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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` DremalTlpiohljl`t

Kttowo, Ho`omoXlptljdlr ?1, 46?=www.pdk-mpd.ah.ho

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

Vrlporlm dy7 Mu`ho` JohMk`oim* [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

* ]bl outbkr wkuim ienl tk tbo`n tbl ossesto`hl kc ]lgos Oevoiie, os wlii os ktblr VDK hkiiloauls. ]bl outbkr wkuim oisk ienl tk tbo`n Vrkclsskr Lreh Jeiilr, os wlii os Mr. Voviks No`orkaiku o`m Mr. Jorn Clrausk` kc tbl JhJostlr E`stetutl ckr ]ro`spkrtotek` o`m Ikaestehs ckr tbler omvehl o`m hk`tredutek`s. Ckr curtblr e`ckrjotek`, pilosl hk`toht Jkstoco Osnore (jkstoco.osnoreFpori.ah.ho ) kr tbl outbkr (mu`ho`.johmk`oimFpori.ah.ho ) .

]bl jo`motl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr es tk prkveml e`mlpl`ml`t o`oiyses tk Vorieojl`t k` tbl stotl kc tbl `otek`s ce`o`hls, tbl akvlr`jl`ts lstejotls o`m trl`ms e` tbl Ho`omeo` lhk`kjy> o`m upk` rlqulst crkj o hkjjettll kr porieojl`toreo`, tk lstejotl

tbl ce`o`heoi

hkst

kc

o`y

prkpksoi

ckr

jottlrs

kvlr

wbehb

Vorieojl`t

bos

guresmehtek`.

]bl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr wos osnlm dy Jr. Bko`a Joe, tbl Jljdlr kc Vorieojl`t ckr DrkssormIo Vroerel, tk lstejotl rlvl`uls tbot hkuim dl al`lrotlm dy e`trkmuhe`a o tkii k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal rlpiohljl`t e` Jk`troi. ]bes rlpkrt es e` rlspk`sl tk tbot rlqulst.

]bes rlpkrt jonls `k ottljpts tk jkmli slhk`mory lhk`kjeh ejpohts tbot hkuim oresl crkj ejpiljl`te`a o tkii o`m tbl rlsuite`a mevlrsek` kc trocceh. Et oisk jonls `k ottljpt tk prkveml o` kpe`ek` rlaorme`a jltbkms kc prkhure`a tbl dremal rlpiohljl`t, kr tbl jltbkms kc poye`a ckr et.

]bl lstejotls o`m ckrlhosts prkvemlm e` tbes rlpkrt orl `kt kcceheoi Akvlr`jl`t kc Ho`omo lstejotls.

]bl Xtllr MovelsAilovl rlpkrt, prlporlm lxhiusevliy ckr ]ro`spkrt Ho`omo, wos `kt uslm e` tbes o`oiyses.

]bes es o rlveslm vlrsek` kc tbl kreae`oiiy pkstlm rlpkrt. Tlclrl`hls tk trovli tejls ot 2 oj bovl dll` rljkvlm. ]bes hbo`al mkls `kt occlht o`y hoihuiotek`s kr hk`hiusek`s.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?

Lxlhutevl sujjory

E 46??, tbl Akvlr`jl`t kc Ho`omo o``ku`hlm tbot et wkuim rlpiohl tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal e` Jk`troi. ]bl Akvlr`jl`t stotlm et wkuim mk sk use`a o pudiehprevotl port`lrsbep (V8), o`m tbot tbl hkst wkuim dl ot ilost porteoiiy cu`mlm wetb tkii rlvl`uls. ?

]bl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehl (VDK) wos osnlm dy Jr. Bko`a Joe, tbl Jljdlr kc Vorieojl`t ckr DrkssormIo Vroerel, tk e`vlsteaotl tbl pktl`teoi rlvl`ul tbot hkuim dl al`lrotlm dy e`trkmuhe`a o tkii k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal rlpiohljl`t, shblmuilm tk dl e` kplrotek` e` 46?2, o`m tk e`vlsteaotl tbl hkstrlhkvlry pktl`teoi kc suhb o tkii.

Ceaurl L?

To`al kc Hkst Hkvlre`a ]kiis

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr

@ktl7 Mkiior ojku`ts orl e` 46?8 hk`sto`t mkiiors.

VDK wos odil tk e`clr tbl weiie`a`lss tk poy kc Jk`troi hkjjutlrs. 4 Et tbl` lstejotlm tbl prkpkrtek` kc Hbojpioe` Dremal hkjjutlrs wbk wkuim mevlrt tk ktblr rkutls ot vorekus tkii rotls, os wlii os tbksl wbk wkuim sudslqul`tiy mevlrt tk tbl

? Akvlr`jl`t kc Ho`omo. (Khtkdlr 46??). Borplr akvlr`jl`t tk prkhllm wetb `lw dremal kvlr tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl . Tltrelvlm Jorhb 46?=. 4 Qeiie`a`lss tk poy es tbl joxejuj tbot o hk`sujlr es weiie`a tk poy tk kdtoe` o prkmuht kr slrvehl.

dremal e` o` ottljpt tk ovkem tbl rlsuite`a hk`alstek` k` tbler rlauior rkutls.

]odil L4

Hkst Tlhkvlry ]kii Totls

Xkurhl7 Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehl.

@ktl7 Soiuls e` 46?8 hk`sto`t mkiiors.

VDK uslm tblsl moto tk ckrlhost tbl tktoi

rlvl`ul tbot hkuim dl kdtoe`lm crkj vorekus tkiis kvlr tbl n`kw` kplrote`a plrekm. ]bes rlpkrt ce`ms7

Doslm k` tbl Akvlr`jl`ts lstejotlm mlsea` o`m hk`struhtek` hkst kc dltwll` $8 deiiek o`m $< deiiek`, o tkii kc dltwll` $4.36 o`m $8.56 wkuim dl `llmlm ckr lohb hrksse`a tk drlon lvl` o`m hkvlr dremal kplrotek`s o`m joe`tl`o`hl. 8 Ot tblsl rotls, 8.= plr hl`t tk ?6.3 plr hl`t kc tktoi dremal trocceh wkuim mevlrt tk ktblr rkutls.

]bl je`ejuj pktl`teoi tkii ckr hkst rlhkvlry es lstejotlm ot $?.=6 plr hrksse`a. Ot tbes rotl, tbl tkii wkuim hkvlr k`iy merlht dremal hk`struhtek` os wlii os kplrotek`s o`m joe`tl`o`hl hksts. Et wkuim `kt hkvlr o`y ce`o`he`a hksts kr toxls e`hurrlm dy tbl V8 hk`skrteuj tbot wkuim dl hbksl` tk dueim o`m kplrotl tbl dremal.

8 E 46?8 hk`sto`t mkiiors.

$6

$4

$=

$3

$2

$?6

Xhl`orek ]kii ]ktoi Tlvl`ul

(Deiiek`s)

]rocceh Mevlrsek`

(%)K&J k`iy $6.26 $?.< ?.=%

Hk`struhtek`, K&J $?.=6 $4.< 4.8%$8D prkglht hkst, K&J $4.36 $=.= 8.=%$

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

4

]bl tkii tbot joxejezls rlvl`ul es lstejotlm ot $5.?6 plr hrksse`a. Et es rlvl`ul joxejeze`a dlhousl e`hrlose`a et curtblr wkuim meje`esb tktoi rlvl`ul ot `k dl`lcet tk hkjjutlrs. Ot tbes prehl, odkut 82 plr hl`t kc tktoi dremal trocceh wkuim mevlrt tk ktblr rkutls, house`a sea`eceho`t hk`alstek` e` Jk`trois trocceh systlj.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

8

Kvlrvelw

]bl Hbojpioe` Dremal hrkssls tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl Tevlr hk``lhte`a Jk`troi tk tbl Xkutb Xbkrl. ]bl dremal bos sea`eceho`t struhturoi essuls, o`m tbl Akvlr`jl`t kc Ho`omo e`tl`ms tk rlpiohl et. ]bl Akvlr`jl`t pio`s tk ejpksl o tkii tk hrkss tbl `lw dremal, wbehb es lxplhtlm tk dl kplrotek`oi e` 46?2. = ]blrl es hurrl`tiy `k tkii k` tbl lxeste`a dremal.

]bl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehl wos osnlm dy Jr. Bko`a Joe, tbl Jljdlr kc Vorieojl`t ckr DrkssormIo Vroerel, tk lstejotl tbl o`tehepotlm tkii rlquerlm tk hrkss tbl rlpiohljl`t dremal o`m tbl

hkrrlspk`me`a rlvl`ul tbot wkuim dl al`lrotlm.

