why the beginning of farming is considered the start of the New Stone Age and Neolithic Revolution

Explain how the Neolithic Revolution dramatically changed the why people lived

ObjectivesDescribe the skills and beliefs that early

modern humans developed during the Old Stone Age

Analyze why the beginning of farming is considered the start of the New Stone Age and Neolithic Revolution

Explain how the Neolithic Revolution dramatically changed the why people lived

2 Periods of Prehistory2 Periods of Prehistory

- Old Stone Age/Paleolithic Period 2 million B.C.- 10,000 B.C.

New Stone Age/Neolithic Period10,000 B.C.- until the end of prehistory

- Old Stone Age/Paleolithic Period 2 million B.C.- 10,000 B.C.

New Stone Age/Neolithic Period10,000 B.C.- until the end of prehistory

Humans During Old Stone Age

Humans During Old Stone Age

Nomads20-30 people per groupHunter/GatherersMade tools and weapons out of

stone, bone, or woodUsed fire for heat and cookingWore animal skins

Nomads20-30 people per groupHunter/GatherersMade tools and weapons out of

stone, bone, or woodUsed fire for heat and cookingWore animal skins

Developed spoken languageLearned to travel over waterBuried their deadAnimism- a belief that the world is

full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams

Developed spoken languageLearned to travel over waterBuried their deadAnimism- a belief that the world is

full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams

Neolithic Revolution =

Farming

Neolithic Revolution =

Farming

Effects of Farming on Early Humans

Effects of Farming on Early Humans

Nomadic lifestyle changedProduced own food supplyNo longer had to follow herds and

food suppliesSettlement in permanent villagesChanges were dramatic

Nomadic lifestyle changedProduced own food supplyNo longer had to follow herds and

food suppliesSettlement in permanent villagesChanges were dramatic

Domesticated animals and plantsDomesticated means to raise plants

and animals in a controlled way that makes them best suited to human use

Not all people around the world started domesticating at the same time and they did not all domesticate the same types of plants and animals

Domesticated animals and plantsDomesticated means to raise plants

and animals in a controlled way that makes them best suited to human use

Not all people around the world started domesticating at the same time and they did not all domesticate the same types of plants and animals

Other EffectsOther Effects

No greater change occurred until the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s

Early villagesCatalhuyuk (Turkey)Jericho (Israel)

No greater change occurred until the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s

Early villagesCatalhuyuk (Turkey)Jericho (Israel)

Other ChangesOther Changes

Family LifeMen started to dominate family,

economic, and political lifeCouncil of EldersDifferences in wealth emerge

more private property

Family LifeMen started to dominate family,

economic, and political lifeCouncil of EldersDifferences in wealth emerge

more private property

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

CalendarsAnimals to plow fieldsClay for storage and cookingWeavingKnowledge traveled slowly

CalendarsAnimals to plow fieldsClay for storage and cookingWeavingKnowledge traveled slowly

Section 3- The Rise of Civilization

Section 3- The Rise of Civilization

River Valleys PopularTransportationWater supplyFertile landsSumer, Egypt, Indus, Shang ChinaSurpluses means more food for more peoplePeople able to do something other than

farming

River Valleys PopularTransportationWater supplyFertile landsSumer, Egypt, Indus, Shang ChinaSurpluses means more food for more peoplePeople able to do something other than

farming

Civilization- a complex, highly organized social order

Civilization- a complex, highly organized social order

Major features of Civilizations

Major features of Civilizations

1. Organized Governments2. Complex religions3. Job specialization4. Social classes5. Arts and architecture6. Public works7. Writing

1. Organized Governments2. Complex religions3. Job specialization4. Social classes5. Arts and architecture6. Public works7. Writing

GovernmentGovernment

Need to oversee major projects that benefited all the people

As governments grew more complex, royal officials helped to govern, collect taxes, and defend the city

Priests and warrior kings had the most power

Leaders would claim divine sovereignty, or rule from the gods, and pass their position from father to son

Need to oversee major projects that benefited all the people

As governments grew more complex, royal officials helped to govern, collect taxes, and defend the city

Priests and warrior kings had the most power

Leaders would claim divine sovereignty, or rule from the gods, and pass their position from father to son

Complex ReligionsComplex Religions

Polytheistic- belief in many godsGained favor with the gods

through special ceremonies, offerings, or sacrifices

Full time priesthood needed

Polytheistic- belief in many godsGained favor with the gods

through special ceremonies, offerings, or sacrifices

Full time priesthood needed

Job SpecializationJob Specialization

Urban dwellersArtisans- skilled craftspeopleMetal workers, bricklayers,

merchants, soldiers, entertainers

Urban dwellersArtisans- skilled craftspeopleMetal workers, bricklayers,

merchants, soldiers, entertainers

Social ClassesSocial Classes

People ranked according to their jobs

1. Nobles and priests2. Merchants3. Artisans4. Peasant farmers5. Slaves

People ranked according to their jobs

1. Nobles and priests2. Merchants3. Artisans4. Peasant farmers5. Slaves

Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

Temples and palaces would have dominated the landscape

Good reminder of the power held by the government and the religion/priesthood

Temples and palaces would have dominated the landscape

Good reminder of the power held by the government and the religion/priesthood

Public WorksPublic Works

Irrigations systemsRoadsBridgesDefensive wallsMonuments

Irrigations systemsRoadsBridgesDefensive wallsMonuments

WritingWriting

Not all early civilization developed writing

No contact between the civilizations about writingVaried in appearance, structure, and

purpose

Not all early civilization developed writing

No contact between the civilizations about writingVaried in appearance, structure, and

purpose

First used in templesMonumentsPictographsScribes- specially trained people

who kept records for priests, rulers, and merchants

First used in templesMonumentsPictographsScribes- specially trained people

who kept records for priests, rulers, and merchants