Cardiovascular Disease• Cardiovascular Disease

– A disease that affects the heart or blood vessels– Can begin during the teen years– Responsible for 40% of U.S. Deaths a year– Kills more then a million Americans per year

• 3 Types Of Muscle– 1-Skeletal– 2-Smooth– 3-Cardiac

• Circulation– The flow of blood

• Types of Circulation– 1-Systemic-To and from all the body systems– 2-Pulmonary- To and from the lungs– 3- Cardiac- To and through the heart

• Functions Of the Circulatory System – 1- regulates temperature in the body– 2- transports important nutrients to the body’s cells– 3- fights infections

• Arteries– Transport blood away from the heart-usually Oxygen rich blood

• Veins– Transports blood towards the heart –usually Oxygen poor blood

Cardiovascular Disease• Chambers of The Heart (4):

– 2 upper Chambers called “ATRIA”-collect blood-a Right and Left– 2 Lower chambers called “VENTRICLES”- pump blood out of the

heart-Right and Left• Left Ventricle is the thickest muscle wall

• Valves: – 1 way valves prevent blood from flowing back into a

chamber• SA Node & AV Node

– The bodies natural pacemaker– Controls both the rhythm of your pulse and contractions of your heart– SA Node located in the Right Atrium

• Circulation In The Heart:– Blood that has been depleted of O2 and contains carbon dioxide

and waste is carried to the heart by the way of 2 blood vessels called “The Vena Cava”.

– This blood enters the RT atrium and then into the RT Ventricle. – The blood is pumped into the Lungs. – In the lungs the blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up O2

from inhaled air. – The blood which is newly oxygenated is returned to the heart via

the LT atrium and then into the LT ventricle and pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body via the “AORTA”.

– Circulation

BLOOD PRESSURE • Hypertension

– a term that refers to “HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE”– “Silent Killer’-no symptoms to an Avg. age of 35– Estimate 1/3 of Americans have hypertension

• Blood Pressure – measured by a Sphygmomanometer (Blood Pressure cuff.)

• Systolic Pressure – measures the pressure in a blood vessel during ventricular

contraction (when heart beats/heart muscle contracts)– **Highest force placed on a blood vessel

• Diastolic Pressure – measures the pressure placed on a blood vessel when a ventricle

is relaxed (when heart muscle is resting between beats)– ** lowest force placed on a blood vessel

• Normal Range Of BP: 120 systolic over 80 diastolic• High Range Of BP: 140 systolic over 90 diastolic

Heart Rate • Heart Rate

– Heart beats per minute- “BPM’s” – Normal Resting Heart Rate 60-80 beats per minute

• Maximum Heart Rate– Subtract age from 220

• Target Heart Rate– When you exercise, your heart rate (pulse) is 60 to 85 percent of

your maximum heart rate. – Where you want to be for cardiovascular exercise.

• Target Heart Rate (HR) Zone (60 - 85%)– Predicted Maximum HR

• 20 years old: 120 – 170 BPM• 25 years old: 117 – 166 BPM• 30 years old: 114 – 162 BPM • 70 years old: 90 – 123 BPM

– Check 10 second pulse to find out current HR – Increase exercise if needed

• Your Actual Values(Actual values are determined from a graded exercise test)

– Walking on a treadmill while having your heart rate and blood pressure monitored

Cardiovascular Disease• Cholesterol

– Most of the time your body produces enough cholesterol. It is produced in the liver or obtained from animal fats. It is a substance that is needed to insulate nerve fibers and functions of the central nervous system. Excess levels become plaque. Can not dissolve in the bloodstream.

• Triglycerides– Derivatives of sugars, excess leads to adhering on artery walls– Carbohydrates contain triglycerides.