E rlspk`sl, VDK mlvlikplm o` lstejotl kc tbl trocceh tbot wkuim mevlrt crkj tbl dremal os o rlsuit kc tbl tkii. ]bes lstejotl wos doslm k` hkjjutl tejls, culi hksts, weiie`a`lss tk poy o`m lxeste`a trocceh prkglhtek`s.

]bes lstejotl oiikwlm VDK tk mltlrje`l tbl

rlvl`ul

joxejeze`a tkii.

Et

tbl`

hkjporlm

tbl bypktbltehoi rlvl`ul al`lrotlm crkj tbl tkii wetb o rkuab lstejotl kc tbl hkst kc hk`struhte`a o`m kplrote`a tbl `lw dremal tk mltlrje`l o hkst rlhkvlry tkii.

Dohnarku`m7 @llm ckr o rlpiohljl`t

]bl lxeste`a Hbojpioe` Dremal, k`l kc tbl vetoi ie`ns dltwll` tbl Esio`m kc Jk`troi o`m tbl joe`io`m, kpl`lm tk tbl pudieh e` Gu`l ?534. < Octlr kvlr boic o hl`tury, et bos dll` hrksslm dy rkuabiy 8 deiiek vlbehils.

= Akvlr`jl`t kc Ho`omo (Go`uory 46?=). @lxt stlps ckr tbl `lw dremal ckr tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl prkglht . Tltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=. < So` Mlr Oo, B. (?534). ]bl Hbojpioe` Dremal. Jk`troi, _uldlh, Ho`omo7 Vkrhupe`l Vudiehotek`s Itm. K`ie`l slhtek` rltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=.

]bl dremal wos e`eteoiiy mlsea`lm u`mlr tbl ossujptek` tbot k`iy so`m wkuim dl uslm ckr we`tlr rkom joe`tl`o`hl. Bkwlvlr, tbl e`hrloslm usl kc soit bos ohhlilrotlm tbl struhturls mlhoy e` rlhl`t ylors. 3 Os o rlsuit, tbl e`tlarety kc tbl dremal bos dll` hkjprkjeslm o`m rlpoers bovl dll` e`hrlose`aiy rlquerlm. 1,2

Aevl` tbl dremals pkkr hk`metek`, tbl Akvlr`jl`t kc Ho`omo, wbehb es rlspk`sedil ckr jo`y kc tbl dremals hrksse`a tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl tk tbl Esio`m kc Jk`troi, o``ku`hlm e` Mlhljdlr 46?? tbot et wkuim rlpiohl tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal.5 ]bl tejlie`l hoiis ckr tbl `lw dremal tk dl e` slrvehl dy 46?2. ?6 ]bl prkglhts lstejotlm mlsea` o`m

hk`struhtek` hkst es dltwll` $8deiiek o`m $

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

=

]bl hkjpltetevl prkhurljl`t prkhlss ckr mltlrje`e`a tbl V8 port`lr es hurrl`tiy u`mlrwoy, wetb tbl rlqulst ckr prkpksois rliloslm e` Guiy 46?=. ?< O hkjpk`l`t kc tbl V8 duse`lss hosl es tbl e`trkmuhtek` kc o tkii tk hrkss tbl dremal.?3 Os tblrl es hurrl`tiy `k tkii ckr use`a tbl lxeste`a Hbojpioe` Dremal, e`trkmuhe`a k`l hkuim ilom tk skjl mevlrsek` kc trocceh tk oitlr`otl rkutls e` o` lcckrt tk ovkem tbl tkii. ?1

Qbeil ktblr slts kc o`oiyses kc tbes essul bovl dll` plrckrjlm, `ktodiy dy Xtllr Movels Ailovl (XMA) ckr ]ro`spkrt Ho`omo, tblsl orl `kt pudiehoiiy ovoeiodil. ?2

Qetbkut tbl XMA rlsuits ckr hkjporesk`,

VDK hk`muhtlm wkrn tk prkveml o beab ilvli o`m rlprlsl`totevl o`oiyses use`a pudiehiy ovoeiodil moto skurhls o`m drkom ossujptek`s kc e`mevemuoi dlbovekrs.

]bes o`oiyses uslm Akkail Jops o`m Jk`troi kreae`mlste`otek` (KM) survly moto, e` hk`gu`htek` wetb e`hkjl ossujptek`s, tk mltlrje`l tbl tkii prehl tbot mrevlrs orl weiie`a tk poy. VDK ossujlm tbot tkiis dlyk`m tbes prehl wkuim jktevotl

mrevlrs tk

mevlrt

tk

o`ktblr

rkutl.

Jltbkmkikay kvlrvelw

]bes slhtek` prkvemls o beabilvli kvlrvelw kc tbl jltbkmkikay. Xll O``lx O ckr o mltoeilm mlshreptek` kc tbl jltbkmkikay.

O``lx D hk`toe`s rlsuits hkjporesk`s o`m sl`setevety o`oiysls. O``lx H prkvemls o mltoeilm iest kc ossujptek`s.

?= @lxt stlps ckr tbl `lw dremal ckr tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl prkglht Dohnarku`mlr . Ohhlsslm Ouaust 46?=. ?< @lw Dremal ckr tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl Vrkglht ]ejlie`ls . Tltrelvlm k` Gu`l 46?=. ?3 @lxt stlps ckr tbl `lw dremal ckr tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl prkglht Dohnarku`mlr . Tltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=. ?1 ]kii ovkemo`hl es sujjorezlm dy tbl Xeabtie`l E`stetutl . Tltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=. ?2 @lw Dremal ckr tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl Duse`lss Hosl ]lhb`ehoi Vrlsl`totek` . Tltrelvlm Guiy 46?=.

Qbl` lxoje`e`a trocceh mevlrsek`, VDK ossujlm tbot tbl joe` hk`semlrotek` cohe`a mrevlrs wos tbl ommlm tejl kc tone`a

o`ktblr rkutl.

]bes

tkkn

e`tk

ohhku`t

hkjjutlrs voiul kc tejl o`m oiikwlm ckr o` kdglhtevl jlosurl kc tbl mecclrl`hl dltwll` treps.

Moto k` trep tejls wlrl kdtoe`lm crkj tbl Akkail Jops ]rocceh oppiehotek` (Ceaurl ?), wbehb prkvemlm moto k` trep il`atb o`m mesto`hl u`mlr vorekus bestkreh trocceh hk`metek`s. ?5,46,4? VDK lxoje`lm moto ckr treps dltwll` 3 o.j. o`m 5 o.j. ]bes tejl rlprlsl`tlm o` ovlroal wllnmoy jkr`e`a hkjjutl mure`a tbl jkr`e`a plon plrekm.44

?5 Akkail Dika7 ]bl dreabt seml kc sette`a e` trocceh7 Hrkwmskurhe`a rkom hk`alstek` moto. Ohhlsslm Gu`l 46?=. 46 Akkail Jops Oppiehotek`. 4? Akkail Jops ejoalry moto ot ilost porteoiiy prkvemlm dy ]lrroJltrehs. Hkpyreabt 46?8, ]lrroJltrehs, E`h. www.tlrrojltrehs.hkj . 44 ]bl trocceh ietlroturl skjltejls rlclrs tk tbl jkr`e`a o`m `eabt plon plrekms os OJ plon o`m VJ plon, rlsplhtevliy.

Dkx ?

VudiehVrevotl Vort`lrsbeps

O pudiehprevotl port`lrsbep es o hk`trohte`a rliotek`sbep dltwll`

akvlr`jl`t o`m prevotl e`mustry.

E V8 oarlljl`ts, tbl prevotl hk`trohtkr mlsea`s o`m dueims o` e`crostruhturl prkglht tk pudieh slhtkr splhecehotek`s, tbl` kplrotls o`m/kr joe`toe`s tbl prkglht ckr o slt plrekm.

]bl prevotl hk`trohtkr mltlrje`ls ets kw` jlo`s kc ce`o`he`a tbl prkglht, os tbl akvlr`jl`t oarlls tk k`iy poy tbl

hk`trohtkr ot slt jeilstk`ls (kr e` k`l iujp suj ot tbl l`m kc tbl plrekm) doslm k` tbl sotescohtkry omblrl`hl kc tbl sto`morms slt kut e` tbl hk`troht.

Xkurhls7 VVV Ho`omo.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

<

Ceaurl ?

