building services project 1: case study and documentation of building services system

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN (SABD)

ARC 2423 BUILDING SERVICES

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDINGSERVICES SYSTEMS

MAY 2015

CASE STUDY BUILDING: AVENUE K, KUALA LUMPUR

TUTOR: MR. SIVARAMAN

GROUP MEMBERS:

NG WEI YING 0316366LIM WAI MING 0317068LUCAS WONG KOK HOE 0309421STANLEY WONG KHUNG YOU 0317236TAN MING LONG 0311069WANG PUI YEE 0316283

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 BUILDING INFORMATION 11.1 Avenue K 11.2 Aim and Objectives 11.3 Scope of Research 21.4 Hinder of Research 2

2.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Literature Review 4

2.2.1 Types of Water Supply System2.2.2 Gravity and Pumped Combination System2.2.3 Cold Water Storage and Distribution

2.3 Case Study 62.3.1 Indirect Cold Water Supply System2.3.2 Gravity and Pumped Combination System

2.4 Component of System 122.4.1 Bulk Water Meter & Valve2.4.2 Sump Pump2.4.3 Domestic Cold Water Suction Tank2.4.4 Booster Pump (Hydropneumatic System)2.4.5 Water Storage Tank2.4.6 Pipe Sizing and Plumbing

2.5 Analysis 282.6 Conclusion 30

3.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 313.1 Introduction 313.2 Literature review 32

3.2.1 General Distribution3.2.2 Building Electrical Distribution

3.3 Case study 343.3.1 TNB Room (High Voltage Room)3.3.2Consumer Room (High Voltage Room)3.3.3 Emergency Power System

3.3.3.1 Gen-Set Room3.3.3.2 Generator set

3.3.4. Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room)3.3.5 Switch Board

3.3.5.1 Switchboard Frame3.3.5.2 Bus3.3.5.3 Splice Plates

3.3.5.4 Through-bus3.3.5.5 Over-current Protective Devices3.3.5.6 Outer Covers

3.3.6 Distribution Board3.4 Electrical Room Space Requirements 533.5. Analysis 553.6 Conclusion 57

4.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE 584.1 Introduction 584.2 Literature Review 59

4.2.1 Sewerage4.2.2 Combined Sewer and Separated Sewer

4.3 Case Study 614.4 Component of System 64

4.4.1 Sanitary and Sewerage System4.4.1.1 Water Closet (WC) [Siphon]4.4.1.2 Basins4.4.1.3 Urinal4.4.1.4 Bottle Trap4.4.1.5 Floor Trap4.4.1.6 Floor Trap4.4.1.7 Soil Stack Pipe4.4.1.8 Waste Stack Pipe4.4.1.9 Grease Interceptor4.4.1.10 Sewage Ejector4.4.1.11 Septic Tank

4.4.2 Drainage System4.4.2.1 Roof Drain4.4.2.2 Perimeter Drain4.4.2.3 Sump Pump4.4.2.4 Manhole


5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 775.1 Introduction 775.2 Literature Review 77

5.2.1 Type of Elevator5.2.1.1 Traction Elevator5.2.1.2 Hydraulic Elevator

5.3 Case Study 805.3.1 Elevator5.3.2 Escalator

5.4 Lift System 885.4.1 Geared Traction Lift System5.4.2 Operation of System

5.4.2.1 Control Room5.4.2.2 Machine Room

5.5 Elevator Components 955.5.1 Elevator Car

5.5.1.1 Car Sling5.5.1.2 Elevator Cabin5.5.1.3 Car Operating Panel5.5.1.4 Car Door5.5.1.5 Car Operator5.5.1.6 Guide Shoes5.5.1.7 Entrance Protection System

5.5.2 Elevator Shaft5.5.2.1 Guide Rails5.5.2.2 Counter Weight5.5.2.3 Suspension Cables5.5.2.4 Landing Door5.5.2.5 Buffers in the Pit