• Transporters of Cholesterol– High Density Lipoprotein-HDL’s- (Good) Transport excess cholesterol out

of your blood and brings it to the liver to be filtered out.– Low Density Lipoprotein-LDL’s- (Bad) Take Cholesterol from our liver or

intestines (after we eat) and put it directly into your blood.• Aspirins Effect On the Body

– Thins our blood-blood flows easier through the blood vessels.• Fibrillation

– A rapid, irregular, unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers• Defibrillation

– An electronic shock that starts the heart muscle into its normal beat. • Saturated fats are more dangerous than unsaturated fats

Cardiovascular Disease• Atherosclerosis

– Build up of plaque on artery walls– Specific concerns about the Coronary Artery– Plaque comes from Cholesterol or Triglycerides

• Arteriosclerosis– “Hardening” of an artery due to atherosclerotic

build up– Reduces the vessels elasticity

Cardiovascular Disease• Myocardial Infarction

– Also known as a Heart Attack– Caused when blood flow stops to part of the heart causing damage to the heart

muscle– Most common symptom is chest pain which may travel into the shoulder, back, neck,

or jaw– Center or left side of chest that lasts for a few minutes– Coronary artery is blocked

• Coronary Artery Disease – Also known as Heart Disease– #1 killer in America affecting more than 13 million Americans– Results in a plaque buildup in coronary arteries

• Congestive Heart Failure– Heart does not pump blood effectively and blood backs up into the lungs– Drowns the person

• Heart muscle walls may eventually weaken and become unable to pump efficiently

• Kidneys may respond by causing the body to retain fluid (water) and salt• Water will build up in arms, legs, ankles, feet, lungs, or other organs

• Angina Pectoris (Angina)– The need for oxygen exceeds supply causing a tightness or a feeling of pressure in

the chest– Feels like a heart attack.

Cardiovascular Disease• Stroke

– An acute injury where blood flow to the brain is interrupted – Can happen to anyone at any time– Brain cells are deprived of oxygen and begin to die– When brain cells die, abilities controlled by that area of the brain such

as memory and muscle control are lost– How the person is affected depends on what part of the brain and how

much damage takes place during the stroke– Smaller strokes can result in minor problems such as arm weakness of

arms and legs– Larger strokes can results in a person being permanently paralyzed on

one side of their body or lose their ability to talk– 800,000 new or recurrent strokes per year– Happens every 40 seconds– 5th leading cause of death– Every 4 minutes someone dies from stroke– F.A.S.T

• Face-Arms-Speech-Time

Cardiovascular Disease• Bypass Surgery

– Healthy arteries are taken from elsewhere in the body to bypass a blockage.

• Angiography– A thin flexible tube is guided through the blood vessels then dye

is injected into the blood stream and blocked arteries are located on a monitor.

• Stent– Plastic tube put in at the sight of the blockage to keep the

diameter of the blood vessel in tact

• EKG: (electrocardiogram)– Measures the electrical activity of the heart

Cardiovascular Disease• Angioplasty

• Tube is inserted into a blocked artery.

• The balloon is inflated against the artery walls then deflated and removed.

• Used to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins

• Balloon forces expansion

Risk Factors For Heart Disease• Risk Factor

– Anything that increases your chance for heart disease– Examples

• High blood pressure• High cholesterol• Diabetes• Smoking • Being overweight or obese• Being physically inactive• Having family history of heart disease• Age• Unhealthy diet

• Controllable:– Treatable, modifiable, change lifestyle, or take medications

• Uncontrollable– Can’t be changed

Cardiovascular Disease• Controllable-(5) 1-Tobacco Smoke: smokers develop heart disease 2-4X more then

non-smokers2-High Blood Cholesterol3-High Blood Pressure- increases the hearts workload-causing the

heart to become thicker and stiffer. 4-Physical Inactivity5-Obesity/Overweight6-Diabetes-3/4 of people with diabetes die of some form of heart

disease or blood vessel disease7-Stress-may cause overeating/smoking or smoke more then usual8-Alcohol-high triglycerides/irregular heartbeat• Uncontrollable-(3)1-Age: 65 years or older 83% chance of heart attack2-Gender- men higher risk of heart attack then women-especially

earlier in life3-Heredity