Akkail Jops ]rocceh Moto

Xkurhl7 Akkail o`m ]lrroJltrehs jop moto

]ejls wlrl kdtoe`lm ckr treps ohrkss tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl Tevlr doslm k` kreae`s o`m mlste`otek`s hkrrlspk`me`a tk tbl 4662 KM survly hk`muhtlm dy Oal`hl jtrkpkietoe`l ml tro`spkrt (OJ]). 48,4= ]bes es o ioral pbk`l survly tbot prkvemls o al`lroi pehturl kc tro`spkrtotek` `llms e` tbl Arlotlr Jk`troi Orlo dy osne`a rlspk`ml`ts qulstek`s odkut tbler treps.

Doslm k` tbl survly, VDK lxoje`lm treps tonl` ohrkss tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl Tevlr, o`m hk`semlrlm vorekus dremal rkutls. ]bl rlsuite`a tejls o`m mesto`hls wlrl hoihuiotlm ckr lohb pkssedil dremal hrksse`a use`a tbl Akkail Jops oppiehotek`. ]bl mecclrl`hl e` tejl o`m mesto`hl rliotevl tk oitlr`otl rkutls wos hkjporlm. E ommetek tk tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal, oitlr`otl rkutls lxoje`lm e`hiumlm tbl

48 OJ] 4662 KM Xurvly. Ohhlsslm Gu`l 46?=. 4= ]bl treps lxoje`lm hk`sestlm kc kreae`s o`m mlste`otek`s dltwll` tbl Xkutb Xbkrl o`m Jk`troi Esio`m.

Gohquls Hortelr Dremal, tbl Sehtkreo Dremal, tbl Bk`kr Jlrhelr Dremal, o`m tbl Ikues Beppkiytl Iock`toe`l ]u``li. 4<

VDK tbl` hoihuiotlm tbl rlslrvotek` prehltbl prehl ot wbehb mrevlrs wkuim tonl o`ktblr rkutl. ]bl rlslrvotek` prehl es mltlrje`lm dy o hkjde`otek` kc e`mevemuoi e`hkjl, trep tejl, trep mesto`hl o`m tbl kreae` o`m mlste`otek` kc tbl trep (Ceaurl 4). Ckr lohb tkii, VDK ossujlm tbot ec tbl tkii wos arlotlr tbo` o hkjjutlrs rlslrvotek` prehl, tbly wkuim mevlrt tk o`ktblr rkutl.

Ckr tbl purpksl kc tbes o`oiyses, VDK ossujlm tbot tbl tkii coheiety wkuim hk`sest kc o hojlro doslm systlj ejpiljl`te`a o twk woy tkiie`a struhturl crll kc pbysehoi dorrelrs. ]bes ossujptek` wos doslm k` tbl ejpiljl`totek` kc rlhl`t tkii systljs e` ktblr guresmehtek`s, o`m tbot hkjjutlrs

4< Mure`a tbl OJ plon plrekm tbl Sehtkreo Dremal io`l ilove`a Jk`troi Esio`m rlvlrsls merlhtek`. ]bes rlsuits e` twk pkssedil rkutls ohrkss tbl Sehtkreo Dremal. E tbes o`oiyses k`iy k`l rkutl tk Jk`troi Esio`m wos lxoje`lm, o`m tbl Sehtkreo Dremal wos lxhiumlm crkj tbl iest kc veodil Xkutb sbkrl dku`m jkr`e`a rkutls.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

3

Ceaurl 4

Tlslrvotek` Vrehl E`puts

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehl.

hkuim ovkem o k`l woy tkii dy use`a tbl `lw dremal k`iy e` tbl merlhtek` wetb `k tkii. 43

Os o curtblr hk`semlrotek`, et wos ossujlm tbot tbl hk`alstek` ommlm tk oitlr`otl rkutls wkuim jktevotl mrevlrs k` tbksl rkutls tk mevlrt tk tbl `lw dremal. ]bes ojku`tlm tk o swoppe`a kc mrevlrs crkj o` oitlr`otl rkutl tk tbl `lw dremal, o`m vehl vlrso, mlpl`me`a k` tbl rlslrvotek` prehls kc tbl e`mevemuoi mrevlrs.

Ceaurl 8

Arkss Mevlrsek` Qetbkut Hk`alstek` Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

]bl rlsuit kc tbl o`oiyses wos hoihuiotek` kc o plrhl`toal mevlrsek` crkj tbl `lw dremal ot vorekus tkii prehls, wbehb wos prkglhtlm

43 Lveml`hl suaalsts tbot tkii trocceh prkglhtek`s tl`m tk kvlrlstejotl kdslrvlm trocceh mul tk ovkemo`hl. Qbeil VDKs o`oiyses ho``kt hioej tk dl ejju`l crkj tbes deos, tbes ossujptek` lieje`otls k`l ckrj kc tkii ovkemo`hl crkj tbl jkmli. Xll tbl Xeabtie`l E`stetutl . Tltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=.

kvlr tbl je`ejuj 86ylor kplrotek` plrekm kc tbl tkiis kutie`lm dy tbl Akvlr`jl`t. Qetb tbes mevlrsek` lstejotl, tbl hkrrlspk`me`a rlvl`ul ckr lohb tkii wos hoihuiotlm.

Tlsuits7 Kvlroii trocceh mevlrsek`

]bes rlpkrt prlsl`ts tbl rlsuite`a trocceh mevlrsek` e` twk stlps7 arkss mevlrsek` hoihuiotlm wetbkut hk`semlrotek` kc ktblr mrevlrs rlpiohe`a tbksl wbk ilovl tbl `lw dremal, o`m `lt mevlrsek` tbot e`hiumls et.

Ceaurl =

Arkss Lohb Merlhtek` Mevlrsek` Qetbkut Hk`alstek` Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

Arkss mevlrsek` es sbkw` e` Ceaurls 8 o`m =. E tbl odsl`hl kc o`y rlpiohljl`t hkjjutlrs, mevlrsek` e`hrlosls os tbl tkii prehl e`hrlosls os o cu`htek` kc hkjjutlrs rlslrvotek` prehl. Lvl` ot ikw tkiis, tbl

Tlslrvotek` Vrehl]rep Mesto`hl

^Akkail JopsZ

E`hkjl

^Xtotho`Z

]rovli ]ejl^Akkail JopsZ

Kreae`Mlste`otek`^OJ] XurvlyZ

6%

4

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

1

mevlrsek` crkj tbl `lw dremal es sudsto`teoi. Ckr lxojpil, wbl` hk`semlre`a tbl rlslrvotek` prehl k`iy, o $? tkii wkuim prkjpt o mevlrsek` kc 46 plr hl`t kc tktoi trocceh.

Bkwlvlr, Ceaurls 8 o`m = rlprlsl`t o` e`hkjpiltl jkmli tbot mkls `kt ejpiehetiy cohtkr e` tbl hk`stroe`ts k` tbl l`terl trocceh systlj. ]blsl ceaurls mlpeht k`iy tbl mlserl kc hkjjutlrs tk ilovl tbl `lw dremal. E jo`y hosls, tbl mlhesek`s kc ktblr mrevlrs jonl suhb ohtek`s e`closedil.

Tlsuits7 @lt trocceh mevlrsek`

]bl `lt mevlrsek` kc trocceh crkj tbl dremal ot vorekus tkiis es sbkw` e` Ceaurls < o`m 3. ]blsl ceaurls mlpeht o jkrl hkjpiltl jkmli e` wbehb tbl closedeiety kc mevlrte`a es lxoje`lm. ]bl rlsuite`a mevlrsek` suaalsts tbot o `ujdlr kc hkjjutlrs orl weiie`a tk jkvl tk tbl `lw dremal ot tbl sojl tejl tbot ktblrs orl jkve`a owoy crkj et.

Os o rlsuit, mevlrsek` es iejetlm wbl` tbl tkii es ikw dlhousl jo`y hkjjutlrs orl weiie`a tk poy tk ovkem tbl hk`alstek` hrlotlm k` ktblr rkutls dy tbksl wbk hbkksl tk mevlrt.

Os tbl tkii e`hrlosls, clwlr hkjjutlrs orl weiie`a tk tonl tbl `lw dremal> e`stlom, tbly letblr l`murl tbl ommlm hk`alstek` k` oitlr`otevl rkutls kr jonl o`ktblr hbo`al tk tbler trep.41,42

41 Ktblr trep hbo`als wlrl `kt jkmliilm blrl, dut hkuim l`toei hbo`ae`a tbl tejl kc tbl trep (l.a. blom tk wkrn lorielr e` tbl jkr`e`a), kr hbo`ae`a tbl jkml kc tro`spkrtotek` (l.a. tonl roei kr o dus). ]blrl es lveml`hl tk suaalst tbot hkjjutlrs orl rlsesto`t tk hbo`ae`a tbl jkml kc tro`spkrtotek`. Xll Jo``, L. & Odroboj, H. (46?4).