5.6 Escalator System 1145.6.1 Operating System

5.7 Arrangement of Escalator 1165.8 Escalator Components 117

5.8.1 Escalator Landing Platform5.8.2 Escalator Truss5.8.3 Escalator Tracks5.8.4 Escalator Steps

5.9 Analysis 1235.9.1 Arrangement of Elevators5.9.2 Positioning of escalator5.9.3 UBBL

5.10 Conclusion 126

6.0 AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION 1276.1 Introduction 1276.2 Literature Review 1276.3 Case Study 1306.4 Components of System 132

6.4.1 Chiller Plant Room6.4.1.1 Chillers6.4.1.2 Switchboard Unit6.4.1.3 Chilled Water and Condensed Water Duct6.4.1.4 Chilled Water Make-Up Tank6.4.1.5 Ductworks

6.4.1.6 Refrigerants6.4.2 Air Handler Units (A.H.U.)6.4.3 Fan Coil Units (F.C.U.)6.4.4 Grilles, Registers, Diffusers (G.R.D)6.4.5 Variable Air Volume (V.A.V.) Box6.4.6 Cooling Tower


7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 1497.1 Introduction 1497.2 Literature Review 1507.3 Case Study 1527.4 Active Fire Protection Systems 156

7.4.1 Alarm Initiation Devices7.4.1.1 Smoke Detector7.4.1.2 Gas Detector7.4.1.3 Break-Glass

7.4.2 Notification Appliances7.4.2.1 Alarm Bell7.4.2.2 Speaker7.4.2.3 Siren7.4.2.4 Fireman Intercom System

7.4.2.4.1 Remote Handset Station7.4.2.4.2 Fireman Intercom Panel

7.4.2.5 Lighting and Signage7.4.2.5.1 Emergency Exit Sign7.4.2.5.2 Emergency Exit Light7.4.2.5.3 Fire Indicator Light

7.4.3 Fire Control/ Extinguishing Systems7.4.3.1 Fire Hydrant System7.4.3.2 Sprinkler System7.4.3.3 Hose Reel System7.4.3.4 Wet Riser System7.4.3.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO) Fire Suppression System7.4.3.6 Fire Extinguisher7.4.3.7 Fireman Switch

7.5 Passive Fire Protection Systems 1827.5.1 Fire Roller Shutter7.5.2 Fire Evacuation Routes7.5.3 Fire Rated Door7.5.4 Fire Staircase7.5.5 Fire Lift


8.0 CONCLUSION 1929.0 APPENDIX 19310.0 REFERENCES 194

1CHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTER 1.01.01.01.0 BUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDING INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1.11.11.11.1 AvenueAvenueAvenueAvenue KKKK

Figure 1.1.1 Exterior View of Avenue K MallSource:

http://www.theantdaily.com/Documents/Article/13957/A-Ravishing-revamp_1024x

576.jpg

Situated at Jalan Ampang, one of the busiest street in Kuala Lumpur and rightnext to Menara KLCC, Avenue K is a mid-rise commercial shopping mall completewith high-rise condominiums on top of the commercial block. Avenue K wentthrough major refurbishment and facade upgrading works back in 2012 and wasreopened to the public in 2013. The lower concourse level of Avenue K isconnected to the KLCC LRT Station.

Avenue K is owned by City Properties Sdn. Bhd. The building design consultantfirms are GP Studio and ZLG Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The mechanical andelectrical engineering firm in charge of Avenue K is Jurutera Perunding Urus JayaSdn. Bhd.

1.21.21.21.2 AimAimAimAim andandandand ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

The objectives of this assignment are as below:- To introduce students to the basic principles, process and equipment of variousbuilding services systems through real life project (experiential learning).

2- To expose students to the integration of various building services systems in abuilding.- To allow students to demonstrate their understanding of building servicessystems- To develop students understanding and familiarity on the drawing conventionsand standards for different building services systems

1.31.31.31.3 ScopeScopeScopeScope ofofofof ResearchResearchResearchResearch

The scope of research for this assignment include documenting and analyzing the6 following services within a building. Namely, water supply system, electricalsupply system, sewerage, sanitary & drainage system, mechanical transportationsystem, mechanical ventilation & air-conditioning system and fire protectionsystem.

We are required to visit the selected case study building and visit its services plantrooms to obtain further understanding on these services based on ourobservations and research.

