LAT CERTIFICATIONCHAPTER 5: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Carrie Freed, MLAS, DVM, DACLAMfreed.36@osu.edu, 292-7319

BODY ORGANIZATION

Cells

Tissue

Organ

http://cmerr.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/cell-structure.jpg

BODY ORGANIZATION

Cells

Tissue

Organ

TYPES OF TISSUE1. Connective Tissue – binds

and supports2. Muscle Tissue- contracts3. Nerve Tissue- conducts4. Epithelial - protects

http://www.examples10.com/uploads/52e662_tendon.jpg

BODY ORGANIZATION

Cells

Tissue

Organ

http://whydetox.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/liver.jpg

What is the largest internal organ?

What is the largest organ overall?

INTEGUMENT SYSTEM

Epidermis New cells at the base

cornify as they move towards the surface (non living)

Water insoluble protein Dermis

Connective tissue Nerves, vessels, pigment

cells,etc

Glands Protect, lubricate and

regulate temperature Sebaceous, mucus, sweat

http://firstacnesolution.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/34skin-human.jpg

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Exoskeleton: insects, crustaceans, invertebrates

Endoskeleton: vertebratesDetermines shape Protection Facilitates movement

http://www.lakdasun.org/images/sri_lanka_insect_shell_exoskeleton.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Elephant_skeleton.jpg

SKELETAL TISSUES

Bone Longs bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones

Cartilage

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Skeleton2.jpg

Humerus

Radius/ulna

PhalangesFemur

Tibia/fibula

Phalanges

Carpals

Tarsals

Cranium

Scapula

Ribs

Mandible

Vertebrae

Pelvis

LONG BONE

Diaphysis Epiphysis

Growth

Medullary CavityRed/yellow marrow

Periosteum Attachments for

tendons and ligaments

http://jakeweekes.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/long_bone_shaft.jpghttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=epiphysial+plate+and+radiograph&FORM=HDRSC2

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Axial vs. Appendicular Vertebral column: C T L S Cy Pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle # and shape vary (carpals, metacarpals, and

phalanges)

Joints and MovementRotation Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction

http://depositphotos.com/3126706/stock-illustration-Atlas-Ancient-God.html

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Skeletal (Striated) Movement Strong contraction,

fatigue quickly Smooth

Slow contraction Involuntary (vessel,

GI) Cardiac

Rhythmic contraction Continual

http://howtoloosebellyfatfast.net/wp-content/uploads/as.jpg

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Function: move oxygen/nutrients in and waste out of cells

Blood Liquid/Plasma (55%) Cellular elements

Erythrocytes (RBC)Leukocytes (WBC)Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Separated out in hematocrit tube

Whole blood

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Cellular elementsErythrocytes (most)

Hg (combine with O2 and CO2) Red marrow, no nucleus in

mammals

Leukocytes Phagocytosis, motile Granulocytes or PMNS Lymphoid cells

ThrombocytesPlatelets

A. Basophil (PMN) 1. turtle RBCB. Lymphocyte 2. human RBCC. Monocyte D. Neutrophil (PMN)E. Eosinophil (PMN)F. Erythrocytes with thrombocytes

1. 2.

http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/EndoHemoTutorial/prac1a10.htm

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart 4 chambers in mammals and birds PericardiumMyocardium/epicardium/endocardium

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84PrHxJri9Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart Blood Vessels

Arteries : Away (AORTA) Thicker, higher pressure, from left side to whole body

Veins: Toward (VENA CAVA) Expandable, 60% blood reserve, to right side from whole body

Capillaries: Between Thin, allow for gas exchange

Circulation control

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart Blood Vessels Circulation control

Blood flows from high to low pressure Left ventricle = highest pressureDiastole – blood flows in while ventricle is at rest,

aortic valve is closed Systole – mitral valve closes before heart contracts 120/80 Systole/Diastole beat/rest

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Filter mechanism- protection Components

Lymph: leaks out of plasma (capillaries), return to heart

Lymphatics: vessels in intracellular space, dump into venous system

Lymph nodes: clusters of WBC Mesenteric, popliteal, axillary, cervical, inguinalClean the lymph fluid (phagocytosis) lymphadenopathy

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Exchange of gases = mechanical process Pressure gradients between tissues/blood and

blood/inspired gas Lungs: terrestrial vertebrates

Air sacs: birds

Gills: fish and larval amphibians Skin

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Anatomy Nose: inspired air is filtered, moistened,

warmed Pharynx: air and food passage

Glottis is closed (epiglottis) during swallowing Larynx: box like, cartilage, vocal cords Trachea: C shaped cartilage, smooth muscle Bronchi: primary branches, bronchioles Alveoli: microscopic air sacs, epithelial

tissue and blood capillaries Lungs: visceral pleura, parietal pleura,

pleura fluid Thoracic cavity: diaphragm

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Exchange of gases and transport by blood Diffusion

O2, CO2 between blood in the capillaries in the alveoli

Mechanism of ventilation Inspiration: increase volume of thoracic cavity,

decreases internal pressure (air flows in) Expiration: relax diaphragm, elastic recoil of lungs

http://www.heritagechristian.ca/science/images/alveoli.jpg

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Carnivores: dogs, cats, ferrets protein

Herbivores: rabbits, guinea pig, horse, cowand

Omnivores: primates, pigs, rodents Roughage (fiber): cellulose Require GI tract modification, storage space for

microorganisms to work Rumen: Goat, cow, sheep Cecum: rabbits, horses, rodents

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Anatomy and Operation Alimentary canal

Stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas

Digestion1st mouth, teeth, tongue and saliva2nd peristalsis in the esophagus moves the food down to

stomach3rd stomach (one / four compartments) enzymes

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum (true stomach) HCL + food = chyme or injesta

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Gall Bladder: secretes bile into small intestineBile helps pancreatic enzymes b/d fatNot present: horse, rat, certain birds and fishes

Liver: production and breakdown of chemicals, storage site for glycogen

Pancreas: exocrine and endocrine function

URINARY SYSTEM

Nephron : unit, 1 million, capillary cluster with a long tubule

Plasma filtrate travels through tubuleWaste remains (creatine, urea)Reabsorbed: glucose, water

(99%), electrolytes (80%- Na, Cl, CHO3)

http://becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/urinary/nephron2.jpg

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nerve impulse travels along axon to a synapse Motor vs. sensory function (connecting) Central vs. peripheral nervous system (voluntary)

Autonomic (involuntary)

Brain Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem Ventricles (cavities containing CSF)

Neurons Cell body, axon, dendrites

www.wpclipart.com

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Aka internal secretion (hormones)Directly into blood streamDiffusion through capillariesRegulate: digestion, growth, metabolism, puberty

agingWhere???

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Structures Pituitary gland (MASTER gland)

Anterior and posterior lobes, many hormones Adrenal gland

Outer cortex: steroids, corticosterone (cortisol) Inner Medulla: epi/norepi in response to autonomic system

Thyroid gland Two lobes, thryroxine (metabolic rate and calcium utilization)

Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone: blood calcium concentration

Pancreas Insulin and glucagon from islets of langerhans (Diabetes)

Gonads Determine secondary physical characteristics

GOOD LUCK ON

YOUR EXAM!!