ch -20 locomotion &movement - transtutors · 2017. 12. 14. · (d) muscles of eyeball movement...

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EXERCISE

1. In the sliding filament hypothesis describing muscle contraction, thin

filaments of ______ slide past thick filaments of _____

(a) Microtubules ... microfilaments.

(b) Myosin ... actin.

(c) Anisotropin ... isotropin.

(d) Actin ... myosin.

2. What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

(a) The functional unit of contraction of a muscle cell

(b) The contractile protein fibrils that make up a muscle cell

(c) A network of mitochondria that are linked together in muscle

cells

(d) A membrane network that regulates Ca++ uptake and release in

muscle cells

3. The __________ is (are) part of the appendicular skeleton.

(a) Ribs

(b) Vertebrae

(c) Femur

(d) Sternum

4. Upon preventing acetylcholine from diffusing across a neuromuscular

junction, which of the following will not result?

(a) No action potential will be produced in the affected muscle

fibre's plasma membrane.


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(b) The endoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions (Ca2+) into the

cytoplasm.

(c) Myosin will not bind to actin in the affected muscle fibre.

(d) The affected muscle fiber will fail to contract.

5. Which of the following is chiefly responsible for the special

characteristics possessed by flying animals?

(a) Wings

(b) Powerful muscles and strong skeletal support.

(c) Gravity

(d) Streamlined shape

6. What is the role of a calcium ion (Ca2+) in muscle contraction?

(a) It opens up a binding site for a myosin head on a thin filament.

(b) It opens up a binding site for an actin molecule on a thick

filament.

(c) It binds to a myosin head.

(d) Its release from a myosin head initiates a power stroke.

7. Muscle A and muscle B are the same size, but muscle A is capable of

much finer control than muscle B. Which one of the following is likely

to be true of muscle A?

(a) It contains fewer motor units than muscle B.

(b) It has larger sarcomeres than muscle B.

(c) It is controlled by more neurons than muscle B.

(d) It is controlled by fewer neurons than muscle B.

8. Which one of the following does NOT change in length when a muscle

fibre contracts?


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(a) I band

(b) Hzone

(c) A barid

(d) Sarcomere

9. What is a hydrostatic skeleton largely composed of?

(a) Bone

(b) Fluid

(c) Cartilage

(d) Connective tissue

10. How is the contraction of muscle cells controlled?

(a) Hormones interact with receptor proteins in the plasma

membranes of muscle cells.

(b) Filaments of actin and myosin respond to signals from the

endocrine system.

(c) An action potential from the central nervous system changes the

shape of receptor proteins in the plasma membrane of the

muscle cell.

(d) A motor neuron stimulates an action potential in the muscle cell.

11. Much discussion of muscle is related to 'striated' muscle, but 'smooth'

muscles are also important for ________

(a) Protecting and nourishing striated muscle cells.

(b) Conveying action potentials from nerve endings to the deepest

parts of striated muscle.

(c) Involuntary activities, such as movement of food in the gut and

controlling blood pressure.

(d) Sheathing the striated muscles so that they do not damage each


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other as they slide past one another.

12. The area between Z lines in a muscle fiber is called a(n) ...

(a) A band.

(b) sarcomere.

(c) H zone.

(d) I band

13. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with its type

of skeleton?

(a) Fly ……. endoskeleton

(b) Bee …….. hydrostatic skeleton

(c) Earthworm ... exoskeleton

(d) Lobster ... exoskeleton

14. Muscles are arranged in pairs, _______

(a) Enabling them to perform opposing movements

(b) Doubling their strength

(c) So they can take turns contracting and resting

(d) So if one is injured, the other can take over

15. A stronger muscle contraction occurs when the brain

(a) Signals a larger number of motor units to contract

(b) Activates muscle cells more quickly

(c) Activates the motor units of the muscle one at a time

(d) Sends nerve impulses to the muscle one at a time instead of in

bursts

16. For every bone in the arm and hand, there is a corresponding bone in

the leg and foot. Which one of the following matches corresponding


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bones?

