Cassava in Latin America:an ancient crop Mochica Culture - Perú Amano Museum – Lima, 1300 A.C.

Maize and cassava plants

Roraima – BrasilCultura Kamaiwa-merúFilm: Koch Grunberg1911

Cassava in Latin America: 100 years ago

10.000 MT of starch/yearDifferent types of modified starch

Markets: Meat, bread, textile, paper

Cassava in LAC: 2008

Mechanization of planting and harvesting

Colombia Adaptation of Thailand

experiences

Dry cassava technology for use in animal feed markets

Cassava in other LAC countries

CIAT-led process1980-1990s

Experiences of cassava processing, utilization and marketing in South America:

Lessons learned by CIAT/Clayuca in 30 years”.

Presented in:International Expert Consultation

on cassava processing and marketingNRI, University of Greenwich, December 10th -13th,

2009

Medway, England

• Cock,J.H and Lynam, J.K. 1990. Research for Development. In: Howeler, R.H. (ed). Proceedings of the 8th Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops. Oct. 30-Nov 5, 1988. Bangkok, Thailand. 1990. 724 pp

• Ospina,B., Poats,S and Henry,G. “Integrated cassava research and development projects in Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil: an overview of CIAT’s experiences. In : Dufour et all., (eds)., Cassava flour and starch: Progress in Research and Development. Cali, Colombia. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1996. CIAT publication ; no. 271)

• Henry,G., Ospina,B. and Best,R., Development by linking small farmers to growth markets: Cassava in Latin America. Sustainable agriculture and envirponment: globalisation and the impact of trade liberalisation. Edited by Andrew K. Dragum and Clem Tisdell. Edward Elgar Publishing.Inc. 1999.

• Gottret,V. and Ospina, B., Scaling up and out: Achieving widespread impact. In: Fujisaka, S., (ed) Centro Internacional de Agiculktura Tropical, CIAT. Cali, Colombia.

Three periods

• 1980s: Public sector initiated innovation process

• 1990s: Limited public sector support for innovation process

• 2000s: Public-private partnerships leading the innovation process

Cassava Innovation process in Colombia

Phases for the Analysis of the Innovation Process

1980s: Public sector

initiated innovation

process

The North Coast of Colombia and Cassava 1980s

The North Coast of Colombia and Cassava 1980s

• Population poor by national standards (76% vs. 64% with unsatisfied basic needs and 55% vs. 36% in misery)

• Semi-arid region with few crop alternatives: cassava tolerance to marginal conditions make the crop a popular option

• Cassava: a very important for food security and cash income (about 40% of small farmers income came from cassava)

• Employment generator: estimated 7.3 million wage-days per year

The Challenge• High cassava production as a

result of land reform and rural development program (credit, technical assistance, training)

• Stagnant demand for fresh cassava: depressed prices

• Massive credit default

• Failure of initial basic premise: more production = more incomes

• CIAT help requested to find a solution

CIAT in the 1980sCIAT in the 1980s

Commodity-based Program with multi-disciplinary research team

Lack of adoption of cassava technologies in Latin America casted doubts about the impact of cassava research

Demand studies identified new market opportunities for cassava (animal feed)

Internal planning exercises led to a change in approach from research only to R&D primary production to agri-food chain

CIAT in the 1980sThe new

approach:

The Integrated Cassava Reasearch and Development projects (ICRDP) approach was developed aiming at coordinating changes in farming systems with changes in the marketing system, withing the framework of multi-institutional integration and cooperation

ICRDP is defined as an intervention at institutional, technological, social and organizational levels, to link small-scale farmers to new or improved growth markets

ICRDP

• 1979- CIAT extended crop research responsibilities beyond germplasm and agronomic practices

• Hypothesis: Cassava development requires addressing simultaneously, in an integrated fashion, production, processing and marketing

• R&D development activities need to start by identifying potential markets for cassava and its products

• Once identified, then product development, processing, production, and commercialization should begin, to develop the market effectively

ICRDP Methodology

Planning at the macro level

Planning at the micro level

Pilot project

Commercial expansion (Out Scaling)

Production Research Pilot project

Applied field testing Pilot evaluationof production for market and technology product development

Commercial expansion (Out Scaling)

Product Development Research

The pilot project concept

Best-bet Set of Potential Solutions Best-bet Set of Potential Solutions • Large and expanding market for animal feed

existed in Colombia• Possible use of dry cassava chips in this

market• Development of the market opportunity

identified and evaluated• Thailand processing model as the

benchmark • CIAT already working on processing

technologies for Asia• Farmers organizational models available and

adaptable• Good breeding and crop management

products available

Best-bet Processing SolutionBest-bet Processing Solution

CIAT: accumulated experience on cassava drying in Asia

Product Champion Product Champion

• CIAT Cassava R&D team became the product champion

– defining the research agenda

– providing a set of best-bet solutions

– inducing the innovation process

• CIAT Cassava R&D team became the product champion

– defining the research agenda

– providing a set of best-bet solutions

– inducing the innovation process

Institutional Intervention

(Multi-instituional integration framework)

