Cm nang my tnh - 1 St by hoangly85 id7423546 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com Cm nang my tnh - 2 St by hoangly85 Mc lc H iu hnh MS - DOS. ................................................................................... 10 Cch Setup BIOS................................................................................................ 22 Chn on bnh qua ting bip ca bios ........................................................... 31 My tnh ku bp, bp... ri khng khi ng.................................................... 35 Bo v cmos ........................................................................................................ 36 Bo v cmos ........................................................................................................ 36 B mt v tc ca pc....................................................................................... 37 Bo mch ch, nn tng ca tc .................................................................... 41 B ngun atx ...................................................................................................... 48 Cn bit v CPU ................................................................................................. 50 Chn on v khc phc cc li h thng........................................................ 54 Cch sa floppy disk b track 0 bad................................................................... 58 a cng gp tnh trng kh x......................................................................... 58 Fat l g ............................................................................................................... 61 Format cp thp a cng(low level format)..................................................... 63 Gn thm a tho lp..................................................................................... 64 Gii quyt s c a cng................................................................................ 67 Th thut vi Windows 98 ................................................................................. 69 Ci t modem.................................................................................................... 71 M-i li khuyn khi lp t card nng cp ...................................................... 75 M-i th thut vi modem................................................................................. 77 Cch thit lp mng my tnh qui m nh........................................................ 80 Mng my tnh.................................................................................................... 84 Ni kt my tnh ................................................................................................. 87 Xy dng mt mng my tnh............................................................................ 89 S dng usb ........................................................................................................ 93 S dng a cd rom......................................................................................... 95 Cm nang my tnh - 3 St by hoangly85 DMA v cc ch-ng trnh qun l b nh........................................................ 99 Ghost 5.1 ........................................................................................................... 104 S dng a cng IDE .................................................................................. 106 Boot 2 h iu hnh ......................................................................................... 112 S dng disk manager ca hng sn xut a cng ................................... 113 cng trn 4GB khng khi ng -c ......................................................... 115 Phc hi d liu trong a cng b cht bt ng.......................................... 116 Nhng s c phn cng................................................................................... 116 Khc phc s c hin th mn hnh ................................................................ 119 Tn dng cc chc nng ca DiskEdit ........................................................... 120 Nguyn tc sa cha cc thng bo ca DOS................................................ 122 S dng Card Sound........................................................................................ 123 L-u d phng v phc hi Registry:............................................................... 131 Chy c NT ln Windows 95/98 ...................................................................... 155 Khc phc li CDRom ca Win 98 Beta 3...................................................... 157 Ti -u ha Windows 98 ................................................................................... 158 Ci t Windows2000....................................................................................... 163 Giao thc mng ................................................................................................ 170 Cch bm u dy RJ45 vo cp utp .............................................................. 170 Tng tc kt ni vo mng.......................................................................... 172 th thut registry cho mng ni b(lan) ......................................................... 174 Nhn i tin ch mn hnh............................................................................. 178 To logo khi ng mi trong rom bios ......................................................... 178 Ph lc: Cc b phn cu thnh my tnh..................................................... 181 Cm nang my tnh - 4 St by hoangly85 i c-ng v my tnh v cng ngh tin hc. I- Tin hc v cng ngh thng tin . 1- Tin hc (Informatics): L 1 ngnh nghin cu v cu trc v tnh cht ca thng tin, v l-u tr, x l v truyn tin. Qu trnh -c thc hin mt cch t ng trn My tnh in t. 2- Cng ngh thng tin (Information Technology): Bao gm tt c cc hnh ng v cc cng ngh cha ng ni dung x l thng tin bng ph-ng tin in t t vic thu nhp, l-u tr, tm kim, ch bin, truyn thng tin cho n vic x l thng tin cho mi lnh vc. 3- Thng tin (Information ): L nhng hiu bit v 1 s kin, 1 hin t-ng no qua kho st, o l-ng v nghin cu. 4- X l thng tin ( Data Processing ): Qu trnh x l thng tin bao gm: Thu nhn - Phn loi - Sp xp - Tng hp - L-u tr - Tnh ton - So snh - La chn - Tm kim - Thng k - Cp nht - To lp thng tin mi. Tm li l iu khin qu trnh x l nhm t -c 1 mc ch nht nh. Thng tin -c biu din qua nhng hnh thc : con s - ch vit - ting ni - m thanh - hnh nh. Thng qua phn tch, tng hp, x l ta thu -c thng tin c gi tr ln. II- My tnh in t. 1- My tnh in t: my tnh trong s dng ph-ng tin in t m qu trnh hot ng ca n da vo qu trnh hot ng vt l ca thit b in t. My tnh in t c chc nng x l t ng theo ch-ng trnh t chnh xc cao, tc nhanh. My tnh in t khc my khc ( bin i dng nng l-ng ny sang dng nng l-ng khc ) m n bin i thng tin x l thng tin. Nguyn l tnh ton ca my tnh in t c 2 dng: Nguyn l t-ng t: S dng 1 i l-ng vt l bin thin lin tc biu din v x l s liu My tnh t-ng t Nguyn l s ( Digital ): S dng 1 i l-ng vt l bin thin gin on biu din v x l s liu My tnh s. Cm nang my tnh - 5 St by hoangly85 2- Cu trc chung ca MTT: MTT t khi ra i cho ti nay, d -c ci tin lin tc vn gm c 5 khi chnh sau: Ch thch : Quan h vn chuyn Quan h iu khin Hot ng MTT: Cc ch-ng trnh m s liu u vo -c -a vo b nh trong nh cc thit b vo. Khi thc hin ch-ng trnh th cc cu lnh ca ch-ng trnh v s liu ln l-t -a ra s dng. Tp lnh -c tch lu trong b nh trong s -c -a vo thit b iu khin ( CU) theo trnh t nht nh. Cc cu lnh s -c gii m v thc hin, t ton b thit b trong h thng MTT s -c thc hin v iu khin theo tp lnh m thit b iu khin pht ra. Mt khc cc s liu trong b nh -a dn ALU thc hin cc php ton s hc, php ton lgic,..v.. Ta thy quan h gia b nh trung tm vi ALU l quan h 2 chiu: S liu -a vo ALU x l. Khi ALU x l xong s -a v b nh trung tm v c th lp li hu hn ln. khi c lnh t CPU th s liu ny c th -a ra cc thit b ngoi vi. B nh trong + CU + ALU to thnh khi x l s liu gi l CPU. Thit b vo Input Device B nh ngoi EXT-Memory Thit b ra Output Device B nh trung tm Centrer-Memory ALU Arithmetric-Logic Unit CU Control-Unit Thit b ngoi vi B x l trung tm CPU Control Processing Unit Cm nang my tnh - 6 St by hoangly85 Cc thit b ngoi vi trong h thng tuy khng trc tip tham gia x l s liu nh-ng lin kt trc tip MTT. N c 4 nhim v: -a s liu vo -a s liu ra Truyn v phi ghp d liu L-u tr d liu. Cm nang my tnh - 7 St by hoangly85 III- phn loi My tnh in t. 1- Phn loi theo ln: Micro Computer (My vi tnh) - cn -c gi l my tnh c nhn (Persioner Computer) : th-ng ch c 1 b x l, c c im nh gn, kh nng lm vic phong ph, d dng s dng. N c th ni mng d-i dng thit b u cui (Terminal) tng kh nng lm vic. Mini Computer (My tnh c trung): Th-ng s dng nhiu b x l. C kh nng x l mnh hn rt nhiu so vi my PC Main frame Computer (My tnh c ln): C nhiu b x l mnh, c kh nng x l thng tin khng l vi tc , chnh xc ln. Ng-i ta th-ng s dng loi my ny iu hnh mng my tnh c ln, trong trung tm nghin cu ln. Cn gi l siu my tnh. 2- Phn loi theo th h my tnh ( Lch s my tnh ): Th h Zero ( my tnh c kh ) - 1642 - 1945: My tnh u tin do nh ton hc Blase Pascal ch to 1642. Th h 1 (1945-1955): Nh ton hc Anh l Turing thit k ra chic my tnh s dng n in t l chic my tinhs ENIAC. Kin trc my tnh c 18000 bng in t, tiu tn nng l-ng 140 kW/h. Th h 2 (1955-1965): Dng transistor, l b-c ngot trong ch to my tnh, cho ra i my tnh c kh nng x l tnh ton nhanh hn ( vi chc ngn php tnh/giy ) , nng l-ng tiu th gim nhiu. Th h 3 (1965-1980): S dng mch tch hp IC, tc tnh ton vi trm ngn php tnh/giy Th h 4 (1980-....): S dng mch tch hp IC mc cao, xut hin my tnh PC, tc tnh ton rt ln ( hng chc triu, trm triu v hng t php tnh/giy). Cm nang my tnh - 8 St by hoangly85 IV- phn cng- phn mm My tnh. 1) Phn cng: Bao gm tt c thit b tin hc v in t -c s dng trong vn x l, l-u tr thng tin. Ni mt cch khc phn cng l phn xc. Cc loi thit b phn cng nh- hnh v: Mouse 2) Phn mm: Bao gm tt c cc ch-ng trnh do ng-i vit ra m my tnh c th thc hin -c, chy -c. C 4 loi phn mm chnh Phn mm h thng: bao gm cc ch-ng trnh lm nhim v iu khin mi hot ng ca h thng my tnh ( ta th-ng hay gi l h iu hnh). V d : - H iu hnh MS-DOS: l h iu hnh h-ng a, n nhim. - H iu hnh UNIT: l h iu hnh a nhim - H iu hnh WINDOWS: h iu hnh dng ca s, biu t-ng - H iu hnh mng my tnh : NOVEL, WINDOWS NT,.... Phn mm tin ch: l cc ch-ng trnh gip cho ng-i lm vic trn my tnh mt cch thun li, ch yu l cc ch-ng trnh tr gip vic qun l my tnh nh-: NC, NU, PCSHELL,... Cc ngn ng lp trnh: PASCAL, C v C++, LISP,... Monitor CPU Key board Camera CD-ROM MODEM Printer Ploter Scaner Digitizen Cm nang my tnh - 9 St by hoangly85 Cc ch-ng trnh ng dng: Cc ch-ng trnh ng dng trong qun l: FOXPRO,ACCESS, EXCEL... Cc ch-ng trnh son tho: BKED, WINWORD,... Cc phn mm ng dng trong cc ngnh