bullseye! public speaking class series, week 2
TRANSCRIPT
About Maggie
• Born and raised near Los Angeles, California, USA
• B.A. in Liberal Studies (Education) at the University of La Verne
• Experience teaching, public speaking, acting, singing
• Leadership training
May 2014
• Wednesdays at 3:30 pm– May 7 Preparing your speech– May 14 Developing your speech– May 21 Helping your speech– May 28 Giving your speech
Developing Your Speech
• Organizing the Body of the Speech
• Beginning and Ending the Speech
• Outlining the Speech
Organizing the Body of the Speech
"Organizing is what you do before you do
something, so that when you do it, it is
not all mixed up."
—A. A. Milne, 1882–1956
A Speech is like a Hamburger
• Top Bun = Introduction• Meat and Vegetables =
Body (main points)– all your facts, figures,
examples, and illustrations
• Bottom Bun = Conclusion– help your audience take
your thoughts away with them
Why must a speech be clear and coherent?
• Enhances your credibility (trustworthiness)• Makes it easier for the audience to understand
your message
How many main points?
• No more than 2 to 5 main points
• You must...– Choose them carefully– Phrase them precisely– Organize them strategically
How do I organize my speech?
• Depends on your topic, your purpose, your audience
• 5 Basic Patterns of Organization– Chronological Order [time pattern] – Spatial Order [directional pattern]– Causal Order [cause-effect
relationship]– Problem-Solution Order– Topical Order
Which pattern is best?
• Informative Speeches– Chronological Order– Spatial Order
• Persuasive Speeches– Problem-Solution Order
• Both– Causal Order
• Any– Topical Order (used most often)
Supporting Materials
Listeners need them to accept what you say!– Examples– Statistics– Testimony
• Organize directly with main point– Misplaced materials are confusing
Connecting Ideas - Unity and Coherence
• Connectives - words or phrases that join the ideas in your speech and show the relationship between them
• Missing? → disjointed and uncoordinated – (like a skeleton without ligaments and tendons)
• 4 types: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts
Transition
• A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another– Now that we have ..., let me share ... – I have spoken so far of ..., but it was ... – Keeping these points in mind ..., let’s return to ...
Internal Preview
• Lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next (what to listen for)– In discussing how ..., we’ll look first at ... and
second at ...– [Transition]: Now that we have seen ..., let’s look
at ... [Internal Preview]: I will focus on three solutions ...
Internal Summary
• A summary of your preceding points (reverse of internal preview)
• Usually used after discussing a complicated or very important main point– [Internal Summary]: Let’s pause for a moment to
summarize what we have found so far. First, ... Second, ... [Transition]: We are now in a position to see ...
Signpost
• A very brief statement that indicates where you are in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas (often just numbers)– The first cause of this problem is ... The second cause is ...
The final cause is ... – The most important thing to remember ... – Be sure to keep this in mind ...– This is crucial to understanding the rest of the speech ...– Above all, you need to know ...
Beginning andEnding the Speech
"To succeed, jump as quickly at
opportunities as you do at
conclusions."-Benjamin Franklin, 1706–
1790
• First impressions are important.
• So are final impressions.
• This is why speeches need strong introductions and conclusions.
What does the introduction do?
• Get the attention and interest of the audience• Reveal the topic of your speech• Establish your credibility and goodwill• Preview the body of the speech
How can I get my audience's attention? (HOOKS)
1. Relate the topic to the audience2. State the importance of your topic3. Startle the audience4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience5. Question the audience6. Begin with a quotation7. Tell a story8. Tell a joke9. Use audio or visual aids
Why is credibility and goodwill important?
• Establishing credibility means that you tell the audience why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand.
• Establishing goodwill (friendship) may be necessary if your point of view is unpopular.
What is a preview statement?
• Identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
• Gives specialized information (i.e. definitions or background) that listeners will need to understand your speech
Six Tips for Your Introduction
1. Keep it brief2. Lookout for possible material3. Be creative (try 2-3 different openings)4. Don't worry about exact wording5. Practice, practice, practice!6. Before speaking, establish eye contact with
the audience, smile, and then begin
What does the conclusion do?
• Lets the audience know you are ending your speech
• Reinforces your central idea (the message your want your audience to remember)
How can I end my speech?
• Signal Words– In conclusion,...– My purpose has been...– Let me end by saying...
• Use of Voice– tone, pacing, intonation, and rhythm
• crescendo ending• dissolve ending
How can I reinforce my central idea when concluding my speech?
• Restate the main points• End with a quotation• Make a dramatic statement• Refer to the ideas in the introduction
5 Tips for Your Conclusion
1. Lookout for possible material2. Be creative -- hit the hearts and minds of your
audience3. Keep it brief (only 5-10% of your speech)4. Work out every detail5. Practice, practice, practice
Outlining the Speech
"The beginning of an acquaintance whether
with persons or things is to get a definite outline
of our ignorance."
-- George Eliot, 1819–1880
Why is it important to outline my speech?
• Outlines are essential to effective speeches– Related ideas are together– Thoughts flow from one to another– Structure of your speech is coherent
• Two kinds of outlines– Preparation outline (detailed)– Speaking outline (brief)
What is a preparation outline?
• An outline that helps you prepare your speech– title– specific purpose– central idea– introduction– main points and subpoints– connectives– conclusion– bibliography
What is a speaking outline?
• A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech
• Contains key words or phrases– also essential statistics and quotations
• Uses cues for delivering the speech [what to say and how to say it]– Eye contact– Slow down!– Pause
In summation...
• Organizing the Body of the Speech
• Beginning and Ending the Speech
• Outlining the Speech
A Useful Resource
Presentation Plannerat Hong Kong Polytechnic University
http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/tools/presplan.aspxHelps you...●Plan your speech●Write your speech●Make a script, note cards, and a slide
show
Next week
Wednesday, May 21 at 3:30 pmHelping your speech
●Using visual aids (like white boards and PPTs)●And more!