(a) humerus ... femur

(b) Carpal ... patella

(c) Radius ... femur

(d) humerus ... tibia

17. Which one of the following shortens when a muscle fiber contracts?

(a) Thick filament

(b) sarcomere

(c) Myosin molecule

(d) Thin filament

18. Extremities of long bones possess ..... cartilage.

(a) Calcified

(b) Fibrous

(c) Hyaline

(d) Elastic

19. Epiphyseal plates at the extremities of long bones help in:

(a) Bone moulding

(b) Elongation of bone

(c) Bone formation

(d) Formation of Haversian canals

20. The smallest irregular bone in man is:

(a) Patella

(b) Stapes

(c) Nasal

(d) Palatine


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21. Which of the following is not a sesamoid bone?

(a) Patella

(b) Fabella

(c) Radius

(d) Pisciform

22. The number of bones in the skull of man is

(a) 14

(b) 28

(c) 8

(d) 20

23. Temporary holes in the cranium are

(a) Sinuses

(b) Fontanels

(c) Sutures

(d) fossae

24. The only movable bone in the skull is:

(a) Mandible

(b) Maxilla

(c) Ethmoid

(d) None

25. The vertebra which bears the whole weight of the skull is

(a) Atlas

(b) Axis

(c) Cervical

(d) Sacral


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26. In man coccygeal bone is formed by the fusion of

(a) 3 vertebrae

(b) 4 vertebrae

(c) 5 vertebrae

(d) 6 vertebrae

27. Synovial fluid is found in

(a) Cranial cavity

(b) Spinal cavity

(c) Immovable joints

(d) Freely movable joints

28. Hinge joint is present in our body between

(a) Thumb and trapezium

(b) Humerus and scapula

(c) First and second vertebra

(d) humerus and radius-ulna

29. A disease associated with joint is

(a) Glucoma

(b) Arthritis

(c) Paget's disease

(d) Homer's syndrome

30. Which of the following are not antagonistic muscles?

(a) Flexor and extensor

(b) Pronator and supinator

(c) Abductor and adductor

(d) Protractor and supinator


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31. Mark the odd from the following:

(a) Pronator

(b) Ligament

(c) Adductor

(d) Supinator

32. Which of the following statements is not true?

(a) Red muscle fibres are slower in contraction rate

(b) White muscle fibres depend mainly on anaerobic glycolysis

(c) White muscle fibres are rich in mitochondria

(d) Muscles of eyeball movement are white fibres

33. The largest muscle in the human body is

(a) Gluteus

(b) Stapedius

(c) Sartorius

(d) Masseter

34. Rigidity that develops in the muscle after death is known as:

(a) Rigor mortis

(b) Tetanus

(c) Twitch

(d) Treppe

35. Both cilia and flagella are used for movement in many organisms.

What protein uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to cause the cilia or

flagella to move?

(a) Calmodulin

(b) Dynein


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(c) Axoneme

(d) None of these

36. A motor unit is best described as

(a) All the nerve fibres and muscle fibres in a single muscle bundle.

(b) One muscle fibre and its single nerve fibre.

(c) A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres that it

innervates.

(d) The neuron that provides the CNS with information on the state

of contraction of the muscle.

37. ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction by allowing for

(a) An action potential formation in the muscle cell.

(b) cross-bridge detachment of myosin from action.

(c) cross-bridge attachment of myosin to actin

(d) Release of calcium by sarcoplasmic reticulum.

38. A soccer player suffers a knee injury that damages the tissue holding

his upper and lower leg bones together. The damaged tissue is

probably a kind of

(a) Muscle

(b) Tendon

(c) Ligament

(d) Cartilage

39. Summation of frequent muscle twitches to give a smooth sustained

contraction is called

(a) Motor unit summation


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(b) treppe

(c) Facilitation

(d) Tetanus

40. Which of the following statements is false?

(a) Cardiac muscle is striated.