Eml`tecye`a Dlielcs

o`m

Hka`etek`s

\`mlrpe``e`a

Hkjjutlrs

]rovli Jkml Hbkehls. Gkur`oi kc Oppielm Xkheoi Vsyhbkikay, =4 (??). pp 4186 41

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

2

tbksl ot ikwlr e`hkjl ilvlis weii hbkksl tk mevlrt cerst, os tbly bovl o ikwlr weiie`a`lss tk poy.

Qbeil tblsl hkjjutlrs orl `kt poye`a tbl tkii merlhtiy, tbly lcclhtevliy poy o pkrtek`

kc tbl tkii e` tejl dy hbkkse`a tk oitlr tbler trep tk o` oitlr`otevl rkutl.

Ceaurl 1

Mevlrsek` dy E`hkjl Arkup Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

Ceaurl 2 eiiustrotls tbl mevlrsek` tk lohb oitlr`otl dremal os o sborl kc `lw dremal hkjjutlrs.

Ceaurl 2

@lt Mevlrsek` tk Oitlr`otl Tkutls Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

]bl Gohquls Hortelr o`m Sehtkreo dremals orl tbl twk hikslst rkutls tk tbl `lw dremal. Bkwlvlr, dktb dremals orl `lor l`kuab tk tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal tbot mevlrte`a hkjjutlrs orl quehniy rlpiohlm. Xk tblsl twk dremals mk `kt horry o ioral sborl kc

mevlrte`a trocceh. Et es tbl Bk`kr Jlrhelr Dremal tbot wkuim tonl tbl ioralst `lt sborl kc mevlrte`a trocceh, tbkuab k`iy ot tkiis beablr tbo` $8.86. K` ovlroal, tk mevlrt tk tbl Bk`kr Jlrhelr Dremal crkj tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal wkuim omm 2.8 neikjltlrs tk o hkjjutlrs mesto`hl.

Tlsuits7 ]kii rlvl`ul

]k mltlrje`l tkii rlvl`ul, VDK oppielm tbl odkvl mevlrsek` jltrehs tk tbl 46?? trocceh ckrlhosts plrckrjlm dy Hk`skrteuj DHML ckr Gohquls Hortelr o`m Hbojpioe` Dremals E`hkrpkrotlm. 86 ]odil 5 prkvemls tbl ckrlhostlm trocceh cikw e` 4663 o`m 4643.

Hk`skrteuj DHML prlmehtlm o = plr hl`t arkwtb e` Hbojpioe` Dremal trocceh kvlr tbl 46ylor plrekm. VDK oppielm o` e`clrrlm kvlroii o``uoi ovlroal arkwtb rotl kc 6.4 plr hl`t, kvlr tbl tejl crojl kc tbl kplrote`a plrekm kc tbl V8 hk`troht tk kdtoe` o`tehepotlm trocceh cikws. ]bl ossujlm kplrote`a plrekm spo``lm 464? tk 46

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

5

oppielm tk Jk`troi dku`m o`m Xkutb Xbkrl dku`m trocceh. ]bl trocceh mevlrsek` lstejotlm mure`a tbl jkr`e`a plon plrekm wos oppielm tk tbl murotek` kc tbl moy tk kdtoe` o tktoi lstejotl. 88

Ceaurl ?6 Ovlroal Moeiy Hkjjutlrs ]bkuso`ms

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

Ceaurls ?6 o`m ?? eiiustrotl tbl `ujdlr kc moeiy hkjjutlrs o`m tbl tktoi o``uoi rlvl`ul kvlr tbl kplrote`a plrekm kc tbl V8 hk`troht ckr tbl `lw dremal u`mlr tbrll slporotl k`l woy tkii rotls, rlsplhtevliy. 8=

Ceaurl ??

Lstejotlm ]ktoi O``uoi Tlvl`ul Jeiiek`s ($)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

88 Mevlrsek` lstejotls ckr Jk`troidku`m trocceh wlrl oppielm tk tbl OJ plon plrekm os wlii tk trocceh ilove`a Jk`troi mure`a tbl VJ plon plrekm. Mevlrsek` lstejotls ckr trocceh ilove`a Jk`troi mure`a tbl OJ plon plrekm wlrl oppielm tk oii ktblr plrekms, os tbl trocceh ilvlis e` tbes merlhtek` wlrl tbl jkst sejeior tk trocceh kdslrvlm kutseml kc plon plrekms. 8= Oii prehls orl e` 46?8 hk`sto`t mkiiors.

Tlsuits7 Tlvl`ul joxejeze`a skiutek`

Qetb lstejotls kc tbl mevlrsek` rlsuite`a crkj o tkii rotl, tbl rlvl`ul joxejeze`a tkii hkuim dl mltlrje`lm. Ceaurl ?4 mlpehts tbl lstejotlm rlvl`ul hkiilhtlm dy tkii rotl e` 46?8 hk`sto`t mkiiors.

Ceaurl ?4

]ktoi Tlvl`ul V8 Kplrote`a Vlrekm Deiiek`s ($)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

@ktl7 ]bl kplrote`a plrekm kc tbl V8 hk`troht wos ossujlm tk dl crkj 464? tk 46

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?6

]odil ?8

Xejuiotlm ]rocceh Cikws ot Tlvl`ul Joxejeze`a ]kii

Xkurhl7 Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehl hoihuiotek`s.

Tlsuits7 ]kii hkvlrs hksts

O``lx O prkvemls o mltoeilm drlonmkw` kc tbl kplrote`a o`m joe`tl`o`hl hksts hk`semlrlm blrl. Hksts e` tbl cerst ylor kc

kplrotek` orl lstejotlm ot $5.8 jeiiek` wetb o` ommetek`oi voreodil hkjpk`l`t.

Ec tbl tkii wlrl slt tk hkvlr k`iy kplrote`a o`m joe`tl`o`hl hksts, tbl tkii rlquerlm wkuim dl odkut $6.26. ]bes prehl wkuim hkvlr o``uoi kplrote`a o`m joe`tl`o`hl hksts ckr tbl dremal mure`a lohb ylor kc tbl kplrote`a plrekm. Ot tbes tkii, tbl mevlrsek` crkj tbl `lw dremal wkuim dl opprkxejotliy ?.8< plr hl`t.

]odil ?= Hkst Tlhkvlry ]kii Totls

Xkurhl7 Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehl.

@ktl7 Soiuls e` 46?8 hk`sto`t mkiiors.

]bl tkii

rlquerlm

tk

hkvlr

dktb

tbl

hk`struhtek` hksts o`m kplrote`a o`m joe`tl`o`hl ckr o $? deiiek dremal wkuim dl $?.=6, o`m wkuim housl o mevlrsek` kc 4.8 plr hl`t kc tktoi trocceh. ]bes hkst lstejotl hkvlrs k`iy tbl lstejotlm merlht hksts o`m mkls `kt e`hiuml e`merlht hksts

suhb os ce`o`he`a lxpl`sls o`m toxls, wbehb ho` pktl`teoiiy dl sea`eceho`t.

O`y prkhurljl`t jltbkm uslm tk kdtoe` tbl dremal es ienliy tk e`hiuml ce`o`he`a hksts. ]bes tkii ho` dl hk`semlrlm os o

tblkrltehoi je`ejuj, ossuje`a tbot tbl tkii prehl es slt tk hkvlr tbl hkst kc tbl dremal. ]bes tkii wkuim al`lrotl rlvl`ul lquoi tk tbl merlht hkst kc dueime`a o`m kplrote`a tbl dremal.

]bl Akvlr`jl`t bos prkvemlm o mlsea` o`m hk`struhtek` hkst lstejotl ckr tbl prkglht kc dltwll` $8 deiiek o`m $< deiiek`. ]bes lstejotl e`hiumlm tbl mlsea` o`m hk`struhtek` kc tbl dremal rlpiohljl`t os wlii os tbl opprkohbls. 83 E`hiume`a VDKs

lstejotls kc kplrotek`s o`m joe`tl`o`hl, tbl hkst rlhkvlry tkiis doslm k` tbl Akvlr`jl`ts drkom lstejotls kc $8 deiiek tk $< deiiek wkuim dl $4.36 tk $8.56. 81 ]odil ?= prkvemls ommetek`oi mltoeis rlaorme`a mevlrsek`.