Research

Technical Assistance Marketing Social

organization Credit

ICA CIAT

CORFAS ICA Caja Agraria INCORA CIAT

CORFAS CECORA ANPPY

SENA DANCOOP CECORA CORFAS

Caja Agraria

CORFAS

Small-scale Farmers Organizations

Integrated Rural Development

CIDA World Food Program

Technological intervention: natural drying of cassava chips

Technological intervention: natural drying of cassava chips

Target market: animal feed industryTarget market: animal feed industry

• Technological prototype; simple, small-scale and with low investment requirements

• Technological prototype; simple, small-scale and with low investment requirements

Organizational InterventionOrganizational Intervention

Organizational prototype: small-scale farmer groups of 25-30 farmers to manage the

emerging rural agroindustries

Social Actors and their Roles in the Innovation Process

Social Actors and their Roles in the Innovation Process

• Farmer groups • Farmer groups

co-developersco-developerstarget grouptarget group

Social Actors in the Innovation Process and Roles

Social Actors in the Innovation Process and Roles

• Public sector and donors:

– Planning and priority setting

– Funding– Leading and

controling

Social Actors in the Innovation Process and Roles

Social Actors in the Innovation Process and Roles

• Private sector:

– acted as end-user

– provided quality control

– set up the price

• Private sector:

– acted as end-user

– provided quality control

– set up the price

Trends in Cassava Prices in the North Coast of Colombia, 1975-90

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

Year

(199

8 $C

ol/K

g)

Fresh Market Dry-cassava Plant

- 6.2

3.5

0.03

Start of the

ICRDP Period

Start of the

ICRDP Period

Trends in Cassava Area and Yield in the North Coast of Colombia, 1975-93

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

Year

(ha)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

(kg/ha)

Area Yields

Start of ICRDP

adaptation phase

Start of ICRDP

adaptation phase

-0.4

-2.1

0.6

7.0

Sucess Factors of the Innovation Process in the 1980s

Sucess Factors of the Innovation Process in the 1980s

• Pilot site that permitted an intensive involvement of farmers as co-developers, adaptors and adopters

• Appropriate selection of the pilot site: felt need and interest

• Phased release of the innovation: start-up and adaptation phases

• Free access to the technological innovation

• Pilot site that permitted an intensive involvement of farmers as co-developers, adaptors and adopters

• Appropriate selection of the pilot site: felt need and interest

• Phased release of the innovation: start-up and adaptation phases

• Free access to the technological innovation

1980s: Public sector

initiated innovation

process (ICRDP Period)

Out scaling of dry-cassava agroindustries: expansion phase (1990-

1993)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Pro

cess

ing C

apacit

y

(MT

)

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

Year

Cooperatives Private Entreprenuers

Conceptual Framework for the Analysis

Conceptual Framework for the Analysis

))1(r̂P,,,,( kkkkii CICZZfM

2. Influence on the adoption of modern varieties 2. Influence on the adoption of modern varieties

),,,,ˆ),0(r̂(Ppovertyin 19931985 FaKmUCaMCf

3. Contribution to poverty alleviation3. Contribution to poverty alleviation

),,,,(*k

freshk

coopkkkk FTCTCDSII

),,(* coopkkkk TCDSfDC

0 if 0

0 if *

**

k

kkk

I

IDCDC

1. Cassava Drying Organizations Emergence1. Cassava Drying Organizations Emergence

where

Cooperative Emergence Analysis

Excess cassava supply

Emergence

Potential cropping landFarmers who treated their seedsFarmers who used pesticidesAverage experienceCassava consumption

Transactional costsDistance to municipality centerInter-institutional interactionAverage formal education

PovertyAverage farm size

Land tenure

0.01***

- 0.02*

0.16***- 0.02*** 0.08***- 0.0003***

0.002

- 0.04** 0.06** 0.49***

R2 = 0.81

ICRDP Innovation Influence on the Adoption of Germplasm Technologies

Farmers planting modern varieties

% of cassava area planted under modern

varieties

Cassava area with modern varieties

Land Owned (ha)

Formal education (years)

Experience (years)

