BULLSEYE VOCABULARYUNIT 3

Linkage Institutions

Good Luck on your Test!!!!

Political Parties

Three-headed giants?

1. Party in the Electorate

2. Party in government

3. Party as an organization

Ways Political parties serve as linkage institutions?

Provide information to voters about candidates

Mobilize voters to elect party

candidates

Raise funds to support party

candidates

Provide labels for Candidates

and policies

How do you become a Democrat or Republican?

Believe you belong to the party of your

choice

Winning candidates who become the main spokespersons for the party that nominated them are which of the three headed giants?

Party in Governmnet

People who register as members of a party are which of the three headed giants?

Party in the Electorate

A party’s endorsement to officially run for office as a candidate of the party is called?

Nomination

Political parties serve the role of translating inputs from the public into outputs from policymakers. what role is this?

Linkage Institution

What is the theory that seeks to explain political processes and outcome as consequences of purposive voting?

Rational-choice theory

Voting for one party for one office, and another party for other offices?

Ticket splitting

What group is most likely to engage in ticket splitting?

Independents

Jobs given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence?

Patronage

A local party organization that uses specific and material inducements to win party loyalty and power?

Party Machine

Why are urban party machines no longer very active?

Progessive reforms placed jobs under the merit system

What type of primary allows voters to vote for candidates from either party?

Blanket Primary

What type of primary encourages party loyalty?

Closed Primaries

What primary allows voters to decide on Election day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican party?

Open Primary

Elections in which one candidate is elected to each office on the ballot for each electoral district?

Single-member district

How often is the National Convention held?

Every 4 years

Primarily responsible for crafting the political party’s platform and for nominating its candidates for President and VP?

National Convention

Winner-take-all; Single Member districts; state ballot laws; Television debate rules?

Obstacles to minor party candidates

Keeps the party operating between conventions?

National Committee

When asked about the most important challenge of running party organizations, the national party chair for both reply?

Money

The chairperson of the party that controls the White House is normally selected by?

The President

Is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the national party?

National Chairperson

What are the ingredients of a critical election?

•Parties form new, enduring coalitions

•New issues appear and divide the electorate in new

ways•Existing fissures in party

cause coalitions to fracture

Republican displaced with the Democrats during the Great Depression in the 1930s is an example of?

Critical Election

Rare events in U.S. history, usually associated with a major national crisis or trauma, in which one party’s majority domination is replaced with another’s?

Party Realignment

What were the two parties in the first party system in the U.S.?

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Law passed to forbid government employees from campaigning in elections?

Hatch Act

What caused the first American political party to evolve?

Alexander Hamilton’s efforts

to establish a national bank

Which of the first parties 1796-1824 was the dominant party?

Democratic-Republican

Which president was first identified as a Democrat?

Andrew Jackson

When did the Republicans emerge as a powerful political party?

1850s

What issues caused the Republican Party to emerge in the 1850s?

Public reaction to Dred Scott; Extension

of slavery west; slavery issue split

Whigs and Democrats

What time period did the debate between the gold standard and free silver occur?

1860-1928

The Great Depression in the 1930s gave rise to the formation of the?

New Deal Coalition

Recruit candidates; run political campaigns, give voters cues, serve as a linkage institution?

Functions of Parties

Which party dominated from 1858 to 1932 in the U.S.?

Republicans

Poor voters, African Americans, citizens of large cities, and unions all formed the?

New Deal Coalition

What caused the Democrats to lose power in 1968?

Johnson’s Vietnam policies

What type of government did we have from 1968-1992?

Divided Government (Republican controlled Presidency; Democratic

Congress)

Breaking Democrats long hold over Southern

Conservatives; emphasizing states’ rights, strong military,

and law and order?

Nixon’s “Southern Strategy”

What sort of realignment has occurred in current party era?

A southern realignment

People gradually moving away from both parties?

dealignment

They almost never win presidential elections?

Third- party campaigns

An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies?

Winner-Take-All

Where is a proportional system most commonly used?

Europe

Elections & Campaigns

A party’s official selection of a candidate to run for office?

Nomination

The way in which candidates attempt to manipulate money, the media, and momentum to achieve the nomination?

