Cellular Technology Overview

CFLEE - 20160308

Contents

• 1. Cellular Technology Roadmap

• 2. Cellular Architecture

• 3. Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• 4. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

1 . C E L L U L A R T E C H N O L O G Y R O A D M A P

Cellular Technology Roadmap

W-CDMA (R99)DL: 384 KbpsUL: 64 Kbps

HSDPA (R5)DL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 384 Kbps

HSPA+ (R7)DL: 21 MbpsUL: 11.5 Mbps

LTE (R8)DL: 326.4 MbpsUL: 86.4 Mbps

1999

HSUPA (R6)DL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 5.76 Mbps

2002

2005

2007

2009LTE Communication speeds up to 1000 times faster than W-CDMA!!

W-CDMA: 4 hours HSDPA: 6 minutes LTE: Several tens of seconds

Example: Music CD (10 songs) download time

4G (R10)DL: 1 GbpsUL: 500 Mbps

2011+

GSM/GPRS(R97)DL: 40 KbpsUL: 14 Kbps

1997

Rel. Date Main Features of Release

Phase 1 1992 GSM Features

Phase 2 1995 GSM Features, EFR Codec

Rel.96 1997 Q1 GSM Features, 14.4 kbit/s User Data Rate

Rel.97 1998 Q1 GSM Features, GPRS

Rel.98 1999 Q1 GSM Features, AMR, EDGE, GPRS for PCS1900

Rel.99 2000 Q1 UMTS 3.84 Mcps (W-CDMA FDD & TDD)

Rel.4 2001 Q1 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)

Rel.5 2002 Q2 HSDPA

Rel.6 2005 Q1 HSUPA (E-DCH)

Rel.7 2007 Q4 HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL), LTE & SAE Feasibility Study, Edge Evolution

Rel.8 2009 Q1 LTE Work Item – OFDMA air interface SAE Work Item – New IP core network UMTS Femtocells, Dual Carrier HSDPA

Rel.9 2010 Q1 Multi-standard Radio (MSR), Dual Carrier HSUPA, Dual Band HSDPA, SON, LTE Femtocells (HeNB) LTE-Advanced feasibility study, MBSFN

Rel.10 2011 Q3 LTE-Advanced (4G) work item, CoMP Study Four carrier HSDPA

Rel.11 2013 Q1 CoMP, eDL MIMO, eCA, MIMO OTA, HSUPA TxD & 64QAM MIMO, HSDPA 8C & 4x4 MIMO, MB MSR

Rel.12 2015 Q1 3DL CA, D2D, MTC, NAICS, Dual connectivity, small cells….

Rel.13 2016 Q1 LAA (LTE-U), 4 CA, >5 CA study, MIMO OTA, FD MIMO

2 . C E L L U L A R A R C H I T E C T U R E

Legacy Architecture

Architecture for Evolved System (LTE/SAE)

EvolvedPacket Core

GPRS Core

WLAN AccessNetwork

Inter Access System Anchor (IASA)

Non 3GPP IPAccess

EvolvedRAN

UTRAN

GERAN

OperationalIP Services(IMS, PSS, etc.)

SGSN

3GPPAnchor

SAEAnchor

MMES-GW

P-GW

WLAN3GPP IPAccess

HSS

PCRF

Gb

Iu

S1

S3S4

S7

S6

SGi

S2a

S5a S5b

S2b

MME - Mobility Management Entity

S-GW – Serving Gateway

P-GW – PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway

3GPP Anchor – Mobility anchor between 2G/3G and LTE access systems (based on GTP)

SAE Anchor – Mobility anchor between 3GPP RATs and non 3GPP RATs

PCRF – Policy and charging rules function

User data exchange for inter 3GPP access system mobility

Access to Evolved RAN radio resources for the transport of user plane and control plane traffic

Control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor Transfer of (QoS) policy

and charging rules

Transfer of subscription and authentication data

Data exchange between EPC and packet data networks

Control and mobility support with non 3GPP RATs

3 . L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N ( L T E )