Ceaurl ?< mlpehts tbl piousedil ro`al kc tkiis wetb o` lcclhtevl joxejuj o`m je`ejuj rlprlsl`tlm dy tbl rlvl`ul joxejeze`a o`m tbl hk`struhtek` o`m kplrote`a o`m joe`tl`o`hl hkst rlhkvlry tkiis,

rlsplhtevliy. ]bl hkst rlhkvlry tkii rotls prlsl`tlm blrl orl doslm k` drkom lstejotls kc hksts. ]blrl orl hurrl`tiy o `ujdlr kc u`n`kw` voreodils, suhb os tbl ce`o`he`a hksts cohlm dy tbl V8 hk`skrteuj. 82 Dlhousl kc tblsl

83 ]bes mlsea` o`m hk`struhtek` hkst lstejotl es tonl` crkj tbl @DXI Duse`lss Hosl . ]bl hkjpk`l`ts kc tbl lstejotl bovl dll` hiorecelm tbrkuab meshussek wetb rlprlsl`totevls ot ]ro`spkrt Ho`omo. ]bes hkst lstejotl wos doslm k` tbl

prl

closedeiety stumy

hk`muhtlm

dy

tbl

DHML

hk`skrteuj.

Tltrelvlm Xlptljdlr 46?=. 81 VDK oisk lxoje`lm tbl tkiis rlquerlm tk hkvlr tbl Akvlr`jl`ts lstejotlm tktoi prkglht hkst u`mlr tbl ossujptek` tbot tblrl wos `k trocceh mevlrsek`. \`mlr tbes ossujptek` tbl tkiis rlquerlm tk hkvlr tbl hkst kc tbl prkglht ro`alm crkj $4.86 tk $8.86 tk hkvlr o $8 tk $< deiiek prkglht. 82 ]bl Hk`clrl`hl Dkorm kc Ho`omo `ktls tbot tblrl orl ommetek`oi upcrk`t hksts tk V8 prkhurljl`t wbl` hkjporlm wetb trometek`oi prkhurljl`t, e`hiume`a beablr ce`o`he`a hksts o`m beablr tro`sohtek` hksts. Bkwlvlr, tblsl ohtuoi

VlrekmJk`troi

dku`mXkutb sbkrl

dku`m ]ktoi

@eabt =,166 4,166 1,=66

OJ plon ??,866 3,=66 ?1,166Moy 4?,566 46,166 =4,366

VJ plon 1,

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

??

Ceaurl ?<

To`al kc Hkst Hkvlre`a ]kiis

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

@ktl7 Mkiior ojku`ts orl e` 46?8 hk`sto`t mkiiors. ]bes hbort mkls `kt sbkw quorteil voiuls os e` o usuoi dkxo`mwbesnlr hbort, rotblr et mlpehts o ienliy ro`al kc tkiis, rlprlsl`tlm dy tbl sbomlm dkx, os wlii os tbl lcclhtevl joxejuj o`m je`ejuj pktl`teoi tkiis, rlprlsl`tlm dy tbl wbesnlrs.

u`n`kw` voiuls, tbl odkvl tkiis sbkuim dl hk`semlrlm opprkxejotl.

Qetb jkrl mltoeis kc tbl prkglhts ce`o`he`a struhturl o`m tbl lxoht hkst kc hk`struhtek`, et es pkssedil tbot o jkrl ohhurotl lstejotl kc tbl tkii hkuim dl al`lrotlm.

hksts orl kccslt dy resn tro`sclrs crkj Akvlr`jl`t tk tbl hk`trohtkr. Xll Mespliie`a tbl Jytbs7 O Vo` Ho`omeo Osslssjl`t kc VudiehVrevotl Vort`lrsbeps ckr E`crostruhturl E`vlstjl`ts . Tltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=.

Xujjory

Os o skurhl kc rlvl`ul ckr tbl Akvlr`jl`t, tkiis k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal rlpiohljl`t bovl tbl pktl`teoi tk hkvlr hk`struhtek` o`m kplrote`a o`m joe`tl`o`hl hksts. ]blrl orl o ioral `ujdlr kc pktl`teoi tkiie`a shblmuils, kc wbehb VDK lxoje`lm k`iy k`l, o ciot tkii.

\`mlr tbes shblmuil, o ciot tkii kc $?.=6 (e` 46?8 mkiiors) wkuim hkvlr oii merlht hksts rliotlm tk tbl dremal k`iy, wetb o je`ejuj mevlrsek` kc 4.8 plr hl`t kc tktoi trocceh.

Ktblr tkiie`a shblmuils hkuim dl hrlotlm tk je`ejezl hk`alstek`, ckr lxojpil e`hrloslm

tkiis mure`a plon plrekms. Xuhb shblmuils wlrl `kt lxoje`lm blrl. 85

]bes o`oiyses oisk mltlrje`lm o rlvl`ul joxejeze`a tkii kc $5.?6. ]bes wkuim rlsuit e` sea`eceho`t omvlrsl lcclhts k` trocceh pottlr`s, o`m wkuim al`lrotl jkrl rlvl`ul tbo` rlquerlm tk jllt prkglht hksts.

85 O` lxojpil kc plrn plrekm tkiis orl tbksl ejpiljl`tlm dy tbl Vkrt Outbkrety kc @U & @G ckr tbl dremals dltwll` tbl stotls kc @lw Ukrn o`m @lw Glrsly.

$6

$4

$=

$3

$2

$?6

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?4

O``lx O Mltoeilm Jltbkmkikay

Jltbkmkikay7 Moto e`puts

Qbl` hk`semlre`a

trocceh

mevlrsek`,

VDK

ossujlm tbot tbl joe` hk`semlrotek` cohe`a mrevlrs wos tbl ommlm tejl kc tone`a o`ktblr rkutl. ]bes e`hkrpkrotlm hkjjutlrs voiul kc tejl o`m oiikwlm ckr o` kdglhtevl jlosurl kc tbl mecclrl`hl dltwll` treps.

Moto k` trep tejl wlrl kdtoe`lm crkj tbl Akkail Jops ]rocceh oppiehotek` (Ceaurl ?), prkveme`a moto k` trep il`atb o`m mesto`hl u`mlr vorekus bestkreh trocceh hk`metek`s. =6,=?

VDK lxoje`lm moto ckr treps dltwll` 3 o.j. o`m 5 o.j. ]bes tejl rlprlsl`tlm tbl ovlroal wllnmoy jkr`e`a hkjjutl ckr jkst mrevlrs.

]rep tejls wlrl kdtoe`lm ckr treps ohrkss tbl Xt. Iowrl`hl doslm k` kreae`s o`m mlste`otek`s hkrrlspk`me`a tk tbl 4662 Kreae`Mlste`otek` Xurvly hk`muhtlm dy Oal`hl jtrkpkietoe`l ml tro`spkrt (OJ]). =4,=8 OJ] kreae`s o`m mlste`otek`s

wlrl jothblm tk letblr hl`sus sudmevesek`s, os mltlrje`lm dy tbl 4663 Hl`sus, kr dy Hety kc Jk`troi orrk`messljl`t dku`morels. ==,=<

Vke`ts kc kreae` wlrl tonl` os tbl iotetuml o`m ik`aetuml osskheotlm wetb tbl rlprlsl`totevl pke`t (ckr hl`sus sudmevesek`s) kr sbopl hl`trkem (ckr Jk`troi orrk`messljl`ts) ie`nlm wetb

=6 Akkail Dika7 ]bl dreabt seml kc sette`a e` trocceh7 Hrkwmskurhe`a rkom hk`alstek` moto. Ohhlsslm Gu`l 46?=. =? Akkail Jops Oppiehotek =4 OJ] 4662 KM Xurvly. Ohhlsslm Gu`l 46?=. =8 ]bl treps lxoje`lm hk`sestlm kc kreae`s o`m mlste`otek`s dltwll` tbl Xkutb Xbkrl o`m Jk`troi Esio`m. == Xtotestehs Ho`omo AlkXuetl 4663 , HXM ]odil. Tltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=. =< Orrk`messljl`ts ml io Seiil ml Jk`troi sbopl ceils rltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=. Orrk`messljl`t hl`trekms wlrl kdtoe`lm crkj Akkail Lortb o`m Lortb Vke`t

lohb kreae` orlo. =3 E tktoi 83 Xkutb Xbkrl o`m =? Jk`troi Esio`m kreae` orlos wlrl

hk`semlrlm.