k thut : AutoCAD, MECAD,.... V - Biu din thng tin trn my tnh: 1) D liu cho my tnh: L nhng thng tin m my tnh c th x l -c, l cc con s, cc k t, m thanh, hnh nh,.v.v. oc t chc theo 1 nguyn tc no v oc chun ho to iu kin thun li trong x l t ng. 2) M ho thng tin: My tnh ch c kh nng nhn bit -c 2 trng thi : c in v khng c in. V vy nu ta biu din cc d liu trn v dng h nh phn ( c 2 s 0,1 ) th my tnh c th hon ton x l -c da trn cc php tnh ca h nh phn. V d : mt s 25= 1*24+1*23+0*22+0*21+1*20 th s 25 c th biu din d-i dng h nh phn. Ng-i ta xy dng bng m tiu chun ASCII trong m ho cc k t, cc con s h thp phn, cc k hiu c bit,... Trn c s h nh phn ng-i ta tin hnh t hp thnh h bt phn, h 16,.v.v. 3) Cc n v thng tin: T 2 trng thi h nh phn, ng-i ta ly lm n v thng tin nh nht l Bit ( Binary Digital ) T hp 8 bit thnh n v 1 Byte, nh- vy 1 byte c 28=256 trng thi T hp 210 byte thnh Kilobyte: 1 KB=210 byte = 1024 B T hp 210 KB thnh Megabyte: 1 MB=210 KB = 1024*1024 B T hp 210 MB thnh Gigabyte: 1 GB=210 MB T hp 210 GB thnh Tetabyte: 1 TB=210 GB 4) Phn loi b nh: c th x l cc thng tin v ly kt qu, ta phi s dng cc b nh. B nh chia ra lm b nh trong v b nh ngoi: B nh trong: l b nh m vi x l c th nh a ch theo a ch nh -c , b nh trong chia 2 phn c bn l ROM v RAM. ROM : Read Only Memory: B nh ch c. RAM: Random Access Memory: B nh truy nhp ngu nhin, c kh nng c, ghi -c. Cm nang my tnh - 10 St by hoangly85 b) B nh ngoi: l b nh m vi x l khng th nh a ch theo a ch nh -c. Cc thng tin trn b nh ngoi -c x l d-i dng file. B nh ngoi nh- ba c l, bng t, a mm, a cng, a quang,.v.v H iu hnh MS - DOS. I) Gii thiu v h iu hnh MS - DOS ( MicroSoft - Disk Operating System ): 1) nh ngha: L h thng ch-ng trnh iu khin mi hot ng ca my tnh. Ch-ng trnh do ta to ra tc ng vi phn cng ca my tnh nhm thc hin cc yu cu no . L phn mm h thng, l mi tr-ng giao tip gia ng-i v my tnh, n c cc nhim v: *) Nh- 1 ng-i thng dch gia ng-i v my tnh, nhn mnh lnh t ng-i dng d-i dng ngn ng sau dch ra m my my tnh thc hin. *) Cung cp cc dch v c bn m cc ch-ng trnh chy trn MT c th s dng. *) L tp hp cc ch-ng trnh phn mm nm sn trong b nh RAM phc v cho vic thc hin cc ch-ng trnh khc. N c cc chc nng: *) Qun l, phn phi v thu hi b nh ( c b nh trong v b nh ngoi ). *) iu khin hot ng ca h thng thit b ngoi vi. *) Tr gip iu khin thc hin cc ng dng phn mm. *) Qun l thng tin trn a d-i dng cc file thng tin. Cm nang my tnh - 11 St by hoangly85 H iu hnh MS - DOS dng cho cc my vi tnh, n th-ng trc trong MT t khi khi ng cho n khi tt my. 2 ) Lch s pht trin ca H iu hnh MS - DOS: 3) Cc thnh phn c bn ca h iu hnh MS - DOS: Gm c 6 thnh phn: *- ROM - BIOS * - Record khi ng * - IBMBIO.COM ( IO.SYS) *- IBMDOS.COM ( MSDOS.SYS) *- COMMAND.COM *- Cc lnh ngoi tr ca DOS 3 tp IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS v COMAND.COM cn gi l cc tp h thng. a) ROM - BIOS ( ROM - Base Input Output System): Cha cc dch v vo ra c s m mi phn mm my tnh u dng n (cn gi l cc dch v vo ra c s) nh- : Xut k t ra mn hnh. c 1 cung t trn a t . Ghi 1 cung t trn a t . N -c ghi ngay t ni sn xut. b) Record khi ng ( Cn gi l Boot Sector hoc Boot Record i vi a mm, gi l Master boot Record i vi a cng ): N cha 1 ch-ng trnh tm file. Cm nang my tnh - 12 St by hoangly85 Record khi ng s tm v np cc file IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS, sau n trao quyn iu khin ngay cho cc file . c) IBMBIO.SYS ( IO.SYS ): File ny cha cc dch v vo ra c s b sung hoc sa i cc dch v c sn trong ROM - BIOS d) IBMDOSSYS ( MSDOS.SYS ): Cha tt c cc dch v ca DOS lin quan n File : c, xem, sa, xo ... v cc dch v ngt ( gi cc ch-ng trnh khc ). 2 file IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS th IO.SYS ng tr-c MSDOS.SYS v u c cc thuc tnh : Read only, Hidden, system e) COMMAND.COM: Gm c 2 dng: Command Tnterprefer ( Thng dch lnh ) v Command Processor ( X l lnh ) l b thng dch v x l lnh ca DOS c chc nng nhn lnh t bn phm , gii m lnh v thc hin lnh. Command.com c 3 phn: Phn 1: l phn th-ng tr trong RAm lm nhim v kim sot, canh gi phn bn th-ng tr. Phn th-ng tr np vo RAM sau khi np MSDOS.SYS. Phn 2: lm nhim v np tip cc phn sau phn th-ng tr vi nhim v tm xem trong a c file Config.sys v .bat, nu c s cho thc hin cc file . Xong nhim v th phn ny -c gii phongd ra khi RAM. Phn 3: chnh l phn bn th-ng tr cha cc ch-ng trnh thng dch, cc ch-ng trnh x l lnh. Phn ny c th -c gii hng ra khi RAM khi cn thit th np t a vo. g) Cc lnh ngoi tr ca DOS: L cc ch-ng trnh c ui .COM v .EXE do cc phn mm khc to ra v chy -c trn DOS. Chng -c nm trn a t, khi cn dng -c gi vo RAM, khi khng cn dng -c gii phng ra khi RAM. II ) Qun l thng tin trn a: 1) File v k thut qun l File: a) nh ngha File: l tp hp cc thng tin c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau -c t chc theo mt nguyn tc nht nh trn cc vt ti theo mt ph-ng php xc nh. Vt ti l a t, bng t ,CD-ROM... b) K thut qun l File: Tn File ( File name ): gm c cc phn nh- sau: Cm nang my tnh - 13 St by hoangly85 Tn ring ( c t 1-8 k t i vi DOS v c 1256 k t i vi WINDOWS 98, khng c du cch ) l tn do ng-i s dng t ra th-ng l tn gi nh. Tn m rng ( cn gi l tn loi file hoc l tn ui ): Khng qu 3 k t v cng khng c du cch. Tn m rng cho ta bit loi file. Gia tn ring v tn m rng c du "." ngn cch. c) Th- mc ( Directory ): DOS qun l cc file thng tin trn a thnh tng nhm v phn thnh nhiu cp khc nhau gi l th- mc, vi mc ch l to iu kin cho vic tm kim thng tin trn a thun tin nht. DOS t chc v qun l th- mc trn a theo dng hnh cy. Mi th- mc c 1 tn ring, th- mc gc ca mi a k hiu '\' ( du path ), cn tn cc th- mc khc t t 1 - 8 k t, khng c du cch. Ta xt 1 v d v t chc th- mc qun l sinh vin tr-ng i hc KTCN nh- sau: d) -ng dn ( path): L 1 dy cc cc du "\" v tn cc th- mc cho ti 1 th- mc c th gip cho vic tm thng tin v chy cc ch-ng trnh ng dng. V d: C:\DHKTCN\KDIEN e ) a ( Driver): L thit b ca MT c v ghi thng tin ln b nh ngoi nh- a t ( DISK), a quang (CD - ROM), ... Mi a u c tn nhn dng l ch ci ting Anh t A..Z. Trong quy nh l A,B l a mm. C..Z l da cng, lgic hoc CD-ROM. III) Khi ng my tnh: 1) Trnh t khi ng: HKTCN KCOKHI KIEN K33I K33IA TC98I K33MB K33MA TC98M Cm nang my tnh - 14 St by hoangly85 Khi khi ng MT ( trn b nh ngoi phi c cc file h thng), u tin ROM-BIOS thc hin chy ch-ng trnh kim tra tnh hon thin ca MT. Tip theo ch-ng trnh ny s thc hin ti Boot sector t a khi ng vo RAM. Khi Boot sector tm c v ti phn tip theo l IO.SYS, n ch c vi sector u ri chuyn quyn iu hnh cho file ny. Ti tip MSDOS.SYS Tip ti COMMAND.COM. COMMAND.COM s tm cc file CONFIG.SYS v .BAT thc hin t ng cc lnh ny. Hon thnh qu trnh khi ng th s hoc l xut hin du nhc, hoc l mi tr-ng lm vic ca lnh cui cng trong file .BAT 2) Cc dng khi ng my tnh: a) Khi ng t a cng ( a C phi -c ci t h iu hnh DOS): B ngh a A(B)- tc khng cho a mm vo cc ny Bt ngun in mn hnh Bt ngun in CPU b) Khi ng t a mm ( a mm phi -c ci t cc file h thng): Cho a mm vo a Bt ngun in mn hnh Bt ngun in CPU Ch : Tr-ng hp a khng ci t cc File h thng s c thng bo: " No System or disk eror. Replace and press any key when ready" c) Khi ng nng: L hnh thc khi ng li my khi my ang c in, ta c 2 cch Cch 1: n ng thi 3 phm Ctr + Alt + Del Cch 2: n nt Reset Ngoi ra ta cn c cc ph-ng php khi ng t BootROM ( nu c lp mng cc b ) Hoc t a CD-ROM IV - Cc lnh ca DOS: 1) Dng tng qut v 1 s vn chung v lnh ca DOS: a) Dng tng qut: T kha Cc tham s lnh Trong : Cm nang my tnh - 15 St by hoangly85 T kho ( key word): l 1 t ting Anh nhm xc nh chc nng ca lnh, c th l mt t vit tt theo quy tc chun ca DOS. Cc tham s lnh: c th l tham s bt buc hoc tham s khng bt buc. th-ng hay quy -c vit khi ging bi th tham s bt buc t gia 2 du < ...> , cn tham s tu chn t gia 2 du [ ...] b) Cch nh lnh: i vi DOS th cc nh lnh l g vo t bn phm. G k t no th xut hin trn bn phm k t , nu g sai th ta dng phm Delete hoc phm Back spase xo v g li. G xong lnh th n phm Enter ( th-ng k hiu ) nhp lnh vo my thc hin. Nu g sai t kho hc cc tham s th c thng bo: " Bad command or filename" Mun gi li lnh c th n phm F3 c) K t i din: Th-ng dng k t ?,* lm k t i din Du ? i din cho 1 k t bt k no Du * i din cho nhiu k t bt k Ta th-ng dng cc k t i din ny khi dng cc lnh thao tc vi file v th- mc. d) Lnh ni tr v lnh ngoi tr: DOS c 2 loi lnh: Nhm lnh ni tr: Sau khi khi ng my, n lun th-ng trc trong b nh RAM, chng -c t trong file COMMAND.COM Nhm cc lnh ngoi tr: Bao gm cc lnh l cc ch-ng trnh mang 1 chc nng ring, chng nm trn a d-i dng c ui COM v EXE. Mun chy 1 ch-ng trnh no ta phi np t a vo, sau khi chy xong n s gii phng ra khi b nh. 2) Cc lnh tc ng ln th- mc: a) Lnh xem th- mc ( DIR - Directory): l lnh ni tr. C php: DIR [ a][-ng dn][] [ Tham s] Lnh ny s hin ln mn hnh ton b ni dung trong th- mc cn xem, bao gm cc th- mc con v cc file th- mc . Cc tham s: - /A: hin c cc file n ( file c thuc tnh hidden ) - /P: hin theo chiu dc (Page) - /W: hin theo chiu rng ( ct ) - Wide Mt s dng thc c bit: - DIR : hin ni dung th- mc hin hnh ( th- mc ang ng ) Cm nang my tnh - 16 St by hoangly85 - DIR *.Tn m rng : xem cc file c cng dng tn m rng b) Lnh to th- mc - MD ( Make Directory ): l lnh ni tr. Lnh ny c chc nng to lp th- mc mi trn a ( nh-ng ti v tr to lp khng c th- mc cng tn ). C php : MD [ a][-ng dn] c) Lnh thay i th- mc - CD ( Change Directory)- lnh ni tr: Lnh ny di chuyn sang mt th- mc mi. C php : CD [ a][-ng dn] Mt s dng c bit: - Thay i ln th- mc cha: CD.. - Thay i ln th- mc gc: CD\ d) Lnh xo th- mc - RD ( Remove Directory)- l lnh ni tr: C php: RD [ a][-ng dn] Lnh ny c 3 iu kin: - Ni dung trong th- mc cn xo phi rng - Tn th- mc cn xo phi trn a - Phi ng th- mc ngoi mi xo -c e) Lnh hin th cy th- mc - TREE - lnh ngoi tr ( V vy trn a phi c file TREE.COM ): C php: TREE [ a][-ng dn] [/F] Tham s /F ngoi hin cy th- mc cn cho ta bit c tn cc file trong th- mc con g) Lnh xo cy th- mc -DELTREE - lnh ngoi tr ( V vy trn a phi c file DELTREE.COM ): C php: DELTREE [ a][-ng dn] Ton b cc th- mc con v cc file bn trong th- mc -c ch ra trong -ng dn u b xo ht h) Lnh t -ng dn- PATH-l lnh ni tr: C php: PATH [ a][-ng dn]; [ a][-ng dn] Cm nang my tnh - 17 St by hoangly85 Lnh ny gip vic thi hnh cc ch-ng trnh -c ch ra trong -ng dn, do ng-i ta t bn trong 1 file c kh nng t ng ngay sau khi khi ng my ( v d nh- trong file CONFIG.SYS, file .BAT). Xt 1 v d: .... 