ByBy

Prof. Lydia AyersProf. Lydia Ayers

MasmudiMasmudiMasmudiMasmudi

• <2:14> Belly Dance from Lebanon• Starts in 5/8, Starts in 5/8, A'raj TurkiA'raj Turki• Changes to Changes to MasmudiMasmudi• Changes back to 5/8 , Changes back to 5/8 , A'raj TurkiA'raj Turki• Ends in 3/8, Ends in 3/8, YurukYuruk

• <2:15> Oud and Durbecki• Rhythm and melody• Is some of the rhythm in Masmudi?

A'raj Turki

Yuruk

TalasTalasTalasTalas• Indian rhythm cycles, from 3 to 108 beats!Indian rhythm cycles, from 3 to 108 beats!• TeentalTeental

• 16 beats per cycle (4 measures of 4 beats)16 beats per cycle (4 measures of 4 beats)

Clap X . . . 2 . . . O . . . 3 . . . Count 1 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 3 2 3 4 4 2 3 4

JhaptalJhaptalJhaptalJhaptal• 10 beats per cycle10 beats per cycle

Clap X . 2 . . O . 3 . . Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

• <1:24><1:24> Ustad Alla Rakha and Ravi ShankarUstad Alla Rakha and Ravi Shankar• <3:02> <3:02> Ustad Alla RakhaUstad Alla Rakha• drum syllablesdrum syllables• fast playingfast playing

EktalEktalEktalEktal• 12 beats per cycle12 beats per cycle• <3:03> <3:03> [ii:29][ii:29] Zakir Hussain and Zakir Hussain and

Ustad Alla Rakha, Ustad Alla Rakha, Tabla DuetTabla Duet, with , with Ustad Sultan Khan, SarangiUstad Sultan Khan, Sarangi

• Syncopations, glissandi, syllables, Syncopations, glissandi, syllables, playing near unisonplaying near unison

Clap X . 2 . O . 3 . 4 . O . Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Zakir Hussain &Zakir Hussain &Ustad Alla RakhaUstad Alla Rakha

left right

frequently ends with:frequently ends with:

Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• 6/8 — sextuple meter6/8 — sextuple meter

• in in slowslow music music• eighth note = one beateighth note = one beat• sixsix beats per measure beats per measure• subgroups of three and three beatssubgroups of three and three beats

• in in fastfast music music• dotted quarter note (three eighth notes) = one dotted quarter note (three eighth notes) = one

beatbeat• twotwo beats per measure beats per measure• subgroups of 3 and 3 beatssubgroups of 3 and 3 beats

Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter

• fast 6/8

<1:25><1:25> El Jarabe TapatEl Jarabe Tapatííoo((Mexican Hat Dance)

Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• 6/86/8

• In 6/8 meter, the In 6/8 meter, the accentsaccents are different from are different from 3/4 even though the 3/4 even though the durationduration values appear values appear to be the same:to be the same:

Septuple MeterSeptuple MeterSeptuple MeterSeptuple Meter

• 7/87/8• sevenseven beats per measure beats per measure

• eighth note = one beat eighth note = one beat • in subgroups of 3 and 2 and 2 eighth notes (less in subgroups of 3 and 2 and 2 eighth notes (less

frequently in subgroups of 2, 2 and 3frequently in subgroups of 2, 2 and 3

[i:17] Greek folk music: Greek folk music: BournovaliaBournovalia

Turkish MusicTurkish MusicTurkish MusicTurkish Music

• <2:17><2:17> 9/8 Rhythm 9/8 Rhythm• <2:18><2:18> Zaibek dance from TurkeyZaibek dance from Turkey

• shows actions of warriors in battleshows actions of warriors in battle• Instruments:Instruments:

• OudOud• QanounQanoun• DoumbekDoumbek

Blue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La Turk• <1:26><1:26> Dave BrubeckDave Brubeck• Turkish rhythm:Turkish rhythm: 9/8 9/8

• ninenine beats per measure beats per measure• eighth note = one beat eighth note = one beat • subgroups of 2, 2, 2 and 3 eighth notessubgroups of 2, 2, 2 and 3 eighth notes

• RondoRondo• Main theme alternates with other themesMain theme alternates with other themes• Main theme usually lively and easy to rememberMain theme usually lively and easy to remember

A A AB C

Blue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La Turk• Section ASection A: Main theme, : Main theme, ninenine beats per beats per

measuremeasure

• Section BSection B: contrasting melody and : contrasting melody and variationsvariations

…

Blue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La Turk

• Section CSection C: contrasting rhythm: contrasting rhythm

• Section DSection D: melody in 4/4 alternates with : melody in 4/4 alternates with main theme in 9/8main theme in 9/8

