c2vsim workshop 4 - c2vsim groundwater representation
DESCRIPTION
The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water Simulation Model (C2VSim) simulates the monthly response of the Central Valley’s groundwater and surface water flow system to historical stresses, and can also be used to simulate the response to projected future stresses. C2VSim contains monthly historical stream inflows, surface water diversions, precipitation, land use and crop acreages from October 1921 through September 2009. The model dynamically calculates crop water demands, allocates contributions from precipitation, soil moisture and surface water diversions, and calculates the groundwater pumpage required to meet the remaining demand.TRANSCRIPT
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The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water
Simulation Model
Groundwater Process
Charles Brush Modeling Support Branch, Bay-Delta Office
California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA
CWEMF C2VSim Workshop January 23, 2013
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Outline
IWFM Groundwater Process
Groundwater Budget
Z-Budget
C2VSim Results
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IWFM Groundwater Process
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IWFM
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IWFM Groundwater Process
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IWFM Groundwater Process Inflows:
Deep Percolation Surface Water Storage
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IWFM Groundwater Process
=
Inflows: Deep Percolation Surface Water Storage
Outflows: Pumping Surface Water Storage
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IWFM Groundwater Process • Simulate a combination of confined,
unconfined, and leaky aquifer layers separated by aquitards or aquicludes
• Simulate changing aquifer conditions and subsidence
• Employ a quasi 3-D approach
• Use the Galerkin finite element method for the numerical solution of the governing equation
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IWFM Groundwater Process Simulate the aquifer as unconfined, leaky and confined aquifers separated by aquitards or aquicludes
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‘Hangs’ from Ground Surface
Stratigraphy
250 ft
60 ft
-20 ft
-280 ft
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Groundwater Flow Equation
( ) ( ) ( )∂− ∇ ∇ + − + − − =
∂s
u u u d d dS h T h I L h h I L h h Q 0
t
Ss = Storativity, (dimensionless); h = Groundwater head, (L); T = Transmissivity = Kh, (L2/T); K = Hydraulic conductivity; (L/T); hs = Saturated thickness of aquifer, (L); t = Time (T); Iu,Id = Indicator functions for top and bottom aquifer, (dimensionless); hu,hd = Groundwater head at adjacent upper and lower aquifer layers, (L/T); Lu,Ld = Leakage coefficients of adjacent upper and lower aquifer layers, (1/T); Q = Source/sink term, (L/T).
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Groundwater Parameters
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Groundwater Parameters
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Hydraulic Conductivity Layer 1 Layer 2
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Storage Parameters Layer 1 Layer 2
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Faults – Battle Creek Fault – Red Bluff Arch – Plainfield Ridge
Anticline – Pittsburgh – Kirby
Hills – Vaca Fault – Vernalis Fault – Graveley Ford Faults – Visalia Fault – Pond-Poso Creek
Fault – Edison Fault – White Wolf Fault
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Flow Barrier Parameters
Red Bluff Arch
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Unsaturated Zone
• Vertical water flow between root zone and water table – In: Deep Percolation – Out: Net Deep
Percolation
• Divide into two layers of equal thickness
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Unsaturated Zone Parameters
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Groundwater Boundary Conditions
x Specified head x Specified flow x General head
boundary conditions • Small stream
watersheds as dynamically computed flow boundary conditions
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Pumping Pumping by well
– Used when exact location and construction details of wells are known
– Pumping at the well is distributed to aquifer layers based on the screened interval of the well in an aquifer layer
– Well locations described in Preprocessor Well Data File
– Well information specified in Pumping Specification File
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Pumping Specification Urban Groundwater Pumping
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Pumping Pumping by element
– Used when detailed well information is not available, but pumping amounts for an area that is represented by multiple finite element cells are known
– Pumping is distributed horizontally to cells with respect to developed area in each cell (surrogate for water demand)
– In each cell, pumping is distributed to aquifer layers based on user specified fractions
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Pumping Specification Agricultural Groundwater Pumping
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Pumping Rates
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Tile Drains • Tile drains are simulated as
general head boundary conditions:
datum
water table tile drain
ztd h
ground surface
td td tdQ C z h 0
= − ≤
Qtd = tile drain flow, [L3/T] Ctd = conductance, [L2/T] ztd = tile drain elevation, [L] h = groundwater head, [L]
