cambridge international examinations cambridge ... · key contours at 100 metre intervals water...

This document consists of 35 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.

DC (KN/CGW) 114940/5© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

*7762547120*

GEOGRAPHY 0460/11

Paper 1 May/June 2016

1 hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Additional Materials: Ruler Calculator

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Write your answer to each question in the space provided.If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must be clearly shown.

Answer three questions, one from each section.

The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 5 and Fig. 11 for Question 6.The Insert is not required by the Examiner.Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

DefinitionsMEDCs – More Economically Developed CountriesLEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

QUESTION 1

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the number of immigrants to Mexico (an LEDC) in 2011.

Canada13 579

Europe

61 840

Caribbean

17 043

Africa1796

Other parts of

Central America31 110

USA68 351

Asia35 280

South

America

71 786

MEXICO

Fig. 1

(i) Put the following continents in rank order according to their number of migrants into Mexico.

Asia Europe South America

1st .................................. highest

2nd ..................................

3rd .................................. lowest [1]

(ii) Identify the following:

• a country in North America with over 60 000 migrants to Mexico in 2011;

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• the number of migrants to Mexico from other parts of Central America in 2011.

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(iii) Give three difficulties which international migrants may experience when settling in a new country.

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(iv) Suggest ways in which Mexico will have benefitted from receiving international migrants.

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(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about migration between Mexico (an LEDC) and the USA (an MEDC).

Mexico to USA0

number ofmigrants(millions)

number ofmigrants(millions)

1

2

4

3

0

1

2

4

3

USA to Mexico

1995 to 2000

Mexico to USA USA to Mexico

2005 to 2010

Fig. 2

(i) Using Fig. 2, compare the pattern of migration between Mexico and the USA during the periods 1995 – 2000 and 2005 – 2010. Include statistics in your answer.

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(ii) Describe the pull factors of an MEDC, such as the USA, for migrants from LEDCs.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe and explain the problems caused by under-population.

Name of country ......................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 1

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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 2

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QUESTION 2

2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows a coastal area in an MEDC.

N

Keycontours at 100 metreintervals

water depth (metres)

mud at low water

secondary roads

railways

rivers

cliffs

sand

sea

sea

10

0 5

km

S

R

P

Q

100

100

100

100

200100

100

100200

300

100

100

100

main roads

urban areas

village

20

20

1020

ferr

y10

10

Fig. 3

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(i) Give one reason why ports developed at P and Q.

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(ii) Suggest why the port at P has declined in importance in the last fifty years, whilst the port at Q has increased in importance.

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(iii) Settlements R and S were both villages one hundred years ago. Using Fig. 3, suggest reasons why R remained a village whilst S grew into a tourist resort.

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(iv) Settlement P is now an industrial town. Explain two different reasons for the growth of this function at settlement P.

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows information about two rural settlements in Malta (an MEDC in Europe).

NN

NN

Fomm ir-Rih

0 200

metres

400

Ghajn Tuffieha

Key

building

field boundaries

roads

Fig. 4

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(i) Compare the shape and size of the two rural settlements, Ghajn Tuffieha and Fomm ir-Rih.

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(ii) Explain the factors which influence the sites of rural settlements.

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(c) For a named settlement you have studied, describe and explain the service provision.

Name of settlement .............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 2

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Section B


QUESTION 3

3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the location of earthquakes in central and southern Asia between 1900 and 2012.

Russia

N

MongoliaKazakhstan

India

AreaX

Key

Earthquakemagnitude(Richter scale)

120 E

1000

km

0 2000

110 E100 E90 E80 E

120 E110 E100 E90 E80 E

10 N

20 N

30 N

40 N

50 N

40 N

50 N

60 N

Sri LankaMaldives

China

Thailand

Bangladesh

NepalBhutan

Myanmar

CambodiaVietnam

Malaysia

Laos

Bangladesh

NepalBhutan

Myanmar

Cambodia

6.0–6.46.5–7.47.5–8.48.5 and oversubduction zone(destructive plate boundary)

Laos country

Fig. 5

(i) What does the Richter scale measure?