3) Cc lnh tc ng lin quan n File: a) Lnh sao chp file - COPY - l lnh ni tr: C php: COPY [ a][-ng dn][] [ a][-ng dn][] Lnh ny c tc dng sao chp ni dung t file ngun sang file ch no . Nu tn file ch khng c th ly lun tn file ngun ( lc ny th th- mc cha file ch phi khc th- mc cha file ngun ), cn nu mun c tn file ch khc th phi nh tn file vo ( lc ny file ch c th cng th- mc vi file ngun ) C th khng cn ch ra [ a] [-ng dn] file ngun (hoc file ch) nu ta ang ng th- mc cha file ngun ( hoc th- mc cha file ch) C th dng cc k t i din thc hin copy cc file cng loi do k t i din ch ra. b) Lnh xa file - DEL - l lnh ni tr: C php: DEL [ a][-ng dn][][/P] Lnh ny c tc dng xo 1 file hoc mt nhm file -c ch ra tn file cn xo ( khi xo 1 nhm file phi s dng k t i din ). /P nhc ta khng nh li mi khi xo thc s 1 file hoc 1 nhm file c) Lnh khi phc file b xo nhm -UNDELETE - l lnh ngoi tr ( v vy trong a phi c file UNDELETE.EXE): C php: UNDELETE [ a][-ng dn][] Lnh ny c tc dng phi phc file ta xo nhm, nu khng c tn phi cn khi phc th khi phc tt c cc file trong th- mc ch ra trong -ng dn. Chng ta cng c th dng k t i din khi phc cc file cng loi. d) Lnh xem ni dung file vn bn - TYPE - l lnh ni tr: C php: TYPE [ a][-ng dn][][>PRN] Tc dng lnh ny l hin ni dung tp vn bn ra mn hnh xem, nu c >PRN th ni dung file vn bn -c in ra my in, lnh ny ch xem cc file c ni dung ngn. Cm nang my tnh - 18 St by hoangly85 e) Lnh xem ni dung file vn bn - MOVE - l lnh ngoi tr ( phi c tp MORE.COM a): C php: MOVE [ a][-ng dn][] Lnh ny khc lnh lnh TYPE ch l ht 1 trang vn bn trn mn hnh th my dng li. Mun xem tip th n 1 phm bt k. f) Lnh in file vn bn - PRINT - l lnh ngoi tr ( phi c tp PRINT.EXE a): C php: PRINT [ a][-ng dn][] g) Lnh i tn file - REN - l lnh ni tr: C php: REN [ a][-ng dn][] 4) Cc lnh lin quan n a: a) Cu trc vt l ca a t: a t l b nh ngoi, l ni l-u tr thng tin. Hnh thc l-u tr thng tin trn da t l thng tin -c ghi ln cc b mt a theo cc -ng trn ng tm gi l track ( a cng l cylinder). Mi track li -c chia thnh cc cung gi l sector, kch th-c sector c th 128, 512, 1024,..v.v byte. Thng th-ng hin nay l 512 byte. to thun li cho vic c v ghi ln a, ng-i ta cn nhm mt s sector thnh 1 lin cung ( cluster). ng thi DOS c cch t chc qun l theo quy tc nht nh. DOS chia a thnh 4 phn: Phn 1: Boot sector ( bn ghi khi ng) chim 1 sector trn a v l sector u tin. Phn 2: Bng FAT ( File allocation table ) - bng v tr file trn a: Bng FAT nm ngay sau Boot sector ( tc l sector 2). FAT cha thng tin chnh thc v khun dng v bn cc sector m cc file chim gi trn a. Nh- vy DOS dng FAT qun l cc khng gian Sector Track Cm nang my tnh - 19 St by hoangly85 l-u tr ca a. Do FAT rt quan trng nn c n 2 bn sao ging nhau trn a. Phn 3: Th- mc gc ( Root directory ) l phn k tip sau bng FAT. y l 1 bng cho php nhn dng cc file trn a. Mi mc ca Th- mc gc cha tn tp, kch th-c tp, s hiu clusterr u tin m file chim gi. Phn 4: Phn d liu: L phn tip theo th- mc gc cho n ht, -c dng l-u tr d liu. b) Lnh khi to a - FORMAT - l lnh ngoi tr ( v vy phi c file FORMAT.COM trn a): C php : FORMAT [ a][cc tham s] Tc dng lnh ny l to nn cc khun dng a nh- to ra track, sector, cluster, Boot sector, th- mc gc,.v.v. v cp nht cc file h thng ca DOS vo a. Cc tham s c th l: - /U : xo sch thng tin trn a - /V: cho php t tn nhn - /S: Cp nht 4 file h thng ln a, nu khng c phn ny th a ch l-u tr thng tin, khng dng khi ng my -c. c) Lnh sao chp a mm - DISKCOPY - l lnh ngoi tr ( phi c file DISKCOPY.COM trn a): C php : DICOPY [ a ngun] [ a ch][/V] Tc dng lnh ny sao chp ton b ni dung 1 a mm l (a ngun) sang a mm khc ( a ch) khc cng loi Tham s /V dng kim tra thng tin -c sao chp c ng khng. 4) Cc file CONFIG.SYS v .BAT: y l 2 file nm a khi ng v ngay th- mc gc v -c DOS thc hin t ng khi khi ng my. a) File CONFIG.SYS: Cha cc cu hnh ca phn cng ca my tnh (nh- b nh, bn phm, con chut, my in,...) gip cho DOS v cc ch-ng trnh khc s dng -c chng. File ny bao gm mt tp hp cc cu lnh, vic son ra flie ny c th dng bt k h son tho no. C mt s lnh thng th-ng trong file CONFIG.SYS nh- sau: - Lnh BREAK: C php: BREAK=ON/OF Cm nang my tnh - 20 St by hoangly85 Nu l ON th khi ang chy 1 ch-ng trnh no mun dng li th ch cn n Ctrl + C hoc Ctrl + Break - Lnh BUFFERS: C php: BUFFERS= con s buffers Lnh ny to ra mt vng m trong b nh trong dng gh9i trung gian khi c ghi a. B m cng ln th tc c ghi cng ln nhng dung l-ng b nh trong gim. Mt buffers = 512 byte. - Lnh DEVICE: dung np cc ch-ng trnh iu khin thit b ci t -c. C php : DEVICE=[ a][-ng dn] < Ch-ng trnh iu khin> - Lnh FILES: khai bo s tp c th m ng thi C php : FILES=s file -c m cng mt lc. Tc dng: Xc nh s file ti a c th m cng mt lc b) Tp .BAT Tp .BAT c th cha bt k cu lnh no m ta mun thi hnh ngay khi khi ng my nh-: lnh xo mn hnh, lnh gi NC, lnh chy WINDOWS ,... Ngoi ra cn mt s cu lnh c bit khc nh- sau: *) Lnh ECHO OFF: khng hin cc lnh trong tp .BAT khi thc hin *) Lnh PATH *) Lnh SET : To mt bin mi tr-ng *) Lnh PROMPT - l lnh ni tr: lnh thay i du nhc lnh cu lnh:PROMPT $P$G $G:lm du nhc lnh c du > $p:lm du nhc lnh c du \ Ch :khi sa i to mi file trn, phi khi ng li my th cc lnh trn mi c tc dng. 6) Mt s lnh khc v chy cc ch-ng trnh ng dng. a) Xem h-ng dn cu lnh (trn a c file HELP.EXE v HELP.Text) C php: HELP {tn lnh} hoc F1 b) Lnh xo mn hnh- CLS (Clear Serecm). C php: CLS c) Lnh xem v sa ngy thng:DATE C php: Cm nang my tnh - 21 St by hoangly85 DATE d) Lnh xem v sa thi gian- TIME C php: TIME e) Lnh xem th h ca DOS-VER. C php: VER g) Chy cc ch-ng trnh : C php: { a}{-ng dn}{tn file ch-ng trnh} Cm nang my tnh - 22 St by hoangly85 Cch Setup BIOS Khi khi ng my ln u tin, my tnh s c mt tp hp d liu -c l-u trong CMOS (mt chip b nh c bit lun hot ng nh 1 cc pin nh), khng c thng tin ny my tnh s b t lit. Vic xc lp cc thng tin ny gi l Setup Bios v bao gi ng-i bn cng phi lm th tc Setup Bios ngay sau khi rp my. Nh-ng bn cng phi bit cch Setup Bios phng tr-ng hp my t mt cc thng tin l-u trong Bios v cc l do nh-: Ht pin, nhiu in, virus...Hin nay, ng-i ta dng Flash Ram l-u thng tin Bios nn khng cn phi c Pin nui trn mainboard. Ty Mainboard, cc mc trong Bios c th khc nhau theo tng hng ch to (Award, Ami, Pheonix...) nh-ng v cn bn chng vn ging nhau v trong phn ny ch yu bn v cn bn, cn cc tnh nng ring bn phi chu kh tm hiu thm nh vo cc kin thc cn bn ny. Mn hnh Bios Setup a s l mn hnh chy ch TEXT. Gn y ang pht trin loi BiosWin (Ami) c mn hnh Setup gm nhiu ca s ging t-ng t Windows v s dng -c Mouse trong khi Setup nh-ng cc mc vn khng thay i. Ch thao tc vo Bios Setup l: Bm phm Del khi mi khi ng my i vi my i Loan. i vi cc my M, th-ng l bn phi thng qua ch-ng trnh qun l my ring ca tng hng nu mun thay i cc thng s ca Bios. * Bios th-ng: Di chuyn vt sng la chn mc bng cc phm mi tn. Thay i gi tr ca mc ang Set bng 2 phm Page Up v Page Dn. Sau nhn phm Esc thot khi mc (gi tr mi s -c l-u tr). Nhn F10 thot Setup Bios nu mun l-u cc thay i, khi hp thoi hin ra, bm Y l-u, N khng l-u. Nhn Esc nu mun thot m khng l-u thay i, khi hp thoi hin ra, bm Y khng l-u, N tr li mn hnh Setup Bios. * Bios Win: Mn hnh Setup xut hin d-i dng ha gm nhiu ca s, s dng -c mouse nu bn c mouse loi: PS/2 mouse, Microsoft mouse, Serial mouse, Logitect C mouse. Dng mouse bm kp vo ca s m mt thnh phn, bm vo mc cn thay i, mt ca s lit k gi tr xut hin, bm vo gi tr mun chn ri thot bng cch bm vo nh gc trn bn tri. Nu khng c mouse, dng cc phm mi tn di chuyn, n mc cn thay i bm Enter, xut hin hp lit k, chn gi tr mi, bm Enter, cui cng bm Esc. 1. Setup cc thnh phn cn bn (Standard CMOS Setup): y l cc thnh phn c bn m Bios trn tt c cc loi my PC phi bit qun l v iu khin chng. * Ngy, gi (Date/Day/Time): Bn khai bo ngy thng nm vo mc ny. Khai bo ny s -c my tnh xem l thng tin gc v s bt u tnh t y tr i. Cc thng tin v ngy gi -c s dng khi cc bn to hay thao tc vi cc tp tin, th- mc. C ch-ng trnh khi chy cng cn thng tin ny, th d bo cho bn cp nht khi qu hn, chm dt hot ng khi n ngy quy nh...Bnh th-ng bn Set sai hay khng Set cng chng nh h-ng g n hot ng ca my. Cc thng tin ny c th sa Cm nang my tnh - 23 St by hoangly85 cha trc tip ngoi Dos bng 2 lnh Date v Time, hay bng Control Panel ca Windows m khng cn vo Bios Setup. Ch : ng h my tnh lun lun chy chm khong vi giy/ngy, thnh thong bn nn chnh li gi cho ng. Nh-ng nu qu chm l c vn cn phi thay mainboard. * a mm (Drive A/B): Khai bo loi a cho A v B, bn cn c vo vic ni dy cho a xc nh. a ni vi u ni ngoi cng ca dy ni l A, kia l B. c kch th-c ln l 1.2M 5.25 inch, nh l 1.44M 3.5 inch. Nu khng c th chn Not Installed. Nu bn khai bo sai, a s khng hot ng ch khng h- hng g, bn ch cn khai bo li. Trong cc mainboard s dng Bios i mi, khai bo sai loi da 1.2Mb thnh 1.4Mb hay ng-c li, da vn hot ng bnh th-ng nh-ng ku rt ln lc mi bt u c a, v lu di c th h- a. Cc Bios v cc card I/O i mi cho php bn tro i 2 a mm m khng cn tro i dy (swap floppy drive), tc l A thnh B v ng-c li khi s dng. Khi tro i bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O, bn nh khai bo li trong Bios Setup (Khi tro bng lnh Swap trong Bios th khng cn khai bo li), nh-ng c ng dng khng chu ci t khi Swap a mm, nht l cc ng dng c bo v chng sao chp. * a cng (Drive C/D) loi IDE: Phn khai bo a cng rc ri hn, bt buc bn phi khai bo chi tit cc thng s, bn khai bo sai khng nhng cng khng hot ng m i khi cn lm h- cng nu bn khai bo qu dung l-ng tht s ca cng v cho tin hnh FDISK, FORMAT theo dung l-ng sai ny. May mn l cc Bios sau ny u c phn d tm thng s cng IDE t ng (IDE HDD auto detection) nn cc bn khi mc cng nh khi s dng a cng loi IDE. Chng ti s ni v phn auto detect ny sau. Ngoi ra, cc cng sau ny u c ghi thng s trn nhn dn trn mt. Bn cho chy Auto detect, Bios s t ng in cc thng s ny dm bn. Vic khai bo cng C v D i hi phi ng vi vic Set cc jumper trn 2 cng. Bn xc lp cng khng phi qua u ni dy m bng cc jumper trn mch iu khin cng. Cc cng i mi ch c mt jumper 3 v tr: duy nht, Master ( C), Slave ( D) v c ghi r cch Set trn nhn. Cc a cng i c nhiu jumper hn nn nu khng c ti liu h-ng dn l rc ri, phi m mm rt lu. * a cng (Drive E/F) loi IDE: Cc Bios v cc card I/O i mi cho php gn 4 da cng, v hin nay cc da CDROM cng s dng u ni cng hot ng, gi l CDROM Interface IDE (giao din a IDE) n gin vic lp t. Ch : Khai bo l NONE trong Bios Setup cho a CD-ROM. * Mn hnh (Video) - Primary Display: EGA/VGA: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card mu EGA hay VGA, Super VGA. CGA 40/CGA 80: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card mu CGA 40 ct hay CGA 80 ct. Cm nang my tnh - 24 St by hoangly85 Mono: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card trng en, k c card VGA khi dng mn hnh trng en. * Treo my nu pht hin li khi khi ng (Error Halt): Tt c li (All error): Treo my khi pht hin bt c li no trong qu trnh kim tra my, bn khng nn chn mc ny v Bios s treo my khi gp li u tin nn bn khng th bit cc li khc, nu c. B qua li ca Keyboard (All, But Keyboard): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca bn phm. B qua li a (All, But Diskette): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a. B qua li a v bn phm (All, But Disk/Key): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a v bn phm. Khng treo my khi