Tlsuite`a tejls o`m mesto`hls wlrl hoihuiotlm ckr lohb pkssedil dremal hrksse`a. ]bksl treps ckr wbehb tbl lxeste`a Hbojpioe` Dremal wos tbl kptejoi rkutl wlrl hk`semlrlm os dosl trocceh ckr tbl rlpiohljl`t dremal. ]bl mecclrl`hl e` tejl o`m mesto`hl rliotevl tk oitlr`otl rkutls wos hkjporlm.

]bl oitlr`otl rkutls hk`semlrlm wlrl tbl Gohquls Hortelr Dremal, tbl Sehtkreo Dremal, tbl Bk`kr Jlrhelr Dremal, kr tbl Ikues Beppkiytl Iock`toe`l ]u``li. =1

Jltbkmkikay7 Qeiie`a`lss tk poy

]k hkjporl tbl e`hrljl`toi tejl mecclrl`hl kc mevlrte`a tk o tkii, o` lstejotl kc tbl voiul tbot mrevlrs piohl k` tbler tejl wos uslm. ]bes wos kdtoe`lm crkj tbl hk`hlpt kc weiie`a`lss tk poy o`m tbrkuab

lstejote`a hkjjutlrs rlslrvotek` prehl, tbl joxejuj prehl tbot o aevl` mrevlr wkuim dl weiie`a tk poy tk hrkss tbl dremal.=2 O mrevlrs weiie`a`lss tk poy mlpl`ms k` tbl voiul tbot tbl mrevlr piohls k` tbl tejl sovlm dy use`a tbl dremal,

=3 Ckr hl`sus sudmevesek`s rlprlsl`totevl pke`ts o`m hl`trkems orl sejeior os tbly dktb e`mehotl tbl alkaropbeh

hl`trl kc

o pkiyak`.

Tlprlsl`totevl

pke`ts

mecclr

sieabtiy

e`

wbl` tbl hl`sus sudmevesek orlo e`hiumls wotlr. =1 Mure`a tbl OJ plon plrekm tbl Sehtkreo Dremal io`l ilove`a Jk`troi Esio`m rlvlrsls merlhtek`. Mul tk tbl hk`ceaurotek` kc tbl rkom `ltwkrn tbes rlsuits e` twk slporotl rkutls ohrkss tbl Sehtkreo Dremal. Ckr tbl purpksls kc tbes o`oiyses tbl `k` plon plrekm rkutl tk Jk`troi Esio`m wos lxoje`lm, o`m tbksl rkutls ilove`a Jk`troi Esio`m veo tbl Sehtkreo Dremal wlrl lxhiumlm crkj tbl iest kc veodil kptek`s. =2 Drlemlrt, H. (4663). Lstejotek` kc Qeiie`a`lss ]k Voy7 ]blkry, Jlosurljl`t, Oppiehotek`. Mlutshblr \`evlrsetots Slrioa.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?8

wbehb es mlpl`ml`t k` tbl e`mevemuois voiul kc tejl. =5

Soiul kc tejl e` tblkry mlpl`ms k` o `ujdlr kc cohtkrs, prejoreiy wloitb, e`hkjl, purpksl kc tbl trep o`m jkml kc tro`spkrtotek`.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?=

arkup. ]bl mevlrsek` crkj tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal ckr o aevl` tkii wos hoihuiotlm use`a tbl Bomojorm prkmuht kc tbl odkvl jotrex o`m tbl de`ory jotrex mlce`lm dy tbl dlikw pelhlwesl cu`htek`7

, , 6, , ,?, , , Qblrl es tbl tkii rotl, o`m rlprlsl`ts tbl mlhesek tk mevlrt kr tk poy tbl tkii, wetb ? rlprlsl`te`a tbl hbkehl tk mevlrt. ]bl suj kc tbl liljl`ts kc tbl rlsuite`a jotrex es tbl tktoi mevlrsek` ckr o aevl` tkii.

Jltbkmkikay7 E`hrloslm oitlr`otevl rkutl hk`alstek`

Os jl`tek`lm odkvl, use`a tbl OJ] 4662 KM survly, o rlslrvotek` prehl wos mltlrje`lm ckr oii Hbojpioe` Dremal hkjjutlrs dy hoihuiote`a tbl e`hrljl`toi tejl sovlm dy use`a tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal wbl` hkjporlm tk tbl `lxt dlst rkutl. 34 Ceaurl O? sbkws tbl rlslrvotek` prehl dy e`hkjl ckr hkjjute`a tejl sove`as kc o je`utl. 38

]kiis slt odkvl o hkjjutlrs rlslrvotek` prehl weii e`muhl mevlrsek`. O`y trocceh mevlrsek` crkj tbl rlpiohljl`t dremal weii e`hrlosl hk`alstek` k` oitlr`otevl rkutls. Os o rlsuit, skjl mrevlrs wbk rlauioriy tonl o` oitlr`otl rkutl weii wo`t tk ovkem tbes hk`alstek` o`m orl weiie`a tk poy. Xkjl kc tblsl mrevlrs weii tbl` hbkksl tk mevlrt tk tbl `lw dremal prkvemlm tbot tbl tkii es ikw o`m et es `kt tkk e`hk`vl`el`t o rkutl.

]bes mevlrsek` o`m rlpiohljl`t ho` dl

lxplhtlm tk tonl piohl kvlr tejl o`m tbl` rlohb lqueiedreuj. ]bes VDK o`oiyses lxoje`ls tbl jlmeuj tlrj plrekm, octlr tbes omgustjl`t khhurs.

34 ]bl VDK ossujlm k`l possl`alr plr vlbehil. 38 ]bes ceaurl ea`krls mesto`hl o`m hk`alstek` hoihuiotek`s, wbehb vory dy kreae`mlste`otek` poere`a o`m rkutl hbkehl.

Ceaurl O?

Tlslrvotek` Vrehl dy E`hkjl, plr je`utl Mkiiors

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

Curtblr, VDK ossujlm tbot tblrl wos `k lxhlss hopohety k` o`y kc tbl oitlr`otevl rkutls o`m jkmliilm lohb oitlr`otevl rkutl wetb trocceh ot cuii hopohety.3=

\teieze`a o tblkrltehoi hopohety cikw kc 4,666 vlbehils plr io`l plr bkur o`m o` e`clrrlm ovlroal spllm doslm k` trep murotek`, VDK lstejotlm tbl e`hrljl`toi tejl mlioy ckr lohb ommetek`oi vlbehil odkvl tbl hopohety plr kreae`mlste`otek` poere`a.3

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?<

]bl ommlm hk`alstek` os o rlsuit kc mevlrsek` bos tbl rlsuit kc e`muhe`a skjl hkjjutlrs tk mevlrt tk tbl `lw dremal, ohhkrme`a tk tbler weiie`a`lss tk poy. ]bksl hkjjutlrs weiie`a tk mevlrt crkj o` u` tkiilm dremal tk o tkiilm k`l rlprlsl`t beabe`hkjl e`mevemuois wbk voiul rlieodil trovli tejl o`m orl weiie`a tk poy. 35

Ceaurl O4

Mevlrsek` Tlpiohljl`t ]k Jk`troi Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

VDK ossujlm tbot tbl tktoi mevlrsek` tk tbl `lw dremal wkuim `kt dl arlotlr tbo` tbl `ujdlr wbk mevlrt owoy crkj tbl dremal. ]bl rlsuit es tbot, ot ikw tkiis, tbksl ilove`a tbl `lw dremal weii dl rlpiohlm dy tbksl wesbe`a tk tonl et. Ceaurls O4 o`m O8 mlpeht tbl rlpiohljl`t kc tbksl u`weiie`a tk poy o aevl` tkii dy tbksl wbk orl, dy rkutl.

Ckr tbl jogkrety kc oitlr`otl rkutls, hkjjutlrs orl weiie`a tk rlpiohl tbksl wbk mevlrt crkj tbl `lw dremal, wetb tbl Bk`kr Jlrhelr Dremal dle`a tbl lxhlptek`. Ckr jo`y hkjjutlrs, tbl Bk`kr Jlrhelr es tbl oitlr`otl rkutl kc hbkehl. Dlyk`m o tkii kc $8.86 wbl` blome`a tk Jk`troi Esio`m, o`m o tkii kc $1.56 blome`a owoy, mevlrsek` tk tbl Bk`kr Jlrhelr e`hrlosls sudsto`teoiiy.

mltlrje`l lxohtiy wblrl tbes hk`alstek` weii tonl piohl, os et ho` dl mecclrl`t ckr lohb slporotl kreae`mlste`otek` poere`a. 35 Os tbes jkmli lxoje`ls o plrekm octlr omgustjl`ts bovl slttilm, tbes jkmli ossujlm tbot `k jkrl hkjjutlrs weii mevlrt tk tbl @DXI tbo` tbl `ujdlr mevlrte`a owoy.

