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CARDIORESPIRATORY DEVELOPMENT
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
O The heart is divided into right and left hand side by the
septum.
O The 2 sides are separate & have no communication with
each other.
Septum
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Septum
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
WHAT IS CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM
O It is made up of the following two cooperating systems:
O the cardiovascular/circulatory (the heart and blood vessels)
system
O the respiratory (the lungs and related muscles) system
O Together, these systems deliver oxygen and nutrients, and
remove waste products, throughout the body
O Exercise challenges the cardiorespiratory system by increasing
the demand for oxygen and nutrients in working muscles
Cardiorespiratory System
O The Heart (two pumps in one)
O Right side/pulmonary circuit
O Left side/systemic circuit
O Blood Vessels
O Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
O Veins: carry blood from body tissues back to the heart
O Capillaries: thin-walled blood vessels that allow oxygen
and nutrients to pass through to tissues, and waste
products (e.g.,carbon dioxide) to pass back into the
vascular system for processing
Cardiorespiratory System
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Circulation in the Heart
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Cardiorespiratory System
O Blood vessels
O Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from the
heart
O Veins = vessels that carry blood to the heart
O Capillaries = very small blood vessels that distribute
blood to all parts of the body
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
O Controls breathing
O Consists of lungs and related muscles
O The lungs
O exhale carbon dioxide and waste products
O inhale oxygen, some of which passes into
alveoli (tiny air sacs), and then into capillaries
O send oxygen-rich blood back to the heart
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
O Alveoli = tiny air sacs in the lungs through whose walls
gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and
out of the blood
O Lungs expand and contract about 12–20 times a minute
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
EARLIEST DEVELOPMENT O Cardiovascular system makes its first appearance while
the embryo is still flat.
O Clusters of mesodermal cells specialise to form blood
cells.
O Mesodermal cells around these flatten to form
endothelium of blood vessels.
O These clusters are called blood islands of angiogenic
(“blood vessel-forming”) cell clusters.
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Source: National Weather Service
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
O In the accompanying diagram note that these form
a curve reaching well beyond the neural plate and
the notochord. A mass of mesoderm, called
cardiogenic area, near the head end (H) will give
rise to the heart.
O The sagittal section below illustrates the three germ
layers, prochordal plate and the cardiogenic area.
FOETAL CIRCULATION
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
• Very little pulmonary flow
• Placental Circulation
• Right to Left Passages
Cardiorespiratory System
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
AT REST
O Heart rate: 50–90
beats/minute
O Breathing rate: 12–20
breaths/minute
O Blood pressure: 110/70
O Cardiac output: 5
quarts/minute
O Blood distributed to
muscles: 15–20%
DURING EXERCISE
O Heart rate: 170–210
beats/minute
O Breathing rate: 40–60
breaths/minute
O Blood pressure: 175/65
O Cardiac output: 20
quarts/minute
O Blood distributed to
muscles: 85–90%
Energy Production
O Metabolism—the sum of all chemical processes
necessary to maintain the body
O Energy from food
O Broken down into glucose
O Stored as glycogen
O ATP (adenosine triphosphate): The energy
“currency” of cells
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Benefits of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise
O Improved cardiorespiratory function
O Improved cellular metabolism
O Reduced risk of chronic disease
O Cardiovascular disease
O Cancer
O Type 2 diabetes
O Osteoporosis
O Deaths from all causes
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Benefits of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise
O Better control of body fat
O Improved immune function
O Improved psychological and emotional well-being
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and
Wellness, Chapter 3
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
SUMMARY & FUNCTIONS O Right Atrium (RA)
O receives deoxygenated blood from the organs of the body.
O Right Ventricle (RV)
O pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
O Left Atrium (LA)
O receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
O Left Ventricle (LV)
O pumps oxygenated blood to all organs of the body
O larger & stronger than RV
O as it pumps blood through the body.
SUMMARY & FUNCTIONS
O Valves:
O there are 4 one
O way valves in the heart that open or close in response to
pressure of blood flow:
O Bicuspid Valve:
O separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
O Tricuspid Valve:
O separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
O Aortic Valve :
O separates the left ventricle from the aorta.
O Pulmonary Valve:
O separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery.
SUMMARY & FUNCTIONS
O Blood vessels leading to and from the heart are as
follows:
O Aorta – carries oxygenated blood out of the left ventricle
to the body.
O Superior Vena Cava – returns deoxygenated blood to the
right atrium from the head & upper body.
O Inferior Vena Cava – returns deoxygenated blood to the
right atrium from the lower body.
O Pulmonary Vein – carries oxygenated blood from the lungs
to the left atrium.
O Pulmonary Artery – carries deoxygenated blood from body
to lungs.