• Tile drain flows can be directed
into specified stream nodes or outside the model area
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Tile Drains 11 tile drains – water goes to San Luis Drain outlet
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Land Surface Subsidence
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Aquifer Subsidence • Optional simulation of elastic and
inelastic compaction of interbed materials
• Storage change due to subsidence is added to the groundwater equation
CONFINING LAYER
CONFINING LAYER
AQUIFER
INTERBEDS
se o c se o c' '
s s so c o csi si
S b if h h hS b if h hhq S ; S ; b t S b if h h hS b if h h
> −∆ >∂= = ∆ =∂
≤ −∆ ≤
qs = rate of inflow or outflow due to subsidence, (L/T) Sse = elastic specific storage, (1/L) Ssi = inelastic specific storage, (1/L) bo = interbed thickness, (L) hc = pre-consolidation head, (L) ∆h = change in groundwater head, (L) ∆b = change interbed thickness, (L)
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Subsidence Parameters
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Stream Flow and Stream-Aquifer Interaction
• Assumption of zero storage at a stream node in computing stream flows; i.e. total inflow equals total outflow
• Fully coupled stream and groundwater conservation equations
• Simultaneous solution of stream and groundwater equations results in the computation of stream-aquifer interaction
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Initial Conditions
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Initial Conditions
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IWFM Groundwater Output
• Groundwater heads at each time step – Tabular file – Teclot file
• Hydrographs at specified locations • Groundwater Budget Tables • Z-Budget Tables • Final condition (initial condition format)
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Water Table Altitude Produced from IWFM’s TecPlot® output files
October 1, 1921 September 30, 2009
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Groundwater Heads
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Final Condition
• Initial condition file for future run
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Groundwater Hydrographs
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Groundwater Hydrographs Well ID = 26N02W29N001M
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
10/1921 10/1931 10/1941 10/1951 10/1961 10/1971 10/1981 10/1991 10/2001
Date
Head
(ft)
ObsBaseSimComparisonSimLSE AvgLSE MaxLSE Min
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Groundwater Hydrographs Well ID = 17N04E30R001M
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10/1921 10/1931 10/1941 10/1951 10/1961 10/1971 10/1981 10/1991 10/2001
Date
Head
(ft)
ObsBaseSimComparisonSimLSE AvgLSE MaxLSE Min
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Groundwater Heads
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Column Flow 08/31/2004 Process Deep Percolation IN 221,215 RZ Beginning Storage (+) 2,912,112,878 Ending Storage (-) 2,910,935,231 Net Deep Percolation (+) IN 354,874 UZ Gain from Stream (+) +/- -107,640 SW Recharge (+) IN 218,671 LS Gain from Lake (+) +/- -1,939 SW Boundary Inflow (+) IN 90,456 SWS Subsidence (+) 32,908 Subsurface Irrigation (+) IN 0 LS Tile Drain Outflow (-) OUT 1,060 SW Pumping (-) OUT 1,763,915 LS Net Subsurface Inflow (+) +/- 0 GW Discrepancy (=) 0.60 Cumulative Subsidence 10,492,618
Groundwater Budget
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Z-Budget
Column Flow IN OUT Process GW Storage 1,032,516 93,444 Streams +/- 170,660 240,835 SW Tile Drains OUT 0 1,515 SW Subsidence 84,392 791 Net Deep Percolation IN 265,135 0 LS Small Watershed Baseflow IN 90,386 0 SWS Small Watershed Percolation IN 70 0 SWS Diversion Recoverable Loss IN 197,964 0 SW Bypass Recoverable Loss IN 29,637 0 SW Lakes +/- 5,140 7,524 SW Pumping by Element OUT 0 1,366,092 LS Pumping by Well OUT 0 165,699 LS Overall Zone Error -0.42
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Z-Budget Column Flow IN OUT Process GW Storage 169,453 37,852 Streams +/- 94,764 138,619 SW Tile Drains OUT 0 0 SW Subsidence 706 220 Net Deep Percolation IN 74,426 0 LS Small Watershed Baseflow IN 68,330 0 SWS Small Watershed Percolation IN 70 0 SWS Diversion Recoverable Loss IN 58,427 0 SW Bypass Recoverable Loss IN 0 0 SW Lakes +/- 0 0 SW Pumping by Element OUT 0 247,307 LS Pumping by Well OUT 0 41,451 LS Zones 1 and 2 +/- 2,448 830 Zones 1 and 3 +/- 395 2,738 Overall Zone Error 0.00
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Deep Percolation
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Groundwater Depletion
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Groundwater Depletion
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Water Balance
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Head Difference, 1922-1965 Layer 1 Layer 2
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Head Difference, 1965-2009 Layer 1 Layer 2
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Groundwater Depletion 1922-2009
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Groundwater Depletion 2000-2009
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Groundwater Pumping 2000-2009
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Recharge and Deep Percolation
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Recharge and Deep Percolation 1922-2009
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Groundwater Pumping
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Groundwater Pumping 2000-2009
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End