c li (No error): Tin hnh qu trnh kim tra my cho n khi hon tt d pht hin bt c li g. Bn nn chn mc ny bit my b trc trc b phn no m c ph-ng h-ng gii quyt. * Keyboard: Install: Cho kim tra bn phm trong qu trnh khi ng, thng bo trn mn hnh nu bn phm c li. Not Install: Khng kim tra bn phm khi khi ng. Ch : chn mc ny khng c ngha l v hiu ho bn phm v nu vy lm sao iu khin my. N ch c tc dng cho Bios khi mt cng kim tra bn phm nhm rt ngn thi gian khi ng. 2. Setup cc thnh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup): * Virut Warning: Nu Enabled, Bios s bo ng v treo my khi c hnh ng vit vo Boot sector hay Partition ca a cng. Nu bn cn chy ch-ng trnh c thao tc vo 2 ni nh-: Fdisk, Format... bn cn phi Disable mc ny. * Internal cache: Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) Cache (L1) ni trong CPU 486 tr ln. * External cache: Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) cache trn mainboard, cn gi l Cache mc 2 (L2). * Quick Power On Self Test: Nu enable Bios s rt ngn v b qua vi mc khng quan trng trong qu trnh khi ng, gim thi gian khi ng ti a. * About 1 MB Memory Test: Nu Enable Bios s kim tra tt c b nh. Nu Disable Bios ch kim tra 1 Mb b nh u tin. * Memory Test Tick Sound: Cho pht m thanh (enable) hay khng (disable) trong thi gian test b nh. * Extended Bios Ram Area: Khai bo mc ny nu mun dng 1 Kb trn nh ca b nh quy -c, tc Kb bt u t a ch 639K hay 0:300 ca vng Bios h thng trong b nh quy -c l-u cc thng tin v a cng. Xc lp c th l 1K hay 0:300. Cm nang my tnh - 25 St by hoangly85 * Swap Floppy Drive: Tro i tn 2 a mm, khi chn mc ny bn khng cn khai bo li loi a nh- khi tro bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O. * Boot Sequence: Chn a cho Bios tm h iu hnh khi khi ng. C th l C ri n A hay A ri n C hay ch c C. Bn nn chn C,A hay ch c C, phng tr-ng hp v tnh khi ng bng a mm c Virus. Hin nay trn cc Mainboard Pentium. Bios cho php bn ch nh khi ng t 1 trong 2 mm hay trong 4 cng IDE hay bng cng SCSI thm ch bng CD Rom cng -c. * Boot Up Floppy Seek: Nu Enable Bios s d tm kiu ca a mm l 80 track hay 40 track. Nu Disable Bios s b qua. Chn enable lm chm thi gian khi ng v Bios lun lun phi c a mm tr-c khi c a cng, mc d bn chn ch khi ng bng C. * Boot Up Numlock Status: Nu ON l cho phm Numlock m (n Numlock sng) sau khi khi ng, nhm phm bn tay phi bn phm dng nh s. Nu OFF l cho phm Numlock tt (n Numlock ti), nhm phm bn tay phi dng di chuyn con tr. * Boot Up System Speed: Quy nh tc ca CPU trong thi gian khi ng l High (cao) hay Low (thp). * Memory Parity Check: Kim tra chn l b nh. Chn theo mainboard v c loi cho php mc ny enable, c loi bt bn phi disable mi chu chy. u tin bn chn enable, nu my treo bn chn li l disable. Mc ny khng nh h-ng n h thng, ch c tc dng kim tra Ram. * IDE HDD Block Mode: Nu a cng ca bn h tr kiu vn chuyn d liu theo tng khi (cc a i mi c dung l-ng cao). Bn cho enable tng tc cho a. Nu a i c bn cho disable mc ny. * Pri. Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode: Nu 2 a cng -c ni vo u ni Primary ca card I/O c dung l-ng ln hn 528Mb, bn cho enable mc ny. * Sec. IDE Ctrl Drives Install: Mc ny khai bo my bn c a cng ni vo u ni Secondary ca card I/O. Cc ch nh c th l Master, Mst/Slv v disable. * Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode: Xc lp LBA cho u ni th 2. Ch : Cc mc h tr cho a cng c dung l-ng ln v cc card I/O i mi gip bn s dng a c dung l-ng trn 528Mb. Trong tr-ng hp bn cho enable cc mc ny ri mi tin hnh Fdisk v Format a, nu sau bn li disable cc mc ny hay em gn qua my khc cng chn disable, bn s khng th s dng -c da cng. Khi dng CDROM c u ni IDE, bn Cm nang my tnh - 26 St by hoangly85 nn gn vo u ni Secondary khi nh h-ng n da cng (gn vo u ni Pri) khi cn chy 32BitDiskAccess trong Windows. * Typematic Rate Setting: Nu enable l bn cho 2 mc d-i y c hiu lc. 2 mc ny thay th lnh Mode ca DOS, quy nh tc v thi gian tr ca bn phm. * Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec): Bn la chn s k t/giy tu theo tc nh phm nhanh hay chm ca bn. Nu bn Set thp hn tc nh th my s pht ting Bip khi n chy theo khng kp. * Typematic Delay (Msec): Ch nh thi gian lp li k t khi bn bm v gi lun phm, tnh bng mili giy. * Security Option: Mc ny dng gii hn vic s dng h thng v Bios Setup. Setup: Gii hn vic thay i Bios Setup, mi khi mun vo Bios Setup bn phi nh ng mt khu quy nh tr-c. System hay Always: Gii hn vic s dng my. Mi khi m my, Bios lun lun hi mt khu, nu khng bit mt khu Bios s khng cho php s dng my. Ch : Trong tr-ng hp bn ch-a ch nh mt khu, Disable (v hiu ho) mc ny, bn chn Password Setting, bn ng nh g vo cc nhp mt khu m ch cn bm ENTER. Trong tr-ng hp bn c ch nh mt khu nay li mun b i. Bn chn Password Setting, bn nh mt khu c vo nhp mt khu c (Old Password) cn trong nhp mt khu mi (New Password) bn ng nh g c m ch cn bm ENTER. C mainboard thit k thm 1 jumper xo ring mt khu ngoi jumper xo ton b thng tin trong CMOS. Tt hn ht l bn ng s dng mc ny v bn thn chng ti chng kin rt nhiu tr-ng hp d khc d c-i do mc ny gy ra. Li t m hi nhiu. Ch nhng my tnh cng cng mi phi s dng ti mc ny thi. * System Bios Shadow, Video Bios Shadow: Nu enable l cho copy cc d liu v System v Video trong Bios (c tc chm) vo Ram (tc nhanh) rt ngn thi gian khi cn truy nhp vo cc d liu ny. * Wait for if Any Error: Cho hin thng bo ch n phm F1 khi c li. * Numeric Processor: Thng bo c gn CPU ng x l (Present) trn my hay khng (absent). Mc ny th-ng c cho cc my dng CPU 286, 386, 486SX. T 486DX tr v sau c con ng x l bn trong CPU nn trn cc my mi c th khng c mc ny. * Turbo Switch Funtion: Cho nt Turbo c hiu lc (enable) hay khng (disable). Mc ny th-ng thy cc Bios i c, trn cc my i mi la chn ny th-ng bng cch Set jumper ca Mainboard. T Mainboard pentium tr i khng c mc ny. Cm nang my tnh - 27 St by hoangly85 3. Setup cc thnh phn c lin quan n vn hnh h thng (Chipset Setup): * Auto Configuration: Nu enable, Bios s t ng xc lp cc thnh phn v DRAM, Cache...mi khi khi ng ty theo CPU Type (kiu CPU) v System Clock (tc h thng). Nu Disable l cho bn t ch nh. * AT Clock Option: Nu Async (khng ng b) l ly dao ng chun ca b dao ng thch anh chia i lm tc hot ng cho AT Bus (bus 8 - 16Bit). Th-ng l 14.318MHz/2 tc 7.159MHz. C Bios cn cho chn tc ca mc ny l 14.318MHz. Nu Sync (ng b) l dng System Clock (do bn ch nh bng cch Set jumper trn mainboard) lm tc chun. * Synchronous AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector: Ch nh tc hot ng cho AT Bus bng cch ly tc chun (system clock) chia nh cn li khong 8MHz cho ph hp vi card 16Bit. Cc la chn nh- sau: CLKI/3 khi system clock l 20 - 25MHz. CLKI/4 khi system clock l 33MHz. CLKI/5 khi system clock l 40MHz. CLKI/6 khi system clock l 50MHz. Tc ny cng ln (s chia cng nh), my chy cng nhanh do tng tc vn chuyn d liu. Tuy nhin ln n u l cn ty thuc vo mainboard v card cm trn cc Slot (quan trng nht l card I/O). Cc bn phi th nghim gim s chia tng nc v ch my c khi ng hay c a bnh th-ng khng, nu pht sinh trc trc th gim xung 1 nc. Th-ng th bn c th tng -c 2 nc, th d: System clock l 40MHz, bn chn CLKI/3. Card ISA 8 v 16 Bit c th chy tt trong khong t 8MHz n 14MHz. Nu nhanh qu, th-ng card I/O gp trc trc tr-c (khng c -c a cng). * AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS: enable hay disable vic chn thm 1 thi gian ch vo thi gian chun ca AT Bus. Nu system clock d-i 33MHz chn disable. Nu trn 33MHz chn enable. * Fast AT Cycle: Khi enable s rt ngn thi gian chun ca AT Bus. * DRAM Read Wait States/DRAM Brust Cycle: D-i 33MHz l: 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 hay 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 T 33 - 45MHz l: 4 - 3 - 3 - 3 hay 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 50MHz l: 5 - 4 - 4 - 4 hay 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 Chn mc ny nh h-ng ln n tc CPU. * DRAM/Memory Write Wait States: Chn 1WS khi h thng nhanh hay DRAM chm (tc 40MHz tr ln). Chn 0WS khi h thng v DRAM c th t-ng thch (33MHz tr xung). * Hidden Refresh Option: Khi enable, CPU s lm vic nhanh hn do khng phi ch mi khi DRAM -c lm t-i. Cm nang my tnh - 28 St by hoangly85 * Slow Refresh Enable: Mc ny nhm bo m an ton d liu trn DRAM, thi gian lm t-i s ko di hn bnh th-ng. Bn ch -c enable mc ny khi b nh ca my h tr vic cho php lm t-i chm. * L1 Cache Mode: La chn gia Write-Through v Write-Back cho Cache ni trong CPU 486 tr ln. Xc lp Write-Through my s chy chm hn Write-Back nh-ng vic lc chn cn tu thuc vo loi CPU. * L2 Cache Mode: Xc lp cho cache trn mainboard. * IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP: Khi chn mc ny s xut hin mt ca s cho bn ch nh a cn d tm thng s (2 hay 4 a tu theo Bios). Sau bn bm OK hay YES Bios in vo phn Standard dm cho bn. Trong Bios i mi, Auto detect c th -a ra vi loi a. Tu theo cch s dng da (normal, LBA,...) m bn chn loi thch hp. * Power Management Setup: i vi CPU 486: Phn ny l cc ch nh cho ch-ng trnh tit kim nng l-ng sn cha trong cc Bios i mi. Ch-ng trnh ny dng -c cho c 2 loi CPU: Loi th-ng v loi CPU kiu S. CPU kiu S hay CPU c 2 k t cui SL l mt loi CPU -c ch to c bit, c thm b phn qun l nng l-ng trong CPU. Do trong phn ny c 2 loi ch nh dnh cho 2 loi CPU. i vi Pentium: Dng chung cho mi loi Pentium hay cc chp ca cc hng khc cng i vi Pentium. * Power Management/Power Saving Mode: Disable: Khng s dng ch-ng trnh ny. Enable/User Define: Cho ch-ng trnh ny c hiu lc. Min Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian di nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nng l-ng t nht). Max Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian ngn nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nhiu nht). * Pmi/Smi: Nu chn SMI l my ang gn CPU kiu S ca hng Intel. Nu chn Auto l my ang gn CPU th-ng. * Doze Timer: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Khi ng thi gian my rnh (khng nhn -c tn hiu t cc ngt) theo quy nh, CPU t ng h tc xung cn 8MHz. Bn chn thi gian theo bn (c th t 10 giy n 4 gi) hay disable nu khng mun s dng mc ny. * Sleep Timer/Standby timer: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Ch nh thi gian my rnh tr-c khi vo ch Sleep (ng-ng hot ng). Thi gian c th t 10 giy n 4 gi. Cm nang my tnh - 29 St by hoangly85 * Sleep Clock: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S: Stop CPU h tc xung cn 0MHz (ng-ng hn). Slow CPU h tc xung cn 8MHz. * HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down: Ch nh thi gian ngng motor ca a cng. * CRT Sleep: Nu Enable l mn hnh s tt khi my vo ch Sleep. * Ch nh: Cc ch nh cho ch-ng trnh qun l ngun bit cn kim tra b phn no khi chy. Ch : Do Bios -c sn xut s dng cho nhiu loi my khc nhau nn cc bn lun lun gp phn ny trong cc Bios. Thc ra chng ch c gi tr cho cc my