1.41.41.41.4 HinderHinderHinderHinder ofofofof ResearchResearchResearchResearch

During the site visit in Avenue K, we were guided by an operation manager and 2service technicians. The technicians had covered pretty much everything weneeded for our scope of research and were very helpful with our enquires andquestions. We managed to looked into the water storage room, gen-set room,AHU, FCU & AC plant rooms, cooling tower, sprinkler and fire fighting room, sewerejector, electrical room, control room and lift motor room during our visit to AvenueK.

However, we are unable to access the transformer room due to strict rules set bythe Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) that requires the presence of an electrician inorder to access into the room. We are also unable to access to the lift pit due tosafety reasons. Therefore, we are unable to observe the lift shafts.

All in all, it was a rather informative site visit as we had obtained much data fromsite and is able to observe most of the services room and system. Not to mentionthe 2 technicians had also provided valuable information regarding the systems inthe building.

3CHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTER 2.02.02.02.0 WATERWATERWATERWATER SUPPLYSUPPLYSUPPLYSUPPLY SYSTEMSYSTEMSYSTEMSYSTEM

2.12.12.12.1 IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) is the one and only Water Supply Distributor in Malaysia. JBAacts as the main source of distributor that distributes water through out the country. Thewater distributed is then received by its own private company that varies according toeach states. Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS) is the privatecorporation that receives water supply from JBA and caters water throughout Selangorand Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur. SYABAS is responsible for maintaining andupgrading the the existing water supply facilities and collection of water bills. SYABAS isalso responsible for up keeping the safety level of water source.

Nestled within the urban city central of Kuala Lumpur, Avenue K receives its water supplyfrom SYABAS. The water distribution system used by Avenue K is gravity and pumpcombination. Avenue K receives its water source from SYABAS via gravity distributionsystem and the water is directed into suction tanks located at the Basement Level 2 ofthe building. It then uses direct pump system to transport the water up to the waterstorage tanks located at the rooftop of Avenue K. Water is then distributed to the tenantsaccording to their needs via gravity distribution system.

42.22.22.22.2 LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature ReviewReviewReviewReview

2.2.12.2.12.2.12.2.1 TypesTypesTypesTypes ofofofof WaterWaterWaterWater SupplySupplySupplySupply SystemSystemSystemSystem

The water distributed for fire protection, domestic, commercial, agricultural, andindustrial uses is treated. The general guidelines for treated water are: The water mustbe clean, colourless, odorless, free from suspension and harmful bacteria. Water supplysystem is set up in urban and suburban areas, as well as most of the rural areas. Thepurpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality,quantity and pressure (Mohanty, 2012).

There are 3 types of water distribution system:- Gravity system- Direct pumped system- Gravity and pumped combination.

The choice of the distribution system depends on the topography of the site, location andextent of the distribution area and elevations and site conditions.

2.2.22.2.22.2.22.2.2 GravityGravityGravityGravity andandandand PumpedPumpedPumpedPumped CombinationCombinationCombinationCombination DistributionDistributionDistributionDistribution SystemSystemSystemSystem

The gravity and pumped combination system is the most commonly used distributionsystem for commercial buildings. The treated water from SYABAS flows into suction tankfor temporary storage and is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir.The water is then supplied to tenants by the action of gravity. This distribution systemstores excess water in reservoir during low demand periods and supplies water duringhigh demand period. It is one of the most economical, efficient and reliable distributionsystem (Mohanty, 2012). However, problem associated with operation and maintenanceof pumping systems might surface over the time.

Figure 2.2.2.1 Gravity and Pumped Combination DiagramSource: http://spot.pcc.edu/~rhatton/watersupply.pdf

52.2.32.2.32.2.32.2.3 ColdColdColdCold WaterWaterWaterWater StorageStorageStorageStorage andandandand DistributionDistributionDistributionDistribution

There are two types of distribution system. The direct systems and the indirect systems.For direct system, all fittings are provided with cold water direct from the main source.For indirect systems, all of the fittings are supplied with cold water indirectly from a coldwater storage tank, with the exception of drinking water points.