Credit availability

Technical assistance availability

Agricultural wage

Distance to the drying plant

Institutional presence

Number of community organizations in 1985

Presence of a drying plant

77 %

0.002

- 0.028

- 0.001

0.001

- 0.001***

- 0.004***

0.620***

82 %

0.002

- 0.005

0.004***

“Before, we didn’t eat three meals per day… if we had breakfast; we didn’t have lunch. And now… I said that there was a change. When we got this land in 1971, we used to plant a quarter or half of an hectare… and now we even plant 5 hectares with cassava. Therefore, things have improved. If you walk around the village, you can see that almost all the houses are built of brick and cement. The village has an aqueduct and part of it has a sewage system, and all of this was acquired with the little we obtained. We don’t live in adobe houses anymore, where you could see the beds from outside. The hammocks used to be made with jute, and now we have at least a more comfortable bed. Now we have money to send the children to school and to dress them, to buy the shoes and socks, and in sum, we have enough to eat three meals too”.

Don Carlos, cassava farmer and member of COINPROSAN, Segovia, Sampués, Sucre, 1999

Phases for the Analysis of the Innovation Process

1980s: Public sector

initiated innovation

process (ICRDP Period)

1990s: Limited support

from public sector (Latent Period)

The Political, Economic and Social Environment in the 1990s

The Political, Economic and Social Environment in the 1990s

• Donor and public sector support reduced to a minimum

• Free market policies that opened the economy to external competition

• Developed countries subsidies that generated export surpluses

• Massive imports of grains to attend the growing demand of the feed industry in Colombia (1 million TM per year)

• The dry cassava agroindustry became non-competitive

Trends in Cassava Prices in the North Coast of Colombia, 1975-99

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Year

(199

8 $C

ol/K

g)

Fresh Market Dry-cassava Plant

- 6.23.5

- 5.0

0.03- 4.4

Start of the ICRDP

Period

Start of the ICRDP

Period

Start of the Latent

Period

Start of the Latent

Period

Dry-cassava Plants Emergence, North Coast of Colombia, 1981-1999

1 1 4 526 30 31 36 42

59

98 101

44

33

47

25

3437

15

2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1999

Year

Num

ber

of org

aniz

ati

ons

Cooperatives Private entreprenuers

Trends in Cassava Prices and Dry Cassava Production in the North Coast of Colombia (1981-1999)

0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000

10000081

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

Year

Pri

ces

(1990

$C

ol/

Kg)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Pro

duct

ion (M

T)

Dry-cassava prices Cassava roots prices Dry-cassava production

-0.4

-4.3

-0.02

-5.5

Start of Latent phase

Start of Latent phase

62.4-11.3

The CLAYUCA PeriodThe CLAYUCA Period

1980s: Public sector

initiated innovation

process (ICRDP Period)

1990s: Limited support

from public sector (Latent Period)

2000s: Public-Private

Partnership Led

Innovation Process

The Political & Economic Environment in the 2000s

The Political & Economic Environment in the 2000s

• Developed countries increased further their subsidies

• Devaluation of the Colombian peso made

imports more expensive

• Regional and bi-lateral trade agreements strengthened the need for competitiveness in the agricultural sector

• Supporting local production of raw materials became a feasible strategy to reduce costs

• Public sector regained importance with a facilitator and co-funding role

Trends in Cassava Prices in the North Coast of Colombia, 1975-2001

Trends in Cassava Prices in the North Coast of Colombia, 1975-2001

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Year

(199

8 $C

ol/K

g)

Fresh Market Dry-cassava Plant

- 6.23.5

- 5.0

11.2

0.03- 4.4 0.01

Start of the Latent

Period

Start of the Latent

Period

Start of the ICRDP

Period

Start of the ICRDP

Period

Start of CLAYUCA

Period

Start of CLAYUCA

Period

Trends in Prices and Dry Cassava Production (1981-2001)

Trends in Prices and Dry Cassava Production (1981-2001)

050000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000500000

1981

1983

1985

19̀8

719

8919

91

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Year

Pri

ces

(199

8 $C

ol/K

g)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Pro

duct

ion (M

T)

Dry-cassava prices Cassava roots prices Dry-cassava production

-0.02

-5.5

Start of the Latent

Period

Start of the Latent

Period

62.4-11.3

Start of the

CLAYUCA Period

Start of the

CLAYUCA Period

74.8

1.6

CIAT’s in the 2000sCIAT’s in the 2000s Shift from commodity-based Programs to a

project portfolio that scattered the multi-disciplinary cassava team

Strong competition for donor support Conformation of CLAYUCA proposed as an

strategy to facilitate access to technology according to user demands and priorities

CIAT does not control but participates actively in definition and implementation of the agenda

Public and private sectors acting as co-innovators in early stages of the innovation process

The CLAYUCA Model

A regional, multi-country effort

Four founding country members(1999)

Fifteen countries in ten years (2008)