Jltbkmkikay7 Opprkxejotl hkst kc dremal

]bl tkii rlvl`ul weii ot ilost portiy slrvl tk hkvlr skjl kc tbl hkst kc tbl `lw dremal.16 ]k kdtoe` o` lstejotl kc tbl pkrtek` kc tbl hkst ienliy tk dl hkvlrlm dy tbl tkii, VDK lstejotlm tbl kplrote`a o`m joe`tl`o`hl (K&J) hksts kc tbl `lw dremal. Ckr tbl purpksl kc tbes o`oiyses, VDK ohhlptlm Hk`skrteuj DHMLfs dremal hk`struhtek` hkst lstejotl kc $?.?4 deiiek`.1?

Ceaurl O8

Mevlrsek` Tlpiohljl`t Crkj Jk`troi Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

Curtblr, tbl Akvlr`jl`t bos drkomiy lstejotlm tbot tbl prkglht mlsea` o`m hk`struhtek` weii hkst e` tktoi $8 deiiek tk $< deiiek`.14 ]blsl twk tktoi hkst shl`oreks wlrl oisk e`vlsteaotlm.

VDK e`vlsteaotlm tbl rlquerlm tkiis ckr tbrll shl`oreks7

]kii just hkvlr o``uoi K&J hksts ]kii just hkvlr o``uoi K&J hksts o`m

Hk`skrteuj DHMLs hk`struhtek` hksts

16 Xtlpbl`

Borplr

k`

tbl

Hbojpioe`

Dremal,

Oprei

45,

46?=.

1? ]bl tktoi hk`struhtek` hkst kc tbl `lw dremal wos lstejotlm tk dl $?.42 deiiek (46?6 mkiiors) dy tbl Hk`skrteuj DHML e` tbl Vrl closedeiety Xtumy Hk`hlr`e`a tbl Tlpiohljl`t kc tbl Lxeste`a Hbojpioe` Dremal. ]bler hkst lstejotl e`vkivlm dktb prlporotkry o`m pkst hk`struhtek` wkrn tbot wos lvl`tuoiiy ilct kut kc tbl V8 prkglht shkpl. ]bl rljoe`e`a e`shkpl wkrn ojku`tlm tk $?.63 deiiek`, wbehb wos e`ciotlm ot twk plr hl`t tk $?.?4 deiiek e` 46?8 mkiiors. 14 E`crostruhturl Ho`omos drkom lstejotl kc @DXI prkglht hkst . Tltrelvlm Gu`l 46?=.

6%

4

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?3

]kii just hkvlr o``uoi K&J o`m tbl Akvlr`jl`ts prkglht mlsea` o`m hk`struhtek` hksts.

E lstejote`a K&J hksts, VDK rlielm k` bestkrehoi Gohquls Hortelr o`m Hbojpioe` Dremals E`h. (GHHDE) moto, os wlii os lstejotls rliotlm tk sejeior prkglhts e` tbl ]oppo` Wll Dremal (]WD) e` @lw Ukrn Xtotl o`m tbl Akiml` Lors Dremal e` Dretesb Hkiujdeo (Xll Dkx O?).

K&J wos mevemlm e`tk ckur hotlakrels7

Tlauior joe`tl`o`hl Tlpoer Tlauior kplrotek`s

]kiie`a kplrotek`s

Tlauior joe`tl`o`hl o`m rlauior kplrotek` hksts wlrl lstejotlm crkj ce`o`heoi e`ckrjotek` kdtoe`lm crkj GHHDE. Tlauior kplrotek`s hksts wlrl ossujlm tk `kt e`hrlosl kvlr tejl o`m VDK hoihuiotlm tbl ?6ylor ovlroal kplrotek` hksts ckr GHHDE os opprkxejotliy $?.< jeiiek`. 18

Bestkreh rlauior joe`tl`o`hl hksts ckr tbl lxeste`a Hbojpioe` Dremal wlrl prkvemlm tk VDK dy GHHDE. VDK hoihuiotek`s lstejotlm o``uoi rlauior joe`tl`o`hl hksts kc $4 jeiiek`, wetb o` ovlroal o``uoi rloi arkwtb kc ?.53 plr hl`t. 1=

]kiie`a kplrotek`s moto wlrl kdtoe`lm crkj ce`o`heoi mkhujl`ts ckr tbl Akiml` Lors Dremal.1< O``uoi tkiie`a hksts wlrl tonl` os

18 Ce`o`heoi

moto

kdtoe`lm

crkj

GHHDE

os

wlii

os

hkrpkrotl

o``uoi rlpkrts. Tlauior joe`tl`o`hl hksts wlrl sudtrohtlm crkj K&J lxpl`sls o`m o` ossujlm 16 plr hl`t kc rljoe`e`a hksts wlrl ottredutlm tk tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal. ]bl ovlroal kvlr crkj 4664 tk 46?4 rlsuitlm e` o` ovlroal kplrote`a hkst kc $?,=3

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?1

O``lx D Tlsuits Hkjporesk`s o`m Xl`setevety Tlsuits

Tlsuit hkjporesk`7 Liostehety

]bl hoihuiotek`

kc

trocceh

mevlrsek`

oiikwlm

ckr tbl hkjputotek` kc mljo`m liostehetels ot mecclrl`t tkii rotls. \se`a o rlclrl`hl tkii kc k`l mkiior, Ceaurl D? mlpehts tbl prehl liostehety kc mljo`m.

]bl mlrevlm prehl liostehetels ro`al crkj 6.6? tk 6.64 ckr tkiis dlikw $8 o`m dltwll` 6.68 o`m 6.6< ckr tkiis odkvl $

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?2

Ceaurl D4

OJ Vlon Mevlrsek` Sorye`a Hk`alstek` Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

Ohhkrme`a tk trocceh mevlrsek` mkhujl`ts pudiesblm os o port kc tbl `lw dremal pio``e`a prkhlss tbl lxplhtlm liostehety kc trocceh k` tbl ]WD rlpiohljl`t es opprkxejotliy 6.6=. 15 ]bes rlsuit es e` rkuab oarlljl`t wetb tbl liostehetels ckr tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal rlpiohljl`t kdtoe`lm wetb tbl VDK jkmli.

Ceaurl D8

]ktoi Tlvl`ul Sorye`a Hk`alstek` Deiiek`s ($)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

@ktl7 ]bl kplrotek` plrekm kc tbl V8 hk`troht wos ossujlm tk dl crkj 464? tk 46

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?5

hkjporlm wetb o dosl shl`orek tkii kc $5.?6. ]bl rlvl`ul joxejeze`a shl`orek ckr boic hk`alstek` es $

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

46

Dremal, wetb tbl ktblr oitlr`otl rkutls lxbedete`a ilss hbo`al.

Ceaurl D3

Q]V Mevlrsek` tk Gohquls Hortelr Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

]bl ejpoht kc mecclrl`t Q]V roteks k` kvlroii rlvl`ul es prlsl`tlm e` Ceaurl D2. Os `lt mevlrsek` es sejeior ot ikw tkii rotls ckr oii tbrll shl`oreks, tblrl es iettil mecclrl`hl e` tktoi rlvl`uls. Ot beablr tkiis tblrl orl arlotlr voreo`hls e` rlvl`ul ckrlhosts. Bkwlvlr, e` al`lroi tblsl tkiis orl jkrl tbo` tbl rlvl`ul joxejeze`a tkii o`m VDK ossujlm tbot tbly orl u`ienliy tk dl ejpiljl`tlm.

Ceaurl D1 Q]V Mevlrsek` tk Bk`kr Jlrhelr Vlr hl`t (%)

Xkurhl7 Kccehl kc tbl Vorieojl`tory Dumalt Kccehlr.

Jkmli voiemotek`7 E`hkjl mestredutek` sl`setevety

VDK ossujlm tbot tbl e`hkjl mestredutek kc tbksl hrksse`a tbl `lw dremal wkuim dl sejeior tk tbot kc rlseml`ts kc tbl kreae` ikhotek`. ]bes es o sejpiecye`a ossujptek` e` tbl odsl`hl kc jkrl mltoeilm e`ckrjotek`. Et es pkssedil tbot e` al`lroi, tbksl hrksse`a tbl dremal orl e`mevemuois wbk wkrn k` Jk`troi Esio`m. ]k ohhku`t ckr tbes, VDK rl lxoje`lm tbl jkmli o`m tbl Q]V sl`setevety o`oiyses use`a k`iy e`mevemuois lor`e`a jkrl tbo` $4

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

4?

mevlrt, dut dlhousl kc tbl beablr tkii, clwlr orl rlpiohlm.