xch tay (laptop) v xi pin nn vn tit kim nng l-ng -c t ln hng u. Chng ti khuyn cc bn ang s dng my bn (desktop) nn v hiu ho tt c cc mc trong phn ny, trnh cc tnh hung bt ng nh-: ang ci ch-ng trnh, t nhin my ng-ng hot ng, ang chy Defrag t nhin my chm cc k... 4. Phn dnh ring cho Mainboard theo chun giao tip PCI c I/O v IDE On Board (peripheral Setup): * PCI On Board IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) 2 u ni a cng IDE trn mainboard. Khi s dng Card PCI IDE ri, ta cn chn disabled. * PCI On Board Secondary IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) u ni a cng IDE th 2 trn mainboard. Mc ny b sung cho mc trn v ch c tc dng vi u ni th 2. * PCI On Board Speed Mode: Ch nh kiu vn chuyn d liu (PIO speed mode). C th l Disabled, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, Auto. Trong mode 4 l nhanh nht. * PCI Card Present on: Khai bo c s dng Card PCI IDE ri hay khng v nu c th -c cm vo Slot no. Cc mc chn l: Disabled, Auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3, Slot 4. * PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ: Ch nh cch xc lp ngt cho Card PCI IDE ri. Ch : Trong mc ny c phn xc lp th t gn ngt cho cc Card b sung. Th d: 1 = 9, 2 = 10, 3 = 11, 4 = 12 c ngha l Card u tin cm vo bt k Slot no s -c gn ngt 9, nu c 2 Card th Card cm vo Slot c s th t nh s -c gn ngt 9, Slot c s th t ln s -c gn ngt 10.v..v... * IDE 32Bit Transfers Mode: Xc lp ny nhm tng c-ng tc cho a cng trn 528Mb, nh-ng cng c a khng khi ng -c khi enabled mc ny d fdisk v format vn bnh th-ng. * Host to PCI Post Write W/S, Host to PCI Burst Write, Host to DRAM Burst Write: Cm nang my tnh - 30 St by hoangly85 Cc mc ny xc lp cho PCU Bus, khng nh h-ng nhiu n tc CPU, c th nguyn xc lp mc nhin. * PCI Bus Park, Post Write Buffer: Khi enabled cc mc ny c th tng c-ng thm tc h thng. * FDC Control: Cho hiu lc hay khng u ni cp v xc lp a ch cho a mm. * Primary Seral Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. * Secondary Serial Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 2 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. Ch : Nu bn s dng Card b sung c xc lp i ch l COM 1 hay COM 2, bn phi disabled cng t-ng ng trong hai mc trn. * Parallel Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng LPT 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. 5. H-ng dn Setup Bios: Trong cc ti liu i km mainboard, u c h-ng dn Setup Bios. Khi mua my hay mua mainboard, cc bn nh i cc ti liu ny v n rt cn cho vic s dng my. Trong cc phn Setup trn, phn Standard, Advanced c nh h-ng n vic cu hnh my. Phn Chipset nh h-ng n tc my. Phn PCI nh h-ng n cc gn ngt, a ch cho cc Slot PCI, cng; cch vn chuyn d liu cho IDE On Board. Nu gp cc thnh phn hon ton mi, tr-c tin bn hy Set cc thnh phn bit, kim tra vic thay i ca my, cui cng mi Set ti cc thnh phn ch-a bit. Chng ti xin nhc li, vic Setup Bios sai khng bao gi lm h- my v cc bn s d dng Setup li nh vo chnh Bios. Trn mainboard lun lun c 1 Jumper dng xa cc thng tin l-u trong CMOS bn c th to li cc thng tin ny trong tr-ng hp khng th vo li Bios Setup khi khi ng my. Khi tin hnh tm hiu Setup Bios, bn nn theo mt nguyn tc sau: Ch Set tng mc mt ri khi ng my li, chy cc ch-ng trnh kim tra xem tc CPU, a c thay i g khng?. Cch lm ny gp bn pht hin -c nh h-ng ca tng mc vo h thng v bn c th bit chc trc trc pht sinh do mc no sa cha. Khi xy ra trc trc m bn khng bit i ph, bn ch cn vo li Bios Setup chn Load Bios Default hay bm F6 trong phn Set m bn mun phc hi sau khi ng my li l xong. Cm nang my tnh - 31 St by hoangly85 Chn on bnh qua ting bip ca bios bao gi bn ch ti ting bp mi khi khi ng my tnh? N chnh l thng bo m ho cha ng thng tin kt qu ca qu trnh kim tra c s cc thit b phn cng trong my. Qu trnh kim tra ny c gi l POST (Power-On-Self-Test). Nu POST cho ra kt qu tt, my tnh s pht mt ting bp v mi th din ra sun s. Nu cc thit b phn cng my c vn th loa s pht ra vi ting bp. Nu gii m c nhng ting bp ny th bn c th tit kim c nhiu thi gian trong vic chn on bnh ca my tnh. Trn cc my tnh i mi hin nay, mainboard c tch hp cc chip x l m nhim nhiu chc nng, gim bt card b sung cm trn bo mch. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm gim tnh c th ca vic chn on. V d, nu chip iu khin bn phm b li th gii php duy nht l phi thay c mainboard. Bi ny, ch cp ti 2 loi BIOS tng i ph dng l Phoenix v AMI. Rt tic, Award BIOS hin nay c rt nhiu phin bn v do nh sn xut bo mch ch h tr, do chng b thay i nhiu trc khi c tung ra th trng. V vy, Award BIOS khng c cp ti trong bi ny. (POST l qu trnh kim tra ni b my c tin hnh khi khi ng hoc khi ng li my tnh. L mt b phn ca BIOS, chng trnh POST kim tra b vi x l u tin, bng cch cho n chy th mt vi thao tc n gin. Sau POST c b nh CMOS RAM, trong lu tr thng tin v dung lng b nh v kiu loi cc a dng trong my ca bn. Tip theo, POST ghi vo ri c ra mt s mu d liu khc nhau i vi tng byte b nh (bn c th nhn thy cc byte c m trn mn hnh). Cui cng, POST tin hnh thng tin vi tng thit b; bn s nhn thy cc n bo bn phm v a nhp nhy v my in c reset chng hn. BIOS s tip tc kim th cc phn cng ri xt qua a A i vi DOS; nu a A khng tm thy, n chuyn qua xem xt a C). M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS AMI 1 ting bp ngn: Mt ting bp ngn l test h thng t yu cu, do l khi bn thy mi dng test hin th trn mn hnh. Nu bn khng thy g trn mn hnh th phi kim tra li monitor v card video trc tin, xem cm ng cha. Nu khng th mt s chip trn bo mch ch ca bn Cm nang my tnh - 32 St by hoangly85 c vn . Xem li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn gp vn th c kh nng bo mch ch b li. Bn nn thay bo mch. 2 ting bp ngn: Li RAM. Tuy nhin, trc tin hy kim tra card mn hnh. Nu n hot ng tt th bn hy xem c thng bo li trn mn hnh khng. Nu khng c th b nh ca bn c li chn l (parity error). Cm li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn c li th o khe cm RAM. 3 ting bp ngn: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn. 4 ting: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn. Tuy nhin cng c th l do b t gi ca bo mch b hng 5 ting bp ngn: Cm li RAM. Nu khng th c th phi thay bo mch ch. 6 ting bp ngn: Chip trn bo mch ch iu khin bn phm khng hot ng. Tuy nhin trc tin vn phi cm li keyboard hoc th dng keyboard khc. Nu tnh trng khng ci thin th ti lc phi thay bo mch ch khc. 7 ting bp ngn: CPU b hng. Thay CPU khc. 8 ting bp ngn: Card mn hnh khng hot ng. Cm li card. Nu vn ku bp th nguyn nhn l do card hng hoc chip nh trn card b li. Thay card mn hnh. 9 ting bp ngn: BIOS ca bn b li. Thay BIOS khc. 10 ting bp ngn: Vn ca bn chnh l CMOS. Tt nht l thay bo mch ch khc. 11 ting bp ngn: Chip b nh m trn bo mch ch b hng. Thay bo mch khc. 1 bp di, 3 bp ngn: Li RAM. Bn hy th cm li RAM, nu khng th phi thay RAM khc 1 bp di, 8 bp ngn: Khng test c video. Cm li card mn hnh. BIOS PHOENIX Cm nang my tnh - 33 St by hoangly85 Ting bp ca BIOS Phoenix chi tit hn BIOS AMI mt cht. BIOS ny pht ra 3 lot ting bp mt. Chng hn, 1 bp dng-3 bp dng. Mi loi c tch ra nh mt khong dng ngn. Hy lng nghe ting bp, m s ln bp. M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS PHOENIX 1-1-3: My tnh ca bn khng th c c thng tin cu hnh lu trong CMOS. 1-1-4: BIOS cn phi thay. 1-2-1: Chip ng h trn mainboard b hng. 1-2-2: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-2-3: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-3-1: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch. 1-3-3: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch. 1-3-4: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-4-1: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-4-2: Xem li RAM. 2-_-_: Ting bp ko di sau 2 ln bp c ngha rng RAM ca bn c vn . 3-1-_: Mt trong nhng chip gn trn mainboard b hng. C kh nng phi thay mainboard. 3-2-4: Chip kim tra bn phm b hng. 3-3-4: My tnh ca bn khng tm thy card mn hnh. Th cm li card mn hnh hoc th vi card khc. 3-4-_: Card mn hnh ca bn khng hot ng. Cm nang my tnh - 34 St by hoangly85 4-2-1: Mt chip trn mainboard b hng. 4-2-2: Trc tin kim tra xem bn phm c vn g khng. Nu khng th mainboard c vn . 4-2-3: Tng t nh 4-2-2. 4-2-4: Mt trong nhng card b sung cm trn bo mch ch b hng. Bn th rt tng ci ra xc nh th phm. Nu khng tm thy c card b hng th gii php cui cng l phi thay mainboard mi. 4-3-1: Li bo mch ch. 4-3-2: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-3: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-4: ng h trn bo mch b hng. Th vo Setup CMOS v kim tra ngy gi. Nu ng h khng lm vic th phi thay pin CMOS. 4-4-1: C vn vi cng ni tip. Bn th cm li cng ny vo bo mch ch xem c c khng. Nu khng, bn phi tm jumper v hiu ho cng ni tip ny. 4-4-2: Xem 4-4-1 nhng ln ny l cng song song. 4-4-3: B ng x l s c vn . Nu vn nghim trng th tt nht nn thay. 1-1-2: Mainboard c vn . 1-1-3: C vn vi RAM CMOS, kim tra li pin CMOS v mainboard Cm nang my tnh - 35 St by hoangly85 My tnh ku bp, bp... ri khng khi ng Trong qu trnh khi ng, khi Bios pht hin ra li trc khi h thng video ca PC lm vic, n s thng bo li ny bng mt chui ting bp c tn s thay i ty theo li. Di y l ngha chui bp ca AMI Bios. Beep Thng bo li M t 1 di Khng tm thy card Video Khng p dng cho mainboad c card Video On board. 2 ngn 1 di Cha ni dy tn hiu cho mn hnh Ch p dng cho mainboad c card Video On board. 