Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 1 Chapter 1 The World Through Our Senses

The sensory organs

Layer of dead skin

Sebaceous gland

Sweat glandFatty layer

Dermis

Epidermis

Receptors:

Pain receptors

Cold receptors

Heat receptors

Touch receptors

Pressure receptors

1

1

23

4

5

2

3

4

5

Hair

SKIN - the sense of touch

Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 2

NOSE - the sense of smell TONGUE - the sense of taste

Chapter 1 The World Through Our Senses

Nasal bone

Sensory cells

Taste pore

Supporting cell

Receptor cellTaste budNerve

Nasal cavity

The surface of the tongue

Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 3

Semicircular canal

Auditory nerve

Cochlea

Ossicles Eardrum

Ciliary muscle

Eye muscle Blind spot

Optic nerve

Retina

Choroid

Sclera

Iris

Cornea

Pupil

Conjunctiva

Ear pinna

Ear canal

Oval window

Aqueous humour Vitreous humour

Yellow spot (fovea)

Suspensory ligaments

Lens

Chapter 1 The World Through Our Senses

EAR - the sense of hearing

EYE - the sense of sight

Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 4 Chapter 2 Nutrition

Classes of foodWATER Maintains the balance offluidsinsideand outside of our cells

FATS Give us slow releasing energy Too much fat can lead to obesity and heart diseases

FIBRE Not absorbed into the body but helps in digestion and defecation

VITAMINS AND MINERALS Provide protection against illness and keep the body healthy

PROTEINS Help in growth and repair of cells or tissues, including teeth and nails

CARBOHYDRATES Give us energy

Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 5

The human digestive system

Chapter 2 Nutrition

Wall of small intestine

Blood capillaries

Musclecontracts

Musclecontracts

Musclerelaxes

Musclerelaxes

Bolus

Bolus

Thin wallof villus

Villus

The internal surface of the small intestine has numerous villi

Peristalsis

Oesophagus

Liver

Duodenum

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

Mouth

Stomach

Pancreas

Anus

Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 6

A food web

Bacteria and fungi are decomposers.They break down dead plants andanimals into nutrients.

Tertiary consumer

Snake

Secondary consumer

Primary consumer

Producer

Secondary consumer

Frog

Harlequin bug

Cabbages

Chicken

Caterpillar

Eagle

Quaternary consumer

Primary consumer

Chapter 4 Interdependence among Living Organisms and The Environment

Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 7 Chapter 5 Water and Solution

Water treatment processRaw water pump

Raw

wat

er p

ipel

ine

Screening tank

River

Aerator

CoagulationFilter tank

-Chlorine-Fluoride-Slaked lime

Post chemicals

Clear water tank

Treated water pump

To consumer

Houses

Supply reservoirSedimentation

tank

Dam

Alum dosing

To sludge lagoon

Amali Proses Sains Tingkatan 2© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd 8

Levers

A lever is a simple machine which turnsaboutafixedpoint.Thepoint is called a fulcrum. The effort is applied to move the load.

Second class lever Third class lever

First class leverThe fulcrum is between the effort and the load

The load is between the fulcrum and the effort The effort is between the fulcrum and the load

L

E

F

FL

E E

F

Load

Load

Fulcrum

Fulcrum

Effort

Effort

L

Effort

FulcrumFulcrum

Chapter 10 Simple Machines

Load

Load

Fulcrum