]bl

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

44

O``lx H Ossujptek`s

?. ]bksl hkjjutlrs survlylm e` tbl OJ] Kreae`Mlste`otek` survly lxbedet tbl sojl trocceh dlbovekur os tbksl mrevlrs wbk tonl tbl Hbojpioe` rlpiohljl`t dremal. ]bes ossujptek` es rlquerlm ckr tbl usl kc tbl OJ] KM survly os o motoslt.

4. ]bot truhn mrevlrs lxbedet tbl sojl dlbovekur os hor mrevlrs. ]blrl es lveml`hl tbot truhn mrevlrs bovl o beablr prehl liostehety kc mljo`m e`

rlspk`sl tk tkiis tbo` ktblr mrevlrs. Xkjl truhne`a hkjpo`els mljo`m tbot truhn mrevlrs tonl rkutls tbot mk `kt bovl tkiis. Bkwlvlr, doslm k` tbl vlry ikw liostehety lstejotls ckr Jk`troi, e`mehote`a tbot tbl trocceh systlj es vlry hk`stroe`lm, et wos mlhemlm tk jkmli truhn trocceh tbl sojl os hor trocceh.

8. ]bot jkr`e`a plon plrekm trocceh mevlrsek` e` tbl iost hk`alstlm merlhtek` es sejeior tk octlr`kk` plon plrekm trocceh mevlrsek` e` tbl kppksetl merlhtek`, o`m oisk sejeior tk `k` plon plrekm mevlrsek` e` letblr merlhtek`. ]bes es o sejpiecye`a ossujptek`. Os tbl moto hkiilhtlm k`iy hkvlr tbl plon jkr`e`a

plrekm, lstejotls mlrevlm crkj tbes plrekm wlrl lxtropkiotlm tk ktblr plrekms ckr tbl purpksl kc kdtoe`e`a rlvl`ul lstejotls. O jkrl lxboustevl stumy hkuim kvlrhkjl tbl rlquerljl`t kc tbes ossujptek`.

=. ]bot tbl 4663 Hl`sus sudmevesek e`hkjl mestredutek`s orl tbl sojl os tbksl hkjjutlrs tbot tonl tbl `lw dremal. Ql lxoje`l tbl ejpoht kc hbo`ae`a tbes ossujptek` e` tbl sl`setevety o`oiyses o`m ce`m

tbot ot piousedil tkiis, tbl ejpoht kc tbes ossujptek` es `laieaedil.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

48

2. ]bot Akkail Jops trovli mesto`hls o`m tejls orl o akkm jlosurl kc ohtuoi tejl o`m mesto`hl e` Jk`troi. Akkail Jop moto orl mlrevlm crkj ohtuoi treps os jlosurlm crkj jkdeil pbk`ls use`a

sotliietls, ienliy jone`a tblj o` ohhurotl jlosurl kc trep murotek`. ]bl sl`setevety tk

tbes ossujptek` es tlstlm e` O``lx D use`a weiie`a`lss tk poy os o prkxy.

5. ]bot os tbl `lw dremal lxplrel`hls mevlrsek`, trocceh weii blom tk tbl slhk`m dlst dremal ckr hkjjutlrs os jlosurlm dy o hkjde`otek` kc mesto`hl o`m tejl. Oisk tbot tbl mevlrsek` crkj oitlr`otl rkutls weii hbkksl tbl `lw dremal os tbler slhk`m dlst dremal. \`mlr tbl ossujptek` tbot hkjjutlrs slilht tbler prlclrrlm rkutl use`a tbes sojl

hretlreo, et es piousedil tbot tbl `lxt dlst rkutl es oisk slilhtlm use`a tbes hretlreo. ]bot hkjjutlrs mevlrte`a crkj oitlr`otl rkutls wkuim outkjotehoiiy hbkksl tbl `lw dremal es piousedil, os oii oitlr`otevl rkutls ktblr tbo` tbl `lw dremal wkuim oisk dl lxplrel`he`a e`hrloslm hk`alstek` os o rlsuit kc trocceh mevlrte`a crkj tbl `lw dremal.

?6. ]bot tbl tkii weii dl roeslm kvlr tejl tk joe`toe` 46?8 hk`sto`t prehls. Qetbkut ommlm e`ckrjotek` k` tbl e`tl`mlm struhturl kc tbl tkii, tk jonl o`y ktblr

ossujptek` wkuim hkjpiehotl tbl o`oiyses u``lhlssoreiy. Qbeil hk`sto`t rloi prehls joy `kt dl kdslrvlm lxohtiy e` prohtehl, skjl ckrj hkuim dl ienliy (l.a. e`tlrjettl`t prehl e`hrlosls tbot ohbelvl tbl sojl tktoi rlvl`ul os o``uoi e`hrlosls).

??. O` ommlm hor tk tbl dremal weii e`hrljl`toiiy omm tk tbl il`atb kc tbl l`terl trep ckr lohb hkjjutlr. ]bes ossujptek` wos `lhlssory tk sejpiecy tbl o`oiyses. Qbeil Akkail Jops prkvemls

e`merlht e`ckrjotek` k` tbl prlsl`t stotl kc hk`alstek` k` tbl rkoms, tbot e`ckrjotek`

hkuim `kt dl uslm tk prlmeht tbl e`hrljl`toi e`hrlosl e` hk`alstek` os o rlsuit kc vlbehils ommlm tk o splheceh rkutl. Qbeil jkrl omvo`hlm jkmliie`a skctworl wkuim dl odil tk lstejotl tblsl ejpohts, tbl hurrl`t o`oiyses hkuim `kt. ]bl skurhl kc tbl hk`alstek` es tbl dremals, o`m tbler opprkohbls, wbehb slrvl os dkttil`lhns tk trocceh cikw. Bkwlvlr, et wos meccehuit tk mltlrje`l tbl pke`t e` o hkjjutlrs trep ot wbehb tbly dlae` tk lxplrel`hl hk`alstek`, sk o hk`slrvotevl o`m sejpiecye`a ossujptek` es tbot tbly weii lxplrel`hl hk`alstek` kvlr tbl l`terl il`atb kc tbl trep.

?4. ]bot ot o dosl ilvli, oii tbl dremals orl kplrote`a ot crll cikw hopohety. ]blrl es o`lhmktoi lveml`hl tk suaalst tbot Jk`troi dku`m plon jkr`e`a trocceh

kplrotls dlyk`m crll cikw hopohety. ]bes ossujptek` oaoe` sejpiecels o`oiyses.

?8. ]bot ot crll cikw hopohety, o rlmuhtek` kc hors k` tbl dremal es steii ot crll cikw. Et es k`iy dlyk`m hopohety tbot tblrl es o rlmuhtek` e` spllm. ]bes es rliotlm tk tbl ossujptek` odkvl. ]bes o`oiyses trlots crll cikw os o hk`sto`t

stotl ot wbehb tblrl es iettil hbo`al e` trovli murotek`. ]rocceh tbot es dlyk`m crll cikw, bkwlvlr, es `kt trlotlm os hk`sto`t, os et l`tlrs o stkp stort pottlr` tbot omvlrsliy occlhts trep murotek`.

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]kii Vrehe`a k` tbl Hbojpioe` Dremal Tlpiohljl`t

?=. ]bot hors ommlm tk o dremal ot crll cikw hopohety weii sikw tbl trocceh k` tbl dremal e` o ie`lor cosbek`. Dlyk`m crll cikw hopohety, trocceh lxbedets stkp/stort hboks tbot es meccehuit tk jkmli. ]rocceh tbot es `kt e` crll cikw es meccehuit tk jkmli os tblrl es o stkp stort pottlr` tk

trocceh tbot es u`prlmehtodil wetb sejpil jkmlis. ]k sejpiecy tbl o`oiyses, wl ossujl

blrl tbot tbl e`hrlosl e` trovli tejl wetb o` e`hrlosl e` hk`alstek` es ie`loriy rliotlm tk tbl e`hrlosl e` hors k` tbl rkom. Qbeil o ie`lor rliotek`sbep es u`ienliy tk dl kdslrvlm, tbl merlhtek` kc tbl rliotek`sbep es hkrrlht o`m tbl ie`lor rliotek`sbep es losy tk jkmli.

?