Figure 2.2.3.1 Indirect Water System for Domestic Uses DiagramSource:

http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/project_images/direct-and-indirect-cold-water-systems/indire

ct-cold-water-system.jpg

The advantages of indirect system include water runs at a slower pressure whichminimize noise and wastage and allows particular appliances to be used. Indirectsystems also serves as a reserve against failure of main water supply. Moreover, suchsystem is able to reduce the demand on the water main and the size of the incoming pipedue to sudden demands would be met from the cistern. Therefore, smaller pipe dimeterscould be used. Moreover, there is no risk of back-siphonage. Heating and hot watersupply apparatus could be vented to the storage cistern itself, thus minimising safetyvalve requirements.

62.32.32.32.3 CaseCaseCaseCase StudyStudyStudyStudy

A case study is carried out at Avenue K for an in-dept understanding towards the watersupply system. Avenue K Mall uses Gravity and Pumped combination water distributionsystem to ensure constant flow of water supply to its tenants. The main water is suppliedby SYABAS and the volume of water flow is monitored by the SYABAS bulk meter. Waterfrom the main source is then guided into the suction tank located at the basement level 2of Avenue K via gravity system. The water pressure at this stage is very high. The waterin suction tank is then pumped up to the water storage tank which is located at the rooftop. Finally, water is then distributed to the tenants and also wash closets of Avenue K.

2.3.12.3.12.3.12.3.1 IndirectIndirectIndirectIndirect ColdColdColdCold WaterWaterWaterWater SupplySupplySupplySupply SystemSystemSystemSystem

Figu

Figure 2.3.1.1 Flow Chart of the Cold Water System in Avenue K

The main water source is from SYABAS. SYABAS approved bulk meter is locatedoutside the mall (within site boundary) at ground level. It is located side by side alongwith the fire hydrant bulk meter that caters to Avenue K as well as existing domestic andfire fighting water meters that serve the LRT. The purpose of bulk flow meters are thereto monitor the large amount of water flow in commercial buildings.

The water tank room is located at the basement level 2 of Avenue K. The tank roomhouses 4 water tanks. Namely, the suction tank, make-up tank for cooling tower and 2service apartment tanks. All the water tanks in the room are constructed of hot dippedgalvanized press steel. 6 electrical booster pumps are connected to the suction tank.Indirect water supply system enable Avenue K to store water during low demand period.By doing so, each tenants and users are able to receive sufficient amount of watersupply during high demand period and the supply is able to sustain for a day duringwater shortage. Moreover, the water pressure is greatly reduced as the pressure fromwater main is too high to be distributed directly.

SYABAS

Booster PumpStorage Tank

Tenants Wash Closets

Suction TankBulk Meter

72.3.22.3.22.3.22.3.2 GravityGravityGravityGravity andandandand PumpedPumpedPumpedPumped CombinationCombinationCombinationCombination DistributionDistributionDistributionDistribution SystemSystemSystemSystem

Figure 2.3.2.1 Schematic diagram of Gravity and Pumped Combination System inAvenue K

Figure 2.3.2.1 illustrates the type of water supply system used in Avenue K. Water flowsfrom the supply pipe via gravity system down to the suction tank in basement level 2.The water pressure is then reduced and booster pumps are required to pump the waterup to the storage tank at level 8 mezzanine level. Water is finally distributed to theservicing pipes and tenants via gravity system again from the storage tank. The waterpressure is increases during this process.

8Figure 2.3.2 Ground Floor Plan showing the location of bulk water meter.

Figure 2.3.3 Bulk water meter in Avenue K

9Figure 2.3.4 Basement 2 plan showing the location of Water Tank Room

Water Tank Room Suction Tank Booster Pumps

Figure 2.3.5 Suction tank at basement level 2

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Figure 2.3.6 Booster pumps located right beside the suction tank

Figure 2.3.7 Sump pumps located at basement level 2

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Figure 2.3.8 Water Storage tank at the rooftop

Figure 2.3.9 Water Storage Room at basement level 2

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2.42.42.42.4 ComponentComponentComponentComponent ofofofof SystemSystemSystemSystem

2.4.12.4.12.4.12.4.1 BulkBulkBulkBulk WaterWaterWaterWater MeterMeterMeterMeter &&&& ValveValveValveValve

Figure 2.4.1.1 Bulk Meter details plan of Avenue K

Water bulk meters are typically installed at the ground level of the building. It connectsthe water main from SYABAS and it is used to control and monitor the heavy flow ofwater in commercial buildings. The bulk meter is also used to measure the volume ofwater used by the commercial building. There are several types of common water metersand the choice depends on the flow measurement method, the end user and requiredflow rates. Water meters are generally owned, read and approved by a public/ privatewater company, which in this case is SYABAS.