3 ngn 1 di Li lin quan n Video 1 ngn Li v lm ti b nh Mch lm ti b nh trn mainboard b h hng 2 ngn Li sai chn l Vic kim tra chn l khng c h tr trn sn phm ny. 3 ngn Li trong 64kb b nh Li trong 64Kb u tin ca Ram 4 ngn Li b nh thi B nh thi trn mainboard khng hot ng. 5 ngn Li v b x l CPU gy ra li 6 ngn Li 8042-cng A20 Bios khng chuyn sang ch bo v c. 7 ngn Li v b x l 8 ngn Li card Video Card Video hay Ram trn card b h 9 ngn Li sai s tng kim tra Rom S tng kim tra Rom khong ng vi gi tr c trong Bios Cm nang my tnh - 36 St by hoangly85 Bo v cmos My tnh ang chy thng bo li "CMOS Checksum Error". Thng bo li CMOS (Complementary Metal - Oxide Semiconductor) ny thuc v mt chip c nui bng pin gn trn bo m dng lu gi cc thng tin cu hnh phn cng. Mt s thng tin trong - v d kiu a cng m bn ci t - kh quan trng. i vi loi d liu ny bn khng h mun b mt. Nu khng c trong tay nhng chng trnh c th sao lu d phng cc thng tin CMOS nh Norton Utilities hoc Nuts & Bolts, bn phi in ra hoc ghi li cc thng tin : vo chng trnh ci t PC bng cch nhn phm hoc mt phm no (thng c ghi trn mn hnh) ngay khi ang xy ra qu trnh khi ng - trc khi Windows bt u khi ng. Bn vo tng mn hnh ca chng trnh ny v nhn in ra, hoc ghi li thng tin trong . V li ny: PC ca bn s pht thng bo li nu n cho rng thng tin CMOS b thay i m khng phi do bn ch ng thay i. Virus, ht pin, hoc mt bt thng nht thi no c th gy tnh trng ny. Khi nhn c thng bo li ny, bn phi phc hi li cc thng s ci t ca CMOS. Nu c a Rescue Disk ca Norton hoc ca Nuts & Bolts, hy khi ng li my bng a khi ng khn cp v thc hin theo nhng ch dn ca n. Nu sao lu d phng c ghi trn giy, bn phi vo chng trnh ci t h thng v phc hi li cc thng s ci t bng tay. Nu khng c sao lu d phng, bn tm hiu cu hnh ca h thng thng qua ti liu k thut ca my, hoc hi ni mua my. Khi nhp li nhng thng tin ny, bn lu li nhng thay i v khi ng PC. Kim tra bo m mi th u hot ng tt, ng Windows v tt my tnh. Sau vi pht, bt my tr li. Nu vn cn thng bo li th pin trong my ht. Bn phi m np PC v thay pin mi - hoc nh k thut vin lm vic ny. Nu pin c hn ln bo m, c l bn cn phi thay c bo m (tui th ca pin my tnh khong nm nm). Nu trc trc khng phi do pin, bn cp nht chng trnh chng virus mi nht ri thc hin qut virus. Nu chng trnh qut khng tm thy g, th hy vng trng hp hng CMOS ny ch l mt tai nn ngu nhin v s khng xy ra ln na. Cm nang my tnh - 37 St by hoangly85 B mt v tc ca pc Khi bn tm mua mt PC mi, vic quyt nh chn chip gia Intel v AMD ch l mn khi u. Di y, chng ti s hng dn bn cch lm ch cc tnh nng v la chn c my c tc nhanh tht s. Cnh tranh qu tht l mt iu hay ho, nht l khi bn tm kim PC mi c tc cao. Gn nh mnh hn cuc chin ginh u th v CPU. Cc cng ty mi trong lnh vc sn xut chip cng nhy vo cuc. Tc ca b x l c tng ln mi, gi li gim. Ngi mua c c my tnh mnh hn vi gi thp hn. Tuy nhin cnh tranh cng c th gy nn tnh trng ln ln. CPU no ph hp nht vi nhng nhu cu ring ca bn - Athlon? Celeron? Duron? Pentium III? Hay bn nn b thm t tin mua mt trong nhng h thng Pentium 4 u tin? Hn na, cuc chin CPU mi ch bt u. Liu PC mi ca bn c tng thm tc nh RDRAM hay SDRAM? Cn DDR SDRAM th sao? Megahertz hay Gigahertz? C qu nhiu vn phi gii quyt. Ch mi 4 nm trc, cache u tin ca Intel Pentium c gn sn trn b x l, cn cache Level 2 chm hn th kt ni vi chip bng bus d liu. Thit k CPU ny nay tch hp c 2 loi cache trn b x l, nh vy tc nhanh hn. B nh cache Level 2 - nguyn nhn km h m tc ca Athlon th h u tin - khng cn l vn nan gii na nh cache tch hp L2 256KB va c gii thiu ma h qua. Athlon ban u c cache L2 512KB tc chm nm ngoi chip, nhng gi y CPU loi tr thnh lc hu. m bo mua ng PC Athlon mi, hy kim tra c tnh: My phi c tng cng 384KB cache b x l (L1+L2). Nu c tnh ghi cache L2 256 cng c. Cache tng cng ca Athlon ln hn 288 KB cache tng cng ca PIII (32KB L1 v 256 KB L2). Ni chung, cache gn trn chip cng ln th tc cng cao. Ring Pentium III, mc d kch thc cache nh hn v t CPU hn so vi Athlon, nhng tc vn kh d. N l CPU c trung ca Intel, vi tc t 733 MHz n 1 GHz. "Nu bn ch vit th cho m, Pentium III l tt; nhng nu bn son tho video, nhn dng ting ni, hay s dng nh trm lm vic mc thp th P4 thch hp hn", theo li ni ca mt vin chc Inel. Thc ra P3 c rt nhiu kh nng. N mnh chy cc ng dng nng v ho nh CAD hay son tho video. Nu bn ch cn son tho vn bn, tt hn ht l tit kim vi trm USD vi chip Celeron 566 MHz r tin. Mt nh phn tch cho rng: "K hoch ca Intel l tung ra P4 mc cao cp, ri nhanh chng chuyn n xung th trng PC bc trung cnh tranh vi Athlon". Cm nang my tnh - 38 St by hoangly85 Theo i din ca Giga Information Group, Athlon va c a ra nm ngoi c kin trc mi hn v kh nng tng tc xung nhp cao hn trong tng lai, trong khi PIII dng nh t n nh im l 1GHz. Cng cha hn nh vy, Intel ang pht trin PIII thnh Tualatin, d kin pht hnh vo gia nm sau, s cnh tranh vi Athlon th trng 1000-1500 USD, theo li mt phn tch vin ca InQuest Research. Tualatin s c cache L2 512KB v h tr bus h thng 133 MHz hoc 200 MHz. N cn cho php s dng DDR SDRAM, song cng c th Intel dnh li DDR cho cc h thng P4. Nh vy PIII tip tc sng. Chn chip r tin i vi ngi dng PC c nhu cu n gin nh duyt Web, trao i e-mail th cng chng cn phi mua PIII hay Athlon. c s dng trong cc PC gi di 1000USD, nhng chip nh AMD Duron, Intel Celeron v Via Cyrix II vi tc khi u 500MHz l dng. Cui nm nay, Celeron v Duron s t ti 800MHz, cn Cyrix III s t 700 MHz. Kt hp vi tc vi gi c phi chng th Duron l thch hp hn c. Th nghim PC WorldBench 2000 cho thy PC Duron chy nhanh ngang nga vi PIII. Chng hn PC Duron 600MHz khng nhng vt PIII 600MHz 13 im, m cn thu PIII 733 MHz ch c 5 im. Duron cn sng chi hn na nu so snh vi Intel Celeron hay Via Cyrix III. Bus front-side 200MHz ca n nhanh gp 3 ln bus 66MHz ca Celeron, v n c cache tch hp 192KB (128KB L1 v 64KB L1 v 128KB L2). Cache cng ln th CPU cng t phi dng n b nh chnh lu thng tin v lnh, nh vy tc h thng nhanh hn. Tuy nhin nn nh rng tc h thng khng ch ph thuc vo CPU. Chng hn PC Celeron thng c km theo b iu khin ho tch hp trn chip ch khng phi trn card tng tc ho ring ging nh trong phn ln cc h thng PIII. B iu khin ho tch hp ny li thng chia s b nh h thng chnh ca PC. H thng b thc p, tc ho b chm li, kt qu l hnh nh trong cc tr chi 3D hay b git. Nu bn l tay chi game, tt hn ht nn u t vo PC PIII hay Athlon. Via Cyrix III c 128KB cache L1 nhng khng c cache L2, v vy n chy chm nht trong 3 loi chip gi r ni trn. Via Technology d nh u nm ti s gii thiu chip Cyrix III nng cp, m hiu l Samue II, c 64 KB cache L2 nng cao tc . Cyrix III h tr tc bus front-side l 66, 100, hay 133MHz. Hin nay cha c nh sn xut PC ln no ti M cng b s dng chip Cyrix III, do n cha c ph bin rng ri trong gii sn xut my tnh. Gim c tip th ca Via Technology cho bit cui nm nay Cyrix III s xut hin trong cc h thng t 500 n 600USD. Tc xung nhp Cm nang my tnh - 39 St by hoangly85 trong khong 500-700 MHz, nhng Via cng cng nhn l thit k ca chip ny khng cho php tc cao hn, nht l i vi cc ng dng ho. Tuy nhin, khi chy nhng chng trnh thng th ng nh x l vn bn v duyt Web, tc ca Celeron v Cyrix II l qu . Intel ang pht trin mt sn phm cnh tranh vi Cyrix III mang m hiu Timna, s ra mt khong u nm ti tng cc my tnh gi di 700USD. Timna lm gim chi ph h thng nh tch hp cc b iu khin ho v b nh vi b vi x l ngay trn chip. Mt nh phn tch tin rng thit k tch hp cao ca Timna khng nh hng ti tc h thng, thc t n cn h tr thm cho mt s ng dng. ng ni: "Khi tch hp h thng b nh ln mt chip, bn thc s c li v tc do CPU khng phi vin n chip trao i vi b nh". Liu Timna c phi l mt dng sn phm mi ngi dng cn nhc khi mua my tnh? C l l khng. Vn theo nh phn tch trn, c th Intel s gii thiu Timna di nh n hiu Celeron; ngi dng cui s khng quan tm PC Celeron 600MHz c chip Timna hay chip Celeron bn trong. Tc xung nhp cao hn l xu hng r rt. Nhng PC cn cn c bo mch ch v thit b ngai vi tc nhanh hn mi thc s tng c tc tng th. Chng hn chip Celeron th h k tip ca Intel s nng cp bus 66MHz ca phin bn hin thi ln 100MHz hoc hn-khng phi v ngi dng i hi m v bus 200MHz ca Duron nng mc tc ca my tnh cp thp ln. Cc nh phn tch cho rng ngi dng Celeron s khng nhn thy s khc bit ny khi chy cc ng dng hng ngy; bus h thng khng gy cn tr i vi cc ng dng thng thng. i din ca Intel cng ng quan im: "Tc bus i vi Celeron t quan trng. Khch hng thng ch n megahertz". Ni cc khc, khi so snh quyt nh mua my, phn ln ngi mua quan tm nhiu n loi CPU v tc (Celeron-660, Duron-600, v.v...) hn l nhng g c th lm cho PC chy nhanh. Tuy nhin hng lot nguyn nhn gy tr tr cho h thng c nh hng r rt n ngi dng, k c nhng ngi dng x l vn bn hng ngy, v c bit l nhng ai lm vic c yu vi nhng phn mm ho v hnh nh phn gii cao. C mt gii php l tng thm b nh. Nu a cng ca bn b chm ch mi khi chuyn t ng dng ny sang ng dng khc, b sung RAM c th ci thin tnh hnh. V d PC Pentium III- 500 c 128MB RAM chy nhanh hn 13% so vi PIII-500 ch c 64MB b nh. CPU di ng, tit kim nng lng Mt trn tnh ton di ng cng ang thay i rt nhanh chng. Ngi dng laptop mong mun c kh nng s dng my c ngy m khng cn cm in. p n kh ng phi t cc i gia chip Intel hay AMD: Cm nang my tnh - 40 St by hoangly85 Crusoe ca Transmeta l b x l cho my di ng duy nht c thit k tng thi gian sng ca pin, d kin c tung ra cui nm nay trong cc my xch tay nng khong 1,35-1,8KG bi cc nh sn xut PC ln nh Fujitsu, HItachi, IBM v Sony. Thay v to b x l tng thch Intel (x86) trong phn cng, Transmeta to phn mm "code-morphing" bin dch cc lnh x86 thnh lnh m c cu phn cng Very Long Instruction Word ca Crusoe c th hiu c. Cc h iu hnh v ng dng hot ng nh th chng ang chy trn chip x86, mc d khng phi vy Chip Crusoe ha hn tit kim nng lng mt cch ng k - IMB d on 7 n 8 gi lm vic trn ThinkPad 240X. Mt ThinkPad tng t vi chip Pentium III 500 MHz chy c khong 4-5 gi. V thnh phn phn cng ca Crusoe nh hn v c t transistor hn cc CPU di ng truyn thng, n to t nhit hn v dng t nng l ng hn, rt l tng cho cc notebook nh, khng c qut v cc thit b Web. Chip Crusoe dng 500mw n 1,5w nang lng - rt nh so vi 6 n 16w tiu th bi cc CPU di ng khc. Tuy nhin, IBM d on rng th h Crusoe u tin s c tc chm so vi cc CPU di ng tng ng ca AMD v Intel; "lot chip ny s c gii hn 300-600 MHz, nhng tc cao nht tng t nh PIII 500MHz". Yu im v tc ny c th gim khi cc phin bn tip theo ca b x l ra i. Trong khi , cc CPU di ng cnh tranh ca AMD v Intel li c ci tin vi nhng cng ngh tit kim nng lng m cc nh sn xut cho rng lm gim nng lng tiu th trung bnh xung mc ng k. Chng hn cng ngh SpeedStep ca Intel t ng gim in nng v tc x l Pentium III xung khi hot ng bng nng lng pin. C th b x l Pentium III di ng khi chy bng ngun in AC c tc 600MHz th khi chy pin tc cn 500MHz. Cng ngh PowerNow ca AMD chy CPU vi nhng mc in nng v tc khc nhau, tu thuc nhu cu ca tng ng dng. Cng ngh no s tit kim c nhiu nng lng nht th cn phi ch xem. Cm nang my tnh - 41 St by hoangly85 Bo mch ch, nn tng ca tc Trong s cc thnh phn cu thnh my tnh, nu CPU l yu t quyt nh kh nng v tc x l ca h thng th bo mch ch ng vai tr to ra mt mi trng hot ng n nh cho tt c cc thit b khc, k c CPU. Bn thn tn gi motherboard cng chng t iu ny. Bo mch ch, hay cn gi l bo m (motherboard) c ngha rt ln trong c h thng PC ca bn. Bn c th l ch nhn ca a cng SCSI nhanh nht, u DVD/CD-ROM tn k, 64 MB SDRAM DIMM, BXL Pentium II 400MHz, card m thanh Creative Sound Blaster Live, ha Voodoo II v modem V.90 56kbps... ngha l nhng g tt nht c th. Nhng tt c nhng th trn s u khng c ngha l nu my tnh ca bn thng xuyn b treo, chy chp chn. y l cn c mng ca nhiu ngi dng my tnh m c l nguyn nhn chnh l bn ang c mt bo mch ch cht lng km. Tht khng c g ti t hn khi bn va hon tt bn lun n 80 trang c trnh by t m vi nhiu hnh nh minh ha, v ghi thc hin ng tc lu cui cng, my tnh t ngt a ra thng bo li "cht ngi", i loi nh "khng th lu ln a cng bi....", v sau hon ton bt ng trc mi thao tc ca bn. Ch cn cch cui cng l tt my ri bt li. Kt qu tht thm hi: tp tin Word ca bn gi y ch l rng tuch vi kch thc 0 byte. Tt c nhng n lc ca bn nhm hi phc li tp tin u v ngha. Cng t y, bn mi hiu c tc hi ca mt bo mch ch ti. Bi hc v tc i vi ngi t lp rp my tnh, iu quan trng l phi chn ng bo mch ch. Bi nu c trc trc sau ny, bn phi t mnh xoay s ly m khng c s h tr k thut no. Bn c th y tc bus PCI ln n 133MHz, nhng khi ng i hi nh cung cp i cho bn bo khc trong trng hp s c. Tc quan trng, nhng tnh n nh c ngha ln hn. C g hay ho khi bn li xe vi tc 200km/h ch i c na qung ng v xe cht my. Tc ca bo mch ch phi nhanh. Tuy nhin s n nh v nhng c tnh khc nh kh nng h loi CPU, ch tit kim nng lng, cc u kt ni I/O v kim sot nhit .. ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo dng h thng v ng gi vi chi ph b ra. minh ha, bn hy th xem th mt my server dng cho LAN. Server v cc phn mm i km khng ch mnh v cu hnh, tnh nng m n cn bo trc c nhng s c sp xy ra, cho d l a cng hay cc vn lin quan n mng, v thng l t khc phc chng. iu ny cho thy tm quan trng ca s n nh v tin cy ca mt h thng. Bn d dng nhn thy l cc my PC xong xnh Cm nang my tnh - 42 St by hoangly85 thng c nhiu thit b, tnh nng ph tr b sung nhm hp dn ngi mua. Th nghim thc t Chng ta cng xem xt mt s bo mch s dng chip "Klamath", Pentium II ca Intel. y khng phi l nhng CPU mnh nht, v chng s dng loi SDRAM DIMM 66MHz v thm ch cn EDO DRAM SIMM/DIMM. Cc bo mnh da trn b chip 82440LX ny khng h tr AGP v c gi thp trong s cc bo mch Slot 1. Cc bo mch mi loi Super Socket 7 (bus 100MHz) va c a ra c gi cao hn. Loi bo mch tn tin v nhanh nht s dng b chip Intel 82440BX AGP c th chy n dnh tc 100MHz v h tr AGP, SDRAM DIMM 100MHz v tnh nng t kim sot. Nhng i vi cc bn, ngi t lp rp my tnh, th hay nht c l l c tnh t pht hin v t cu hnh c ci sn vo nhiu bo mch loi BX, gip bn khi phi kh nhc vi cc jumper v switch DIP (dual in-line package). kim tra v mt k thut, chng ta s dng chng trnh PC WorldBench 98 (chng trnh trc nghim tc ) v chy trn mi bo mch ch. Ngoi ra, cc thit b ngoi vi c s dng cng vi bo mch bao gm: a cng Quantum Fireball SE2 2,1 GB, 64MB SDRAM DIMM cho cc bo mch LX v 64MB SDRAM DIMM 100MHz theo chun PC-100 cho bo mch BX; Card AGP v 2D/3D; 24x CD-ROM... Vn tn ti chung cho tt c cc bo mch, v khng ch i vi cc loi ang xem xt m cn tt c bo mch trc y l s khng cn thn, ln ln, i khi sai trong ti liu v s hng dn. Tht kh xc nh v tr cm n LED ca a cng, v thm ch c cng tc ngun. iu ny c th do phn ln cc bo mch ch u c sn xut ti i Loan, ni m ting Anh cha phi thng dng. Vi ngi dng PC, khng c g hnh phc hn khi my tnh khi ng chun xc. Nu tt c c cu hnh ng, tr chi 3D s chy nhanh v trn tru, cc ng dng vn phng c thc hin nhp nhng, khng c s tr tr kh chu. Hn na, bn c th tin chc rng bo mch ca bn ang kim sot nhit v mi hot ng ca n vi s chnh xc v cn thn. Bo mch s dng b chip Intel 822440BX Aristo AM-608BX c gii thiu nh mt bo mch tch hp cao, gn v c gi hp dn, Aristo AM-608BX h tr SDRAM v Registered SDRAM, c c tnh Super I/O, Ultra-DMA/33, PCI Bus Master IDE, AGP version 1.0, tun th PCI version 2.1, USB, theo chun VRM 8.2, kim sot h thng LM79/75 v Creative sound (ty chn). Khe cm Slot 1 c th tip nhn bt k loi Pentium II no t 233 - 450MHz vi tc bus 66MHz hoc Cm nang my tnh - 43 St by hoangly85 100MHz. Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) c ci sn trn bo cho php d dng nng cp ln cc b x l OverDriver ca Intel trong tng lai. Bo mch h tr n 412MB SDRAM hay 1GB Registered SDRAM vi cc khe DIMM 168 chn. SDRAM ch c h tr cho bus 66MHz. C 4 khe DIMM ( nng cp b nh), 3 khe cm ISA (1 dng chung vi PCI), mt khe cm AGP1 (h tr version 1.0, 1x/2x), v 4 khe cm PCI Bus-Master. Bo mch thuc loi ATX (ATX form factor). BIOS h thng l loi flash c th nng v c jumper thay i in p 5V hay 12V. BIOS c th nhn bit a cng loi LBA vi dung lng trn 8,4GB. V kh nng qun l nng lng, Aristo h tr SMM, APM v ACPI. Ngoi ra, cn c cng tc chuyn i dng tm ngng thao tc h thng (suspend/resume), Wake-On-LAN (WOL), Wake-On-Ring (WOR) dng cho modem v tun theo tiu chun Energy Star "green PC". Bo Aristo AM608BX l loi PC97/98 v bao gm c tnh nng kim sot h thng. Trong th nghim vi PC WorldBench 98, Aristo t 172 im vi card video PCI S33ViRGE/GX. Ti liu hng dn t v khng ch ra k hiu +/- ca dy ni. AZZA PT-6IB y l bo mch nhanh th hai trong s cc bo BX c xem xt (im PC WorldBench 98 l 172), v thuc loi tt i vi ty chn gi thp. Tuy nhin, c vi vn v setup v phi khi ng li vi ln. Nhng sau khi thit lp, bo mch hot ng bnh thng. iu gy nhm ln l hng chn ni n tn hiu ca LED/power/HDD khng c k hiu cho cc dng/m (+/-), buc ngi dng phi t m mm th. Vi mt PCI Local Bus, PT-6IB l bo mch loi ATX da trn c s b chip h thng 82440BX AGPset v Winbond I/O. N bao gm hai knh PIO (Programmed Input/Output) v cng Ultra-DMA/33 Bus Master mode PCI IDE ci trn bo, mt cng iu khin a mm, hai cng serial tc cao (UART) v mt cng parallel nhiu ch , h tr mouse PS/2, cng hng ngoi IrDA v USB. AZZA c th chy vi cc chip Pentium II t 233 n 450MHz vi cu trc SEC. Ngoi ra, PT-6IB cn c cc c tnh nh mch chnh in p, h tr +1,8V DC n +3,5V DC ca CPU, kch thc t c th l 8-, 16-, 32- v 64-bit, ng a ch 32-bit. Trn bo c 3 khe cm DIMM 168 chn, cho php ti a 384MB b nh loi parity v ECC (error correcting code). AZZA PT-6IB h tr tnh nng Wake-On-LAN v cc chc nng Green (tiu chun mi trng). Cm nang my tnh - 44 St by hoangly85 DFI P2XBL Bo mch P2XBL c trang b cm CPU Slot 1 cho Pentium II cc loi t 266MHz n 450MHz. PCI Bus c th thit lp 66MHz hay 100MHz. Vi 3 khe cm dnh cho b nh loi DIMM 168 chn, kch thc b nh c th t 384MB. Khe cm m rng bao gm: mt dnh ring cho AGP, ba PCI, hai ISA v mt chung cho PCI/ISA. Tt c khe cm PCI v ISA c Bus Mastering. P2XBL h tr b nh EC v ECC. H thng km theo Desktop Management Interface (DMI) 2.0 c ci vo Award BIOS c th nng cp. Tin ch ny t ng ghi li cc thng tin v cu hnh h thng v lu chng vo "vng DMI" (mt phn trong BIOS Plug-and-Play ca h thng. DMI c thit k nhm gip vic bo dng, sa cha, khc phc s c tr nn d dng hn. Kt ni I/O c sn trn bo mch bao gm: hai cng serial ND16C550 tng thch DB-9, mt cng parallel SPP/ECP/EPP DB-25, mt giao tip cho a mm h tr n hai a mm loi 2,88MB, mt cng mouse PS/2 mini-DIN-6, mt cng bn phm PS/2 mini-DIN v mt u ni Wake-On-LAN. Ngoi ra, bo mch cn c mt cng IrDA v hai USB. B iu khin PCI Bus Master IDE cho php hai giao tip PCI IDE h tr 4 thit b IDE. Bo mch cng h tr Ultra-DMA/33 (ch Synchronous Ultra DMA/33), Enhanced IDE PIO Mode 3 v Mode 4 vi tc truyn 16,6MB/s, ATAPI CD-ROM v LS-120 v Iomega ZIP. DFI P2XBL cn c u cm cho Creative SB-Link kt ni gia bo h thng v card Creative SB PCI. Bo mch ny c kh nng theo di v iu khin nhit lm vic v hot ng ca qut thng gi. P2XBL t 172 im trong th nghim. Setup bo mch d dng v n lm vic n nh. Elitergroup P6BX-A+ y l bo mch nhanh nht v cng l mt trong s nhng bo mch nhiu tnh nng nht (im trc nghim 176). P6BX-A+ khng ch chy n nh m cn rt d setup, c in p cho BIOS v xung nhp u c t ng thit lp. Tuy nhin, ti liu hng dn cn cha hon ho. Bo mch c 3 khe cm DIMM, c th tip nhn 384MB SDRAM loi 3,3V. Elitegroup ch s dng SDRAM 100MHz tun theo chun PC-100 t tc cao nht. c tnh tit kim nng lng bao gm ngun cung cp loi ATX v ACPI. BIOS h thng h tr t ng Wake-On-LAN v Wake-On-Call. P6BX-A+ cn c trang bi SB-Link ca Creative, cho php tng thch ngc gia chip PCI audio v chip ISA audio (thut ng thng dng l "PC to PCI bridge"). Cm nang my tnh - 45 St by hoangly85 Bo mnh c 7 khe cm m rng: hai ISA 16-bit, nm PCI 32-bit (trong 1 dng chung vi ISA) v mt khe cm AGP. Cc cng chun gm hai knh Enhanced IDE, mi knh h tr hai thit b; mt u ni h tr hai a mm; mt cng parallel v hai cng serial; hai cng USB; hai cng PS/2 (cho mouse v bn phm). S dng firmware (phn mm c ci cng), bn c th ci thm phm nng bt ngun (power-on hot-key). Gigabyte GA-686BX Gigabyte l mt trong nhng nh sn xut c tn tui trn th trng hin nay. Bo mch mi GA-686BX ca Gigabyte (172 im PC WorldBench 98) km theo mt a CD-ROM vi 6 tin ch hu dng cho mainboard. Ti liu trnh by tt vi nhiu s v hnh nh. Bo mch lm vic tt v n nh. Cc u cm cho LED, DIP swich c b tr hp l, mch lc v tit kim ch. V tnh nng, GA-686BX c trang b mt khe cm AGP, Slot 1 tip nhn Pentium II 233 - 450MHz. Tc bus c th thay i 66 hay 100MHz v c t ng iu chnh. Bo mch gm b chip Intel 440BX AGPset, Winbond 83977 I/O v chip Winbond 83781 Health (tng ng vi LM78). B chip 440BX h tr c tnh Quad-Port Acceleration (QPA) ca Intel, cho php m rng bng thng gia CPU, AGP, 100MHz SDRAM v bus h thng PCI. Phn b nh gm 4 khe cm 3,3V DIMM vi kh nng h tr ti 1GB DRAM. Kh nng m rng gm 1 khe cm AGP, bn khe PCI v ba khe ISA. GA-686BX c trang b 2Mbit Award BIOS loi flash c chc nng chng virus v Green. N cn cung cp nhng thng tin b ch nh nhit CPU v tnh trng qut gi. u cm ngun loi ATX v cc ch tt/m c p dng cng ngh mi nht. Bo mch cn h tr Wake-On-LAN, u ni Creative SB-Link, cu ch bo v bn phm. Cc driver bao gm LDCM, SIV, Intel PIIX4 v Ultra DMA/33 Bus Master IDE. Microstar (MSI) MS-6116 Ging nh bo mch LX, MS-6116 vi b chip 82440BX c y tnh nng v l bo mch rt n nh. mc d ch t im 170 (thp nht trong th nghim). Nhng bn cn bit rng khc bit 10 im khng ng k v kh nhn thy i vi nhiu ngi. Bo mch c nhiu kh nng t theo di v kim sot nhit tng cng. Mt s c tnh c bn ca MS-6116 l tun theo chun PCI/ISA v Green, kt ni Host/AGP, cc chc nng ACPI, h tr Ultra-DMA/33 v SHMC (system hardware monitor control). SHMC c th nhn bit CPU, ngun in, vng quay ca qut v kim sot in p v nhit ca CPU, h thng. cm Slot 1 trn bo c th dng cho Pentium II 233 - 400MHz. T l tc li/bus c thay i t x2 n x6 hoc cao hn. Switching Voltage Regulator cho php iu chnh in p DC v tun Cm nang my tnh - 46 St by hoangly85 theo chun Intel VRM 8.2. Bo MS-6116 h tr cho bus 66,6MHz v 100MHz, cng nh dnh cho 75MHz v 83MHz. B nh chnh gm 4 khe cm DIMM cho php t ti a 512MB. Bo mch cng h tr chc nng ECC v h tr 3,3V SDRAM DIMM. C th m rng vi mt khe AGP (h tr thit b AGP bt k vi 66MHz/133MHz v 3,3V), 4 khe cm PCI v 3 khe ISA (mt khe cho c ISA v PCI). MS-6116BX h tr PCI Bus Interface 3,3/5V. B iu khin IDE trn c s b chip Intel 82371EB PCI cho php mt cng v/hay mt CD-ROM vi PIO, Bus Master v Ultra-DMA/33. Cc thit b ci sn trn bo gm cng cho 2 a mm, hai cng serial, mt parallel (SPP/EPP/ECP), hai USB v mt IrDA. Tyan S1846S/L/A Tsunami ATX Bo mch cht lng cao ca Tyan ginh c s tin cy ca ngi dng trn th gii (mc d gi cng cao). Bn hng dn s dng bo mch rt r rng, cn thn v chi tit, tt nht trong s cc ti liu c xem xt. V nhng c tnh c bn, S1846S/L/A Tsunami ATX c th h tr Pentium II 233MHz n 400MHz v cao hn. Ngoi ra cn c ty chn cho chip Celeron. Bo mch chy tc bus 66MHz hoc 100MHz v trn bo ci sn cc thnh phn VRM. Tsunami c trang bi b chip National "309" Super I/Ov Intel 82440BX AGPset. Bo mnh s dng cng ngh GTL+ cho php gim nng lng tiu th v EMI (electro-Magnetic Interference). Ngoi ra cn c c tnh Wake-On-LAN khi s dng vi b ngun ATX. Mt tnh nng khc l power-recovery-after-interrupt (hi phc ngun sau khi ngt). Kh nng m rng ca bo mch gm 5 khe cm 32-bit PCI, hai khe 16-bit ISA v mt khe chung PCI/ISA. Trn bo c hai cng USB loi ATX, mt IrDA, mt cng parallel tc cao, hai cng serial UART16550 v h tr a mm Mode-3. H thng I/O v iu khin a gm hai cng Ultra-DMA/33 PCI Bus Master cho php CD-ROM loi EIDE. Bus Mastering h tr PIO Mode 3 v 4 (tc truyn t 22MB/s) v hai a mm (dung lng n 2,88MB). Phi ni rng bo mch Tsunami c y tnh nng v rt ng tin cy. Ngoi ra cn c bo hnh 3 nm. Nht Thanh PCW Singapore 7/1998 ENPC EP-KL21 Bo mch c sn xut bi ENPC Technologies Corporation tch hp b iu khen IDE vi hai giao tip IDE tc cao cho 4 thit b IDE nh a cng, CD-ROM. B iu khin Super I/O c nhng chc nng chnh: Cm nang my tnh - 47 St by hoangly85 giao tip a mm, 2 cng serial 16byte FIFO v mt cng parallel EPP/ECP. Bo mch h tr t 8 n 512MB SDRAM, 1GB EDO RAM. N cng h tr Fast Page chun, EDO v SDRAM. C 3 khe cm DIMM 169 chn, mi khe 32MB. B nh i hi RAM loi 70ns Fast Page hay 60ns EDO. Thit b khng h tr RAM parity. Trn bo mch EP-KL21 c hai u ni PCI-IDE, kh nng t nhn bit loi a cng nh BIOS. H thng cng h tr Award Plug-and-Play BIOS cho card ISA v PCI. Cc tnh nng khc bao gm h tr Ultra-DMA/33, Softpower SM-bus ca Windows 95, cng IrDA, kim sot phn cng LM 78/75, chun ATX. Phn m rng bao gm 3 khe cm ISA, 4 khe PCI v 1 AGP. Bo mch t 137 im PC WorldBench 98. Microstar MS-6117 ATX LX6 Bo mch s dng b chip Intel 82440LX AGPset tch hp v Quad Port Acceleration (QPA). QPA cho php x l ng thi 4 ng cho CPU bus, ha, PCI bus v SDRAM. B chip Intel 82371AB tch hp tt c cc chc nng iu khin ca h thng nh Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI). ACPI c trng bi tnh nng tit kim nng lng cho OS Direct Power Management (OSPM). 