LTE Motivations and Goals

LTE Major Features

LTE Bands

Band 1: Japan, Europe, Asia

Band 2: Canada, US, Latin America

Band 3: Finland, Hong Kong, Germany

Band 4: Canada, US, Latin America

Band 5: Canada, US, Australia

Band 6: Japan

Band 7: EU

Band 8: EU, Latin America

Band 9: Canada, US, Japan

Band 10: Brazil, Uruguay, Ecuador, Peru

Band 11: Japan

Band 12: US

Band 13: US

Band 14: US

Band 20: EU

Band 38: EU

Band 40: China, India

3GPP TS36.101 Table 5.5-1 E-UTRA Operating Bands

Malaysia is using Band 3, band 5, Band 7 & Band 8 for LTE

LTE Key Technologies

OFDMA (Downlink Signal)SC-FDMA (Uplink Signal)MIMO

Multiple Access Methods

LTE uses

OFDM

OFDM means Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, which is a transmission technology that superimposes multiple sub-carriers. It supports efficient frequency usage and good multipath tolerance.

Becomes 0

Sig

na

l stre

ng

th

Frequency

Superimposedmulticarriers

Superimposed multiplesubcarriers

OFDM Disadvantage

The PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) is large because the signal has finely arranged multiple subcarriers in the spectrum.

A power amplifier with good linearity and dynamic range is required so there is no distortion even at large peak powers.

This will increase unit cost and increase the UE power consumption.

Therefore, OFDM is only suitable to use at downlink.

Peak power

PAPR

Average power

Non-linear region

Linear region

Input levelO

utp

ut

level

OFDMA

: User A

: User B

: User C

Symbol (time)

Su

bcarrie

r

Su

b-c

arrie

r

Symbol (time)

OFDMAOFDM

LTE uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)more advanced form of OFDM where subcarriers are allocated to different user over time.

SC-FDMA

For Uplink, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) is used because it has lower PAPR compared to OFDM but with similar signal processing method.

MIMO

MIMO is the abbreviation for Multi Input Multi Output, an antenna technology that uses multiple antennas for TRx.

Transmit Diversity VS Spatial Multiplexing

MIMO (Transmit Diversity)

Data Stream repeated on all signal path

Purpose is to improve cell-edge coverage.

Using redudancy to improve signal quality

MIMO (Spatial Multiplexing)

Different data streams

Higher Data Rate

Beyond LTE: LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)

The next step beyond LTE is LTE-Advanced

Next technology wave: “true” 4G, conforms with ITU’s IMT-Advanced requirements

LTE Carrier Aggregation (CA)

4 . U N I V E R S A L M O B I L E T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Y S T E M

( U M T S )

WCDMA Introduction

W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the radio access technology standard used by the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).

UMTS network consist of the Radio Access Network and the Core Network. The air interface between UE and Node B is using W-CDMA technology

Multiple Access Methods

Transmission Method

Cell Planning

1

1

2

2

2

3 3

3

4

4

4

5

5

GSM Cell Planning:

Frequency Reuse

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

W-CDMA will use the same frequency on all the cell . Each Cell using unique scrambling code

UMTS Frequency Band Malaysia and Singapore are using Band 1 and

Band 8

3.5G: HSDPA & HSUPA

Specifications HSDPA HSUPA

Full form High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Uplink Packet Access

3GPP Standard Release 5 Release 6

Applications Video download, video conferencing big file upload

Direction Downlink, From network to Mobile side Uplink, from mobile to network side

Modulation QPSK, 16QAM QPSK

HSPA = HSDPA + HSUPA

• Use of higher order modulation• Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI)• Use of shared channel transmission• Use of link adaptation• Fast Node B scheduling• Node B based Hybrid ARQ:

HSPA+ Key Technologies

• HOM (Higher Order Modulation) used in both DL and UL

DL:64QAM UL:16QAM

Thank you!

CFLEE - 20160308