(b) Smooth muscle does not contain actin.

(c) Skeletal muscle is considered voluntary.

(d) Smooth muscle is found in the iris of the eye and the walls of the

bladder.

41. A sarcomere is best described as a

(a) Movable structural unit within a myofibril bounded by Hzones.

(b) Fixed structural unit within a myofibril bounded by Z lines.

(c) Fixed structural unit within a myofibril bounded by A bands.

(d) Movable structural unit within a myofibril bounded by Z lines.

42. The primary difference between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton

has to do with

(a) The presence of both circular and longitudinal muscles. (b)

Whether or not the skeleton is on the inside of the body.

(c) The presence or absence of joints.

(d) The amount of fluid in the body.

43. The action potential that triggers a muscle contraction travels deep

within the muscle cell by means of

(a) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

(b) Transverse tubules

(c) Synapses


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(d) Motor end plates

44. Ca2+ binds to _____ in skeletal muscle and leads to exposure of the

binding site for_____ on the _____ filament.

(a) Troponin; myosin; actin

(b) Troponin; actin; myosin

(c) Actin; myosin; troponin

(d) Tropomyosin; myosin; actin

45. ______ are responsible for regulating extracellular calcium balance by

releasing or sequestering Ca2+ ions in the bone matrix.

(a) Osteoblasts

(b) Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

(c) Osteoclasts and osteocytes

(d) Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes

46. In the larynx of rabbit which one of the following, is the biggest

cartilage:

(a) Arytenoid cartilage

(b) Cricoid cartilage

(c) Thyroid cartilage

(d) Tracheal cartilage

47. Latissius orsi muscles are

(a) Muscles of fore arm

(b) Muscles of lower jaw

(c) Muscles of the chest

(d) Muscles of the shoulder


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48. Mitochondria present in muscle fibres are known as:

(a) Sarcosomes

(b) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

(c) Sarcoplasm

(d) None of the above

49. Inter vertebral disc occurs in the part-

(a) Back bone

(b) Ribs

(c) Forearm

(d) Hind arm

50. Glenoid cavity is found in-

(a) Pelvic girdle

(b) Pectoral girdle

(c) Humerus

(d) Tibia-fibula

EXERCISE

1. (d)

Thin filaments consist of two strands of actin and one strand of

regulatory protein coiled around one another while thick filaments are

staggered arrays of myosin molecules.


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2. (d)

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized endoplasmic reticulum that

actively transports calcium from the cytoplasm into the interior of the

reticulum, an intracellular storehouse for calcium.

3. (c)

The appendicular skeleton supports the rums and legs.

4. (b)

The ER releases calcium ions only if stimulated by an action potential,

which requires acetylcholine to diffuse across the neuromuscular

junction.

5. (c)

Wings that develop lift result from the need to overcome gravity

6. (a)

In preparation for the power stroke, a calcium ion facilitates the

binding of a cocked myosin head to a site on an actin molecule.

7. (c)

Fine motor control is accomplished by the presence of saller, more

numerous motor units. Each motor unit requires an individual motor

neuron.

8. (c)

In the contracted sarcomere, the A bands do not change in length, but

the I bands shorten and the H zone disappears.


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9. (b)

A hydrostatic skeleton consists of fluid held under pressure In a closed

body compartment.

10.

(d)

In response to an action potential arriving at the synaptic terminal of a

motor neuron, the neuron membrane releases acetylcholine, which

diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and depolarizes the plasma

membrane of the muscle fibre.

11. (c)

Smooth muscle is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs, such as

digestive tract organs and blood vessels. Smooth muscles propel

substances through the hollow organ by alternately contracting and

relaxing.

12. (b)

The borders of the sarcomeres are the Z lines.

13. (d)

Crustaceans, along with all other arthropods, have an exoskeleton.