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(ii) On Fig. 5, label the following:

– an earthquake with a magnitude 8.5 or higher (label with A);

– an earthquake of a magnitude less than 6.5 in India (label with B). [2]

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(iii) Describe the distribution of earthquakes in Mongolia between 1900 and 2012.

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(iv) Explain why the area labelled X on Fig. 5 has experienced many earthquakes.

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(b) Study Fig. 6, which shows information about an earthquake.

focusfocus

fault

seismicwavesseismicwaves

epicentreepicentre

Fig. 6

(i) Define the following terms:

– focus; ..............................................................................................................................

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– epicentre; ........................................................................................................................

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– seismic waves. ................................................................................................................

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(ii) Describe the effects on people of a powerful earthquake.

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(c) Many people live in areas where there are likely to be earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

For a named area you have studied, describe the opportunities provided by volcanoes.

Name of area ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 3

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QUESTION 4

4 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the location of areas of Equatorial climate.

Tropic of Capricorn

Tropic of Cancer

KeyEquatorial climate

Equator

Fig. 7

(i) Name an area of Equatorial climate.

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(ii) Using Fig. 7, describe the global distribution of the Equatorial climate.

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(iii) Describe and explain the main characteristics of the Equatorial climate.

A Description

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B Explanation

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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows information about deforestation of tropical rainforests.

DEFORESTATION

burning lessevapotranspiration

loss of shade

leaf litterdestroyed

leachingand erosion

sun-baked soil

flooding lessprecipitation

micro-organismslost

increased droughttopsoil lost

reduced plantgrowth

degradedvegetation

Fig. 8

(i) Using Fig. 8 only, explain how deforestation damages local ecosystems.

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(ii) Explain how deforestation of tropical rainforests can have global effects on the natural environment.

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(c) Another climatic zone is the hot desert.

For a named area of hot desert you have studied, explain why the climate is hot and dry.

Name of hot desert ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]END OF QUESTION 4

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Section C


QUESTION 5

5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows information about GNP per capita and access to clean water in ten LEDCs.

0 1 2 3 4 5

GNP per capita(US$ 000)

populationwith

accessto cleanwater

(percentage)

6 750

60

70

80

90

100

8 9 10

Algeria

Jamaica

El Salvador

Afghanistan

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Indonesia

Laos

Sri Lanka

Senegal

Fig. 9

(i) Identify the country with a GNP per capita of US$7500 and 90% of the population with access to clean water.

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(ii) Describe the general relationship between GNP per capita and the percentage of the population with access to clean water. Use statistics in your answer.

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(iii) State three ways in which people obtain water in LEDCs.

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(iv) Explain why providing a reliable supply of clean water may increase life expectancy.

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(b) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show the Maguga Dam in Swaziland (an LEDC in Africa).

(i) Describe three features of the Maguga Dam.

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(ii) Explain why dam building schemes are important to the economies of LEDCs.

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(c) For a named area you have studied, state an economic activity which takes place which threatens the natural environment and explain how these threats are being managed.

Name of area ...............................................

Economic activity ..............................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 5

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QUESTION 6

6 (a) Study Fig. 10, which shows information about an agricultural system.

INPUTS

Natural

soil

rain

warmth

land

Economic

labour

machinery

Human

seeds

Crops

wheat

potatoes

Animal products

meat

milk

wool

PROCESSES

ploughing

planting

spraying

harvesting

feeding

milking

breeding

fertiliser

buildings

OUTPUTS

MARKET

PROFIT

Fig. 10

(i) What is meant by processes in an agricultural system?

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(ii) Identify from Fig. 10:

– an output of an arable farm; ..........................................................

– an output of a pastoral farm. .......................................................... [2]

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(iii) Suggest the likely advantages to a farmer of mixed farming.

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(iv) Using examples of different land uses, explain how relief influences farmers’ decisions.

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(b) Study Fig. 11 (Insert), which shows information about land use in Pakistan (an LEDC in Asia).

(i) Compare the land use to the east and west of the Indus river.

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(ii) Suggest reasons why some rice farmers in countries such as Pakistan are commercial farmers while others are subsistence farmers.

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(c) For a named country or region you have studied, describe the effects of food shortages on the people who live there.

Name of country or region ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 6

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Additional Pages

If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown.

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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