Technology clearing house for cassava sector in LAC

The CLAYUCA Institutional Model

Partnership between public and private sectors

Self-financed operation Autonomy Shared responsabilities

for planning and implementation

Common agenda based on proritized problems

Competitiveness

Key PrinciplesKey Principles

Animal feed market continues to expand creating an unsatisfied demand for raw materials

Cereal imports continues to increase (2 million MT per year)

New market opportunities developed for higher value products (fresh market and starches)

New Market Situation

Postharvest Technologies

Second Best-bet Technological

Prototype: Processing

Second Best-bet Technological

Prototype: Processing

Artificial drying

• Higher level of complexity

• 3 ton/hour roots

• Higher scale: 8,000 ton/year of dry chips

• All year round supply

• Improved nutritional quality

32,00033,00034,00035,00036,00037,00038,00039,00040,00041,000

Natu

ral

dry

ing

Art

ifici

al

dry

ing

138 groups

4 dryingplants

4 drying plants = 600,000 US$ 128,000 sq.mt drying floor = 3,2 million

US$

Scale and Investment

Second Best-bet Technological

Prototype: Processing

Second Best-bet Technological

Prototype: Processing

50.000 MT cassava flour7.000 has

1.200 direct jobsUS$6 million

Cassava chips drying plant

Cassava flour refining unit

Cassava roots processing

Manual chipping machine Manual milling-refining machine

Chain of evidenceImpact pathway

Chain of evidenceImpact pathway

Population

Biofortified crops

Processing technologies

Food products

Distribution programmes

Use of Cassava in Animal Feeding

20.0

20 % cassava flour

3.6

10.0

11.8

20.0

23.0

--------Cassava flour

Commercial

9.1Wheat brand

10.0Rice flour

8.1Soybean cake

20.0Full fat soybean

41.10Maize

Ingredient

Uses of cassava in animal feeding : Silage

Roots 33,5 % 48,5 %

Leaves 66,5 % 50,0 %

Úrea 1,5 %

Consumption 1.8 – 3.0 % live weight

Mineral salt Add libidum

Formulation for cattle

Nutritional Blocks

Raw material Quantity (%)

Molasses 50.00 45.00

Cassava root flour 40.00 35.00

Cassava leaves flour 15.00

Úrea 5.00 5.00

Mineral salt - Vitamins 5.00

Total 100.00 100

Nutritional composition

Crude protein (%) 16.88 19.85

ME (Mcal/kg) 2.36 2.14

Crude Fiber (%) 1.50 3.81

Ca (%)* 1.39 0.74

P (%)* 0.85 0.12

Micro-plants for the Production of Ethanol in Rural Communities

Micro-plants1.000 – 5.000 lt/day

Agrobiofuels: rural communities with 50 – 100 has

Rural Communities

Bioethanol production (96%)

THE FOUR PILLARS

• Social

• Policy

• Post-harvest technology

• Production technology

Motivation Conformation

of a Promoter

Group

Strategic Vision and

Project Portfolio

Partnerships Negotiation and Design

Identification and Analysis

of Constraints

Existing and Potential Markets

Available Technology and

Innovation Possibilities

Agri-chain Analysis

Analysis of Competitive Potential

Definition of Common

Objectives and an

Innovation Plan

Design of the Process

• Traditional cassava markets have diversified and overall demand for cassava has increased

• Price variability has reduced , yields have increased, farmers motoivated to adopt improved technologies

• Small-scale, cassava-based, rural agroindustries , with low opportunity costs have been promoted . Especially amongst landless producers

• Farmers’s incomes and employment opportunites have improved

Integrated Cassava Research and Development Projects (ICRDP)-Impacts

Integrated Cassava Research and Development Projects (ICRDP)-Impacts• Effective vehicle for CIAT to interact with

various national research, rural extension and development institutions in LAC

• Production, processing and marketing technologies validated and adapted to specific regional conditions, under ICRDP framework

• New technologies generated through synergy of R&D promoted by ICRDP

• R&D institutions, policy makers, donors, governments have seen results that show the important role that cassava can play in achieving development goals

Reflections on Enabling and Scaling Innovation

• A proper and timely combination of a set of market, social and technological innovations

• Importance of the political, economic and social environment and thus the contextualization of innovation enabling strategies

• The need of a ‘champion’ with a strong felt need, genuine interest, trustworthiness, and lobbying capacity to mobilize resources

Lessons learnt

For contributing to poverty alleviation, we need two important components:

• Integrated approach (research & development)

• Strategic alliances (partnerships)1. Public & private2. With local community

organizations

A Final Reflection on Out-scaling

A Final Reflection on Out-scaling

Out-scaling in other

agri-food chains

AFRICAASIA

Out-scaling in cassava

Institutional Innovation

Model