14. (a)

Since muscles can only shorten, an opposing muscle pair allows a joint

to move in different directions.

15. (a)


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The strength of a contraction for a given muscle is proportional to the

number of motor units activated.

16. (a)

Each bone forms the proximal component of the upper or lower

extremity.

17. (b)

The sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle. As actin myofilaments

slide over myosin, the sarcomere shortens, but not the individual

components that make up the sarcomere.

18. (c)

Ends of long bones are covered with articular cartilage

19. (b)

Epiphyseal plate found between diaphysis and epiphysis contributes in

bone elongation.

20. (b)

Stapes is one of the three ear ossicles in the middle ear resembling a

tiny stirrup. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal

ear.

21. (c)

Radius of the lower arm is a cartilaginous bone.

22. (b)

According to some authors the total number of human skull bones is


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22 (S bones of cranium plus) 4 bones of face). This excludes six ear

ossicles.

23. (b)

Fontanels are temporary holes between the bones of an infant's

cranium covered by a tough membrane.

24. (a)

Mandible is a large bone constituting the lower jaw.

25. (a)

According to Greek mythology, Atlas is the Titan who born the heavens

on his shoulders. If the skull can be considered as the heavens, the

first vertebra which bears the whole weight of the skull can be

regarded as Atlas.

26. (b)

Coccyx of the man is formed by the fusion of four caudal vertebrae.

27. (d)

Synovial fluid is a transparent viscous fluid resembling the white of an

egg. It is secreted by synovial membranes and acts as a lubricant for

many joints, bursae and tendons.

28. (d)

The hinged articulation of the hummus and radius is called elbow joint.

This joint allows flexion and extension of the forearm.

29. (b)


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Arthritis is an inflammatory conditon of joints characterized by pain

and swelling.

30. (d)

The antagonistic muscle of protractor is retractor, not supinator.

31. (b)

Ligament is not a muscle; rest three are muscles.

32. (c)

White muscle fibres arc poorer in mitochondria.

33. (a)

Gluteus maximus present in the buttock extends and rotates the thigh

laterally.

34. (a)

Rigor mortis occurs to skeletal and cardiac muscles shortly after death.

35. (b)

The core of cilia and flagella is composed of units known as axonemes.

The protein dyne in uses the energy from ATP to slide microtubules by

each other, causing the cilia and flagella to move.

36. (c)

A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres that it

innervates.

37. (b)


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ATP provides energy that is used to detach myosin from actin.

35. (c)

Ligaments hold bones together.

39. (d)

Tetanus is the summation of twitches for a constant muscle

contraction.

40. (b)

Although contraction of smooth muscle is controlled differently from

that of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle does contain actin and myosin.

41. (d)

A sarcomere is a structural unit within a myofibril bounded by Z lines

that contain actin and myosin.

42. (b)

Endoskeletons (such as those of mammals) are found inside the body,

and exoskeletons (such as those of insects) are found outside the

body.

43. (b)

The action potential arriving to the muscle travels into the muscle

through the transverse tubules.

44. (a)

Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds with


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troponin, resulting in the myosin binding site on actin to be exposed.

45. (d)

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes are all involved in extracellular

calcium balance.

46. (c)

The larynx of rabbit is made up of thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage

and caicoid cartilage. Cricoid cartilage is C-shaped while the biggest

cartilage of larynx is thyroid.

47. (d)

Latissimus dorsi-one of the pair of large triangular muscles on the

thoracic and lumbar areas of the back. The latissimus dorsi extends,

adducts and rotates the arm medially; draws the shoulder back and

down.

48. (a)

Mitochondria present in muscle fibres are known as sarcosomes.

49. (a)

Intervertebral discs are present between vertebrae.

50. (b)

The glenoid cavity is a cup like hollow in the pectoral girdle of

tetrapoda into which the head of the humerus fits forming shoulder

joint.


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ch -20 locomotion &movement - transtutors · 2017. 12. 14. · (d) muscles of eyeball movement...

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