cell transport system
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Physiology
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Passive Transport
• No energy expended by thecell
• Goes “downhill” with the
concentration gradient
• Substances move from• [HI] [LOW]
• Examples: diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
• Requires cell to expend energy
• Goes “uphill” or against the
concentration gradient
• Involves embedded proteins
(transport proteins) acting like
pumps
• Other examples: Exocytosis,
endocytosis, pinocytosis,
phagocytosis
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DIFFUSION
• Solution = solute + solvent• Solute- substance that is dissolved
• Solvent- substance that does the dissolving (fluid)
• Solute particles dissolved in a solvent are constantly in motion. Temperature motion
• This constant motion causes DIFFUSION
• Diffusion- movement of particles from areas of
high concentration to areas of low concentration
[HI] [LOW]
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• The net flow of solute continues until equilibrium is reached.
• Solute continue to move across the membrane, but for every one thatmoves in one direction, another moves in the opposite direction, sothere is no net movement.
[HI] [LOW]
[MED] [MED]
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DIFFUSION
Not all substances can pass thru a cell membrane.
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Diffusion
Not all substances can pass thru a cell membrane.
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Diffusion “made easy”
• No energy required, goes with the concentration gradient
• Embedded proteins ( channels ) provide a convenient pathway
for LARGE and/or charged substances to pass thru cellmembrane. Also called “passive diffusion”
• Another type of embedded protein, a carrier/transport
protein, grabs hold and carries the substance thru a cellmembrane. Still, no energy required
• Ions, sugars, etc… now can enter and leave cells
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Protein Channel
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Facilitated
Diffusion
Can involve embedded
protein channels
OR
Embedded protein
carrier/transport molecules
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Facilitated DiffusionSubstances move from
areas of high
concentration to areas of
low concentration
NO ENERGY REQUIRED
IT IS A PASSIVE PROCESS
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NO ENERGY REQUIRED
IT IS A PASSIVE PROCESS
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OSMOSIS
• Diffusion of water
• Passive process, does not
require energy
• The membrane is
permeable to water, the
solvent.
• The membrane is notpermeable (impermeable)
to the solute.
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Osmosis
O i d T i it
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Osmosis and Tonicity• Hyper tonic- the solution that has [solute]
Water flows toward the hypertonic environment
• Hypo tonic- the solution that has [solute]
Water flows away from a hypotonic environmentIsotonic- the solutions haveequal concentrations ofsolute (no net osmosis)
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Osmosis and Tonicity
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Water Balance in Animal Cells
• If the animal cell is in a
hypotonic environment…
• …the cell gains water,swells, and may even pop
like an overfilled balloon!
• Osmosis can kill cells
Compared to the solute-free
cup of water, the cell ishypertonic
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Water Balance in Animal Cells
• If the cell is in a
hypertonic environment…
• The environment has
higher [solute] than thecell…
• The cell loses water
(osmosis) and shrivels
and may die
• Osmosis kills
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Cells use energy (ATP) to move large molecules or ions thru a cell
membrane
Usually, these substances are moved “uphill” or against theconcentration gradient. In other words, the substances are moved in
the opposite direction of diffusion (passive transport)
The embedded proteins involved are often called PUMPS
Examples: pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis,
pinocytosis .
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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Active Transport: Pumps
A ti T t E t i
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Active Transport: Exocytosis
For really LARGE molecules, vesicles form and fuse tothe plasma membrane & spills its contents out
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Active Transport:
Exocytosis
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Active Transport: Endocytosis
1. Vesicles bud inward
2. Opposite ends of the cell
membrane meet & connect
3. Vesicle pinches off & brings
LARGE substances into cell
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An Amoeba feeding
via the process of
endocytosis.
Active Transport: Endocytosis
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Active Transport: Pinocytosis
Cells actively engulf largequantities of fluid (water)
Vesicles/vacuoles
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Active Transport:Phagocytosis