Campaign Strategy

In most advanced industrialized nations, how long do election campaigns last?

Limited by law to no more than

2 months

What is the specific goal of the presidential nomination game?

Win the majority of

votes cast in primaries

Who has the meaningful function of a orchestrating a massive send-off of the presidential and vice-presidential candidates?

Party Convention

How are caucuses organized?

Pyramids

Supporters of candidates try to get elected as delegates through a pyramid of meetings?

Caucus

Who can participate in a state presidential caucus today?

All registered party voters, or those who claim party allegiance

Elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate, or delegates pledged to the candidate?

Primary

When did the Democratic party open up the process of choosing delegates to include women, minorities, and other groups?

After the Democratic

National Convention in 1968

What concept or word describes how the media handle coverage of Presidential primaries?

Horse-Race (coverage)Journalism

How are a majority of delegates to the national convention selected?

Presidential Primaries

What was held to make the Democratic party conventions more democratic?

McGovern-Fraser Commission

Those that felt the McGovern-Fraser commission had opened up the delegate selection process to much are responsible for the addition of?

Superdelegates

Why was the McGovern-Fraser commission appointed after the 1968 Chicago National Convention?

Concern that the Elite had control

over the Democratic party

National party leaders who automatically get a slot at the Democratic National Convention?

Superdelegates

Historically, when does the Presidential primary season begin?

In winter in New Hampshire

The tendency of states to hold primaries earlier in the calendar to capitalize on media attention is?

Frontloading

For a candidate, the most important and desirable result of the early nomination contests is?

Winning the image as the party’s frontrunner

Winning the image as the party’s front runner means that the candidate has?

Momentum“The Big MO”

Momentum after winning the early primaries and caucuses translates into?

Campaign contributions –

Money!

Which state has the first Primary?

New Hampshire

Which state has the first Caucus?

Iowa

What are the characteristics of voters in presidential primaries and caucuses?

Older and more affluent (wealthy)

than normal citizens

What percentage of eligible voters cast their vote in the presidential primaries?

25%

What percentage of eligible voters cast their vote in the presidential Caucuses?

5%

Critics of the primary and caucus system point at the fact that participation in both is ?

Underrepresentative of the public at large

Critics of primaries and caucuses contend that the presidential “kingmakers” are now?

The Media

Critics suggest the creation of these two to replace the primary and caucus system?

National or Regional primaries

Proponents of a national primary argue that it would?

1. Simplify the nomination process

2. Shorten the length of the campaign

3. Increase public understanding of the issues at stake

4. Equalize the relative weight of votes across states

Critics suggest the creation of the national primary argue?

Run-off elections would be needed

because no candidate would win

a majority vote

A political party’s statement of its goals and policies for the next four years?

Platform

The final major event of each party’s national convention, during the last hour or so on the fourth and final night, is the?

Acceptance speech by the Presidential

candidate

Providing select information and a request for money to lists of people who have supported candidates of similar views in the past is a frequently used political technique?

Direct mail

Most political coverage by the media during the presidential campaign deals with the campaign game?

Who’s ahead in the polls (Horserace),

what the candidate strategies will be and speculation

What requires all candidates for federal office to disclose all campaign contributions made to their campaigns?

Federal Election Campaign Act

What persuaded congress to limit individual contributions to presidential and congressional campaigns to $1000?

Discovery that some individuals gave $1 million in the 1972

Nixon campaign

What government agency administers campaign finance laws and the enforcement of compliance with requirements?

Federal Election Commission

What court case struck down part of the Federal Election Campaign Act that restricted individual contributions to candidate’s own campaign?

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court ruled that restrictions on candidate’s contributions to their own campaign violated?

Freedom of Speech

Money collected from the $3 income tax check-off that is distributed by the FEC to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns?

Presidential Election Campaign Fund

Contributions of up to $250 matched from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund to qualifying presidential nominees?

Matching funds

Money donated to parties rather than the candidates themselves, thus not subject to contribution or spending limits?

Soft Money

Money donated to the candidates themselves, and subject to contribution or spending limits of the FEC?

Hard Money

Increased individual contributions to $2000, banned soft money, barred groups from running “issue ads” within 60 days of an election if they refer to a federal candidate?

McCain-Feingold Act

Moveon.org?

527 group

SixPac,FishPac?

Political Action Committee (PAC)

The notion that candidates need to raise and spend enough money to compete but that it is not always necessary to outspend an opponent?

Doctrine of Sufficiency

Funding vehicles, created in response to the 1974 campaign finance reforms, in which corporations, unions, big businesses, and interest groups join to raise funds for political campaigns?

Political Action Committee (PAC)

Tax exempt organization created to influence the political process by raising campaign funds which are not regulated by the Federal Election Commission because they do not coordinate with party or candidate?

527s

The election of 200 hinged on who had won?

Florida

What was emphasized in the 2000 Presidential election?

Role of the Electoral College

How are the number of electors in the Electoral College decided in each state?

Number of electors equals states

combined total of Representatives and

Senators

Reasons Electoral College has not been abolished?

Requires a constitutional amendment; benefits small

state that at least get 3 vote; benefits racial minorities and interest groups in key states;

no clear alternative or consensus in how to reform

Consequences of Winner-take-all system in Presidential elections?

States play a critical role in choosing President; Candidate

who wins most votes wins; candidates emphasize issues that may swing a key block of voters in

pivotal states; devote lots of resources to closely contested

states, swing states, and competitive states

Interest Groups

An organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims?

Interest Group

In what major way do Interest groups differ from Political parties?

Interest Groups tend to be policy specialists while

parties tend to be policy generalist

Theorists who believe interest groups compete and counterbalance one another in the political marketplace?

Pluralist

Argues that groups provide a key link between people and government; different groups win at different times; groups play by the rules; no one group Is likely to become too dominant?

Pluralist’s group theory of politics

Argument that only a few wealthy groups have all the political power and dominate politics?

Elite Theory

Argue that the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because most groups are extremely unequal in their power?

Elite Theorists

Elite theorists emphasize the political power of which group?

Business leaders

Composed of key interest group leaders, government agencies in charge of administrative policy, and congressional committees all interested in particular policy areas?

Subgovernments/Iron Triangles

Criticize that government refused to make tough choices between X and Y, instead pretending there is no need to choose and trying to favor both is most often made by?

hyperpluralist

What is the same goal that all subgovernment’s have?

Protect their self-interests

subgovernment’s are also known as?

Iron Triangles

Retail tobacco distributors of America, the Department of Agriculture, and the House Tobacco Subcommittee are an example of?

Iron Triangle

Argues that groups are unequal in power so the number of groups is insignificant?

Hyperpluralist

Three factors that affect the success of Interest Groups?

Size, Intensity, and Financial

Resources

What size group is more likely to achieve its goals?

Small groups

Term that refers to the difficulty that large groups have in activating all their potential members because non-members benefit from their activities?

Free-rider

Theory that states that the larger a potential group, the less likely potential members are to contribute?

Olson’s law of large groups

Why do public interest lobbies have relatively small proportions of actual members?

Free-rider problem

How does Olson’s law of large group characterize small groups?

The small the group the more

effective it is

Clean air, a tax write-off, and a raised minimum wage are all examples of?

The small the group the more

effective it is

Problem faced by groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group’s activity even without joining?

Free-rider

The best way that a large group can overcome the free-rider problem?

Selective benefits

Goods such as publications, discounts, and group insurance rates?

Selective benefits

Why do small groups have an advantage over larger groups?

There is more at stake for each member, making it easier to

organize; Intensity is higher

Communication, by someone other than a citizen acting on his own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his decision?

Lobbying

One of the major criticisms of the American Interest group system is that it is biased toward the?

Wealthy

What are some current trends associated with Interest groups according to the text?

There are and enormous number of highly specialized

trivial groups; every one has a staff and publications; more

diverse today than in the past; now have their headquarters

in Washington, D.C.

What are some current trends associated with Interest groups according to the text?

There are and enormous number of highly specialized

trivial groups; every one has a staff and publications; more

diverse today than in the past; now have their headquarters

in Washington, D.C.

Media