82371AB cng h tr LM78 System Hardware Monitor Controller nh mt chc nng ty chn. Chc nng LM78 bao gm nhn bit CPU/Power supply, vng quay qut thng gi, kim sot in p, nhit ca CPU v h thng. MS-6117 c mt cm CPU Slot 1 loi ATX h tr CPU 200 - 333MHz. T l tc li/bus t x2 n x6 v cao hn. B iu chnh in p trn bo mch tun theo chun Intel VRM ver. 8.1 vi kh nng bo v qu in p. Bo mch c nm khe cm Master PCI bus 32-bit, hai khe ISA 16-bit. v mt khe chung PCI/ISA. Thit b trn bo bao gm mt cng a mm h tr hai a, hai cng serial, mt cng parallel (SPP/EPP/ECP), cng mouse PS/2 v bn phm, hai cng USB v mt IrDA. im trc nghim ca MS-6117 l 137 PC World Bench98. nh gi tc chung ca h thng, tp ch PC World ca M a ra mt h chng trnh chy trn mi my tnh cn kim tra. H chng trnh ny c gi l PC World Bench 98. chy PC World Bench 98, trn my phi ci sn cc ng dng Microsoft Word 97, Microsoft Excell 97, Lotus 1-2-3 97, Corel Word Pro 97, Corel Paradox 8 v Micrograf Picture Publisher 7. PC WorldBench 98 chy mt kch bn son sn (script) cho mi ng dng trong 3 ln, khi ng li sau mi ln chy. Trn c s thi gian chy mi kch bn, PC WorldBench 98 a ra nh gi v so snh vi im chun ca h my c s (Dell 200MHz MMX, 32MB RAM) ri cho im cui cng. im cng cao, tc my cng nhanh. Cm nang my tnh - 48 St by hoangly85 B ngun atx Cc my tnh sn xut gn y, nht l t Pentium II tr i u s dng mainboard v b ngun theo chun ATX. B ngun ATX hot ng tit kim, an ton v linh ng hn b ngun AT v ta c th iu khin mt s hot ng ca b ngun thng qua Bios trn mainboard. Th d: C th bt/tt my t xa thng qua card mng, modem, cng...Tt my bng lnh Shutdown ca Windows 95. Theo di tnh trng hot ng ca my, kim tra nhit CPU, Mainboard, t ng tt my tit kim ngun hay bo v. im khc bit ln nht khi rp b ngun ATX l u cm cung cp in cho mainboard v cng tc Power. u cm u cm ATX c 20 chn Chn Tn hiu Chn Tn hiu 1 +3.3v 11 +3.3v 2 +3.3v 12 -12v 3 t (Ground) 13 t (Ground) 4 +5v 14 PW_ON (m ngun) 5 t (Ground) 15 t (Ground) 6 +5v 16 t (Ground) 7 t (Ground) 17 t (Ground) 8 PWRGOOD (ngun tt) 18 -5v 9 +5vSB 19 +5v 10 +12v 20 +5v Cng tc Power Do c 1 s tnh nng iu khin t xa nn v nguyn tc b ngun phi lun lun c cp in. Bn s khng thy cng tc Power t gi theo kiu AT na (Sau khi bm, cng tc s t gi trng thi cho n khi bm ln na thay i trng thi), thay vo l 1 nt bm kch (t ng tr v v tr ban u sau khi ngng bm) tng t nh nt Reset. Khi bn bm nt ny, ng tn hiu th 14 ca u cm ngun (PW_ON) s c ni t to ra tn hiu m my nu my ang trong tnh trng tt (hay tt my nu my ang trong tnh trng m). Ch : Khi m my bn ch cn kch nt Power (bm ri nh lin) nhng c bit khi tt, ty theo mainboard c th bn phi bm ri gi sau 4 giy mi c nh (do xc lp trong Bios). Khi my trong tnh trng tt, thc s b ngun vn tiu th 1 lng in rt nh duy tr s hot ng cho mch iu khin t ng m my (theo xc lp trong Bios hay chng trnh iu khin). Ch khi no bn Cm nang my tnh - 49 St by hoangly85 rt dy cm ngun hay tt in bng cng tt pha sau b ngun th my bn mi b ngt in hon ton. Kim tra b ngun ri kim tra nhanh b ngun c hot ng hay khng, bn c th kch ni tt ng tn hiu 14 v 15 (chp ri nh lin) hay chc n nht l cm u ni ngun vo Mainboard ri kch ni tt 2 chu ca Jumper PowerSw trn mainboard (khi th ch cn c b ngun v mainboard ATX l , khng cn thm g na). Cm nang my tnh - 50 St by hoangly85 Cn bit v CPU 1- CPU 486 CPU 486 c rt nhiu h nh-: 486SX, DX, DX2, DX4, SLX...do nhiu hng sn xut nh-: Intel, AMD, Cirux...Trong mi h li c nhiu tn s hot ng khc nhau nh-: 25, 33, 40, 50, 66, 80, 100MHz...v chy in th khc nhau nh-: 5v, 3v, 3.5v...(chnh v l do ny m mainboard c rt nhiu Jumper). Chng ti khng i su vo chi tit k thut m ch xin gii thch ngn, gn nh- sau: - 486SX khng c b ng x l ton hc nh- cc h 486 khc. - 486SL l loi -c thit k dng cho my xch tay, n c thm b qun l tit kim ngun in khi my khng hot ng (nh-ng hin nay n cng -c dng cho my bn). - 486SX, 486DX c tc hot ng ni b bng tc mainboard. - 486DX2 c tc ni b gp i tc mainboard (ring DX2 80MHz ca AMD c thm loi dng in th 3v). - 486DX4 c tc ni b gp t- tc mainboard (h ny c 2 loi in th 5v v 3v -c ghi r trn CPU). Ch : Loi CPU chy in th 3v u tin -c ch to dng cho my Laptop nng v t hao pin. Nh-ng sau ny cng -c dng lun cho my Desktop, do khi s dng loi CPU ny m Set Jumper ln in th 5v rt nguy him cho CPU v tng nhit. Trn cc Mainboard 486, bn c th chn tn s mainboard v t l x sao cho ng vi tc CPU, khng nht thit phi l x2 hay x3 hay x4 theo tn gi. Th d: 486 DX4-100MHz c th Set l 50x2 hay 33x3 hay 24x4. Trong h 486, nhanh nht l CPU do AMD sn xut, cc hng khc khng c t-ng -ng. l loi AMD486-120Mhz v AMD486-133Mhz. Gii thch: Tc Mainboard (System Clock): Tc l tc xung nhp lm vic ca mainboard, tnh bng Mhz v -c duy tr do mt b dao ng thch anh gn trn mainboard. Xc lp bng jumper. Tc CPU: Tc l tc xung nhp lm vic ca CPU, tnh bng Mhz. Xc lp bng jumper. Ti sao c DX, DX2, DX4: Mainboard th-ng ch cho php chy vi tc ti a l 60 Mhz, khi tc cao hn s pht sinh nhiu mnh lm ri lon hot ng ca h thng, nhiu ny ch yu do k thut v vt liu ch to mainboard trong th-ng mi nn kh khc phc (nu c tng th gi thnh li qu cao). V vy chng ta ch thy c DX 50Mhz l ht, tng tc cho my tnh, ng-i ta ch cn cch l tng tc ni b ca CPU v CPU khng gp vn nhiu nh- mainboard. V vy mi c DX2 v n DX2 80Mhz l ht, tip n DX4 v theo tnh ton th n DX4 160Mhz l ht. 2- CPU 586 T-ng t 486, CPU 586 cng c rt nhiu loi v do nhiu hng sn xut . Thp nht l 586-75MHz v cao nht hin nay l 586-233MHz. C tn s hot ng Cm nang my tnh - 51 St by hoangly85 gp nhiu ln tn s hot ng ca Mainboard v t l nhn tu theo tn s ca Mainboard nn khng cn phn bit theo tn gi. Thng dng nht l Pentium ca hng Intel. Ch : * CPU ca Intel hot ng tn s ng vi tn gi. Th d Pentium 166 chy 166MHz. * CPU ca cc hng khc c th hot ng tn s thp hn tn gi. Th d AMD K-133MHz chy 100MHz. V tn gi ch phn nh so snh vi CPU ca Intel ch khng ch tn s hot ng ch thc. * Tt c cc ch-ng trnh hin nay u vit cho CPU ca Intel. Tt c cc CPU ca hng khc bt buc phi t-ng thch vi CPU Intel th mi c ch-ng trnh hot ng. Tuy nhin do h khng th lm ging CPU Intel 100% nn khi s dng CPU ca cc hng khc cn coi chng vn t-ng thch phn mm. Vn t-ng thch vi Mainboard cng xy ra t-ng t nh- vy. 3- CPU 686 Thng dng nht l Pentium Pro ca Intel. c bit trong CPU ny c cha lun Cache Level 2 (Cache nm trn Mainboard) nn tc rt nhanh. Do ga cao nn CPU ny ch yu dnh cho my Server. 4- CPU 586/686 MMX Loi CPU mi nht, -c tng c-ng m lnh c bit tng tc cc ng dng Multi Media. i vi cc ch-ng trnh th-ng, CPU ny nhanh hn khong 10%. i vi cc ch-ng trnh vit ring tn dng m lnh ny, CPU s nhanh hn khong 50% so vi loi th-ng. 5- Tng tc CPU : Tt c CPU bn ra u -c quy nh mt ch hot ng ti -u khi lp rp trn mi loi mainboard v do mi ng-i s dng. Ch ny chnh l nhn ca CPU. i vi ng-i hiu bit v phn cng c mt cch n gin tng tc CPU l tng tc ng h cho mainboard, th d 486 DX2 66MHz -c quy nh chy vi tc Mainboard l 33MHz, bn c th tng ln 40MHz n s chy nh- 486DX2 80MHz m khng h hn g (khi Bios s bo khi khi ng my l bn ang s dng CPU 486DX2 80 do n ly thng tin t cc Jumper CPU Type v Clock selector). T-ng t nh- vy 486DX4 75MHz bn c th tng ln thnh 486DX4 100MHz. Li dng c im ny ca CPU m ng-i ta lm ra CPU Remark tc l CPU cp thp i nhn li thnh CPU cp cao hn. Khi rp vo my, bo m khng c ch-ng trnh test my no hin nay c th phc gic -c, k c Bios my cng sai lm lun v ng-i dng my c kinh nghim cng khng bit v CPU chy ng tc ch u c chm hn (vic ny thc ra ng-i ta lm t lc mi xut hin my PC, lc IBM sn xut mainboard gn CPU 8086 chy vi tc 8MHz, sau cc nh sn xut my nhi mi nng tc ln trn cc my ca mnh, kt qa l my nhi chy nhanh hn my chnh gc). CPU cn mt c im na l bn ch -c nng tc ng h mainboard ln 1 bc so vi tc ghi trn nhn, cao hn na n s ng-ng hot ng. Th d: 80 cho 66, 100 cho 75...Da vo c im ny bn c th Test CPU c b Remark Cm nang my tnh - 52 St by hoangly85 hay khng? v khng th tng tc cho CPU Remark (n -c tng ri). Cc iu kin cn thit cho vic tng tc CPU: tng tc hay Test cho CPU, i hi bn phi c mainboard a nng v sch h-ng dn Set Jumper ca hng sn xut cung cp (bn cn c k l-ng sch h-ng dn tr-c khi thao tc). Bn cn phi c qut gii nhit cho CPU v khi tng tn s hot ng th CPU tng nhit . Bn cn nm vng Setup Bios iu chnh nu cn. Cch tin hnh: i chiu sch h-ng dn v mainboard, ghi nh v tr cc jumper cn iu chnh trnh tr-ng hp Set ln jumper. B-c 1: u tin bn ghi li v tr nguyn thy ca cc b jumper s sa cha c th phc hi my li tnh trng c. Sau bn Set li 3 b Jumper Clock selector, CPU Type v Vesa Bus (choMainboard Vesa Local Bus) theo tc mi ng nh- ch dn ca sch. Ch : Nu bn ang s dng CPU 3v th cn quan tm ti b jumper Voltage. nh-ng tuyt i khng -c Set li thnh 5v. CPU d-i 5v gm cc loi sau: Itel 486DX4 (3.3v), AMD Am486DX2-80/DX4-100 (3.45v), Cyrix Cx486DX2-66/DX2-80 (3.3v/4v). CPU 586, 656 c in th d-i 5 V, th-ng l khong 3v-3.5v tu hng sx CPU MMX s dng ti 2 in th khc nhau nn cn phn bit vi CPU th-ng. B-c 2: Khi ng my, vo Windows chy ch-ng trnh no tn nhiu b nh v hay truy xut a cng xem mi hot ng c bnh th-ng khng? Nu thnh thong my b treo th bn vo Bios Setup tng thi gian ch (wait state), gim tc ng h cho AT Bus (phn Bios Setup chng ti s trnh by sau). Nu my treo ngay t ln khi ng u tin th c 2 tr-ng hp sau: * Set Jumper sai: c li sch h-ng dn v Set li y cc b jumper lin quan. Nu Set ng v tc ch tng 1 nc, bo m my phi khi ng -c. * CPU b remark: khng th tng -c na. Cm nang my tnh - 53 St by hoan