Figure 2.4.1.2 Section drawing of the bulk water meter in Avenue K.

Figure 2.4.1.2 Shows the section drawing of Avenue K's bulk meter which is located atthe Ground level. Number 1 labels the CW incoming pipe from SYABAS water main. The

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water then flows through the constant flow valve and meter before entering the risingmain to suction tank which can be seen in number 12 region.

Figure 2.4.1.3 Water Meter Register in Avenue K

Figure 2.4.1.3 shows the close up view of the water meter reading in Avenue K. The typeof water meter used in Avenue K is Turbine Meter and is generally used for commercialbuildings where a monitor of high water flow rates is necessary. It is less accurate at lowflow rates compared to displacement and jet meters which are more suitable forresidential and small scale commercial buildings. Higher flow rates are achieved byusing Turbine Meter as there are lesser pressure loss during the water flow from themain source. This meter is made of cast iron.

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Figure 2.4.1.4 Main Shutoff Valve ComponentsSource: http://www.betterbricks.com/building-operations/water-distribution

As seen on Figure 2.4.1.4, the basic valve components are the body, seat, stem andpacking/ gasket.

The bulk meter is completed with valves system. The presence of valves are critical inany piping system. The valves in Avenue K are made of cast iron. The function of thevalve is to regulate and control the movement and amount of the water flow into thebuilding. Valves perform four basic function which include:- Starting, stopping and directing the water flow-Regulating or throttling flow-Preventing back flow-Relieving or regulating pressure

Referring back to our case study building Avenue K, there are two valves at each ends ofthe bulk meter, known as the main shutoff valve. These valves are able to cut off the flowof water by opening and closing the valves of the water main and to the rising main. Littleof no leakage occurs at this stage. However, these valves will be noisy during highpressure application.

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2.4.22.4.22.4.22.4.2 SumpSumpSumpSump PumpPumpPumpPump

Figure 2.4.2.1 Sump pump in Avenue K

Figure 2.4.2.2 Location of the pump in basement level 3

A Sump pump is an electricity powered pump that is used to keep basement of a buildingdry. It pumps out rainwater or excess water from leakage or pipe bursting that hasaccumulated in the sump pit. The pump will then discharge the rainwater and excesswater into the sanitary sewer. Submersible pump is used in Avenue K as seen on figure2.4.2.1. The pump is submerge into the manhole and discharge the excess water runoffsto the connecting drainage system. This is to prevent the flooding of basement levels.

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2.4.32.4.32.4.32.4.3 DomesticDomesticDomesticDomestic ColdColdColdCold WaterWaterWaterWater SuctionSuctionSuctionSuction TankTankTankTank

Figure 2.4.3.1 Schematic drawing of suction tank

Figure 2.4.3.2 Location of the suction tank

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UBBL 247. Water storage.(1) Main water storage tanks within the building, other tank for hose reel systems, shallbe located on ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inletconnections accessible to fire appliances.

Domestic Cold Water Suction tank Specifications:- Dimension: 12000 x 5000 x 4500 (H)- Normal Capacity: 59400 gals- Material (exterior): Hot dipped Galvanized Pressed Steel- Material (interior): PVC

A suction tank is required in indirect cold water distribution system. The size of thesuction tank depend upon the demand of the building. The use of suction tank in AvenueK is able to reduce the water pressure from the main supply as the pressure from themain source is too high to be distributed to the tenants. The suction tank should haveenough capacity to store at least one day's supply of water to the entire building.

The suction tank is elevated on reinforced concrete beams with drip pan to preventmoisture condensation dripping to the ground. The drip pipe is connected to the overflowpipe from the tