cell structure review. cell structure 1. what is a prokaryote? prokaryotes are single-celled...

Cell Structure Review

Cell Structure1. What is a prokaryote?

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

2. Give an example of a prokaryote.

Bacteria Achaeans Cyanobacteria

Cell StructureName and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a prokaryote.

3


Pili

Elongate, hollow appendages used in transfers of DNA to other cells.


4


Plasmid Double-stranded DNA structure carrying extra genes.


5


RibosomesTiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis.


6


Cytoplasm A water-based solution filling the entire cell.


7


Cell wallA semi-rigid casing composed of peptidoglycans that provides structural support and shape for the cell.


8


CapsuleAn outer coating that protects the cell and helps it adhere to surfaces.


9


FlagellumA rotating filament that moves the cell forward and provides motility.


10


Cell membrane

A thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell.


11


FimbriaeFine, hair-like bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces.


12


NucleoidComposed of condensed DNA molecule. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for proteins.

Cell Structure13. What is a eukaryote?

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane organelles.

14. Give an example of a eukaryote.

Animals Plants Fungi

Cell StructureName and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is a eukaryote.

15


A jelly-like substance inside the cell’s membrane but outside the cell’s nucleus. It contains the organelles and substances needed for chemical reactions.

Cytoplasm


16


MitochondriaThe powerhouse of the cell. It converts chemical energy stored in food (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) into usable compounds, like ATP.


17


RibosomesThe most numerous organelles in a cell. The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis. Some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and some are free-floating in the cytoplasm.


18


CentriolesFound only in animal cells, these structures are made of microtubules. They act as a template onto which other functional structures can be built, like centrosomes and cilia.


19 Hint: This structure is used for storage.


VacuolesLarge, membranous sacs that store material like water, proteins, salts, and sugars. Plants have a very large one that helps keep the plant upright. Paramecia use special ones that contract to pump excess water out of the cell.


20 Hint: This structure is not found in plant cells.


LysosomeThese membranous sacs carry digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle macro-molecules, like lipids, complex carbohydrates, and proteins. They also breakdown organelles that are no longer useful.


21


Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

An elaborate membrane network studded with ribosomes. It is the site where polypeptides are folded and assembled into secretory proteins, like insulin and hemoglobin. Membrane components are also made here.


22


Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

An elaborate membrane network where carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, and steroids are made. It also produces enzymes that help get rid of toxins, such as drugs.


23


NucleusA large structure which contains chromosomes, which in turn contain the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA. It is like the brain of the cell.


24


NucleolusAn area inside the nucleus made up of RNA and protein and plays a role in the formation of ribosomes.


25 Hint: It is not a vacuole or lysosome.


Vesicles

Small, bubble-like membrane structures that store and transport cellular products. They originate from the endomembrane system.


26


Golgi bodyThis organelle receives proteins and lipids from the ER where they are modified, sorted, and packaged for transport in and out of the cell. It is known as the “warehouse’ or “shipping station.”


27


Cell (plasma) membraneMade of a lipid bilayer, this structure controls what enters and leaves the cell. It also protects and supports the cell.

Cell StructureName and give the function of the structure indicated. The cell shown is eukaryotic.

28

This is a diagram of an epithelial cell in the lining of the small intestine.

This is a picture from a scanning electron microscope.


MicrovilliMicrovilli are tiny hair-like folds in the plasma membrane that extend from the surface of many absorptive and secretory cells. They are about 10 times smaller than cilia.


Cell StructureName and give the function of the structure indicated. The cells shown are eukaryotic.

29

This is a diagram of epithelial cells in the lining of the respiratory tract


Cell StructureName and give the function of the structure indicated. The cells shown are eukaryotic.

CiliaCilia are tiny hair-like projections that line the surface of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, providing locomotion to ciliate protozoans and moving liquids along internal epithelial tissue in animals.



30

Paramecium, a microscopic, pond organism.

Hint: They are involved in osmoregulation.


Contractile vacuole

Paramecium, a microscopic, pond organism.

A special vacuole that contracts over and over again to pump excess water outside of the cell.


31

Euglena, a microscopic, photosynthetic pond organism.


FlagellumA whip-like appendage that cells use to help them move about.



32 Hint: These organelles contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives them their green color.



ChloroplastsChloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in food, a process called photosynthesis.



33


Central vacuoleA large vacuole found in plants that contains sap. It also functions to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall.


34Hint: These organelles contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives them their green color.


ChloroplastsChloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in food, a process called photosynthesis.


35


Cell wall

The cell wall is a strong, supporting layer around the membrane in some cells. In plants, it is mainly composed of cellulose.


36


Fiber-like structures that support the cell and are involved in cell division. In animal cells, these fibers help cells change shape and move about.

Cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Cell Structure37. Name three structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Cell Structure37. Name three structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Cell wall Central vacuoleChloroplast

Cell Structure38. Name at least three structures found in animal cells but not in plant cells.

Cell Structure

Lysosomes (rare)Centrioles

Flagella

Cilia

38. Name at least three structures found in animal cells but not in plant cells.

cell structure review. cell structure 1. what is a prokaryote? prokaryotes are single-celled...

Documents

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entire cell

cell surface

cell structure13

transfers of dna

condensed dna molecule

sites of protein synthesis