<1:27><1:27> Blue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La Turk<1:27><1:27> Blue Rondo A La TurkBlue Rondo A La Turk

• Section ESection E: Saxophone improvisation, : Saxophone improvisation, followed by piano improvisation, both in followed by piano improvisation, both in 4/44/4

• Section DSection D: melody in 4/4 alternates with : melody in 4/4 alternates with main theme in 9/8main theme in 9/8

• Section ASection A: Main theme: Main theme• Section BSection B: contrasting melody and : contrasting melody and

variationsvariations• Section CSection C: contrasting rhythm: contrasting rhythm

TempoTempoTempoTempo• how fast the notes move - often given in how fast the notes move - often given in

ItalianItalian• metronomesmetronomes

• measure the tempo in beats per minutemeasure the tempo in beats per minute• scores often have metronome markings scores often have metronome markings

for the tempofor the tempo

Common Tempo NamesCommon Tempo NamesCommon Tempo NamesCommon Tempo NamesTempo Meaning Tempo

Range (bmp)largo very slow, broad 40 - 48

grave very slow, solemn 50 - 56

adagio slow 58 - 69

andante moderately slow, a walking pace 72 - 76

moderato moderate 80 - 88

allegretto moderately fast 92 - 104

allegro fast 108 - 132

vivace lively 138 - 168

presto very fast 176 - 216

prestissimo as fast as possible

Other Tempo NamesOther Tempo NamesOther Tempo NamesOther Tempo Names• for translations of other Italian tempo names, for translations of other Italian tempo names,

look in any music dictionary, such as:look in any music dictionary, such as:

The Concise OxfordDictionary of Music

The New Grove Dictionary ofMusic and Musicians

• loud vs. softloud vs. soft• specify loudness, usually for groups of notes:specify loudness, usually for groups of notes:

DynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics

Notation Name Meaning

ppp Pianississimo Very Soft

pp Pianissimo Softer

p Piano Soft

mp Mezzo Piano Medium Soft

mf Mezzo Forte Medium Loud

f Forte Loud

ff Fortissimo Louder

fff Fortississimo Very Loud

Listening PracticeListening PracticeListening PracticeListening Practice

• listen to Dave Brubeck, listen to Dave Brubeck, Unsquare Unsquare DanceDance M1366 B778 C4K52945 v. 3 M1366 B778 C4K52945 v. 3 (RESERVE) (2:02)(RESERVE) (2:02)• listen to the selection twicelisten to the selection twice• write down everything you hear in itwrite down everything you hear in it

• make a guide to what you hearmake a guide to what you hear• hint: notice the basshint: notice the bass

• read the Listening Guide and listen again, read the Listening Guide and listen again, noting anything about it that you didn't hear noting anything about it that you didn't hear beforebefore

Meter DrillsMeter DrillsMeter DrillsMeter Drills

• Insert the time signature:Insert the time signature:

Meter DrillsMeter DrillsMeter DrillsMeter Drills

• Insert the time signature:Insert the time signature:

SourcesSourcesSourcesSources• BooksBooks

• Ralph Turek, Ralph Turek, The Elements of MusicThe Elements of Music• Kamien, Kamien, Music, An AppreciationMusic, An Appreciation• Machlis & Forney, Machlis & Forney, The Enjoyment of MusicThe Enjoyment of Music• Ibn Hazm Al-Andalusi, Twice Times Then is

Now in Arabic and Persian Poems in English by Omar S. Pound

SourcesSourcesSourcesSources• Videos

• Gamelan Degung on JVC Video Anthology of World Music and Dance [M1627.J4 1991 v. 10]

• Ravi Shankar in ConcertRavi Shankar in Concert [ML419.S49 R38 1994]

• Imperial Splendors, Great Splendors of the Imperial Splendors, Great Splendors of the World, v. 3World, v. 3 [G468.G74 1996, v. 3][G468.G74 1996, v. 3]

• IstanbulIstanbul [DR728.I772 1994][DR728.I772 1994]• Turkey Turkey [DR416.T875 1995]

SourcesSourcesSourcesSources• LiveLive

• Hava Nagila, Chants et danses d'Israel, Hava Nagila, Chants et danses d'Israel, M1810 C43 824952M1810 C43 824952

• Mexican Hat DanceMexican Hat Dance• BournovaliaBournovalia

• CDsCDs• Ustad Alla Rakha and Zakir Hussain, Ustad Alla Rakha and Zakir Hussain, Tabla Tabla

DuetDuet in Teental in Teental• Scott Joplin: Scott Joplin: Piano RagsPiano Rags, Joshua Rifkin, , Joshua Rifkin,

piano, piano, M22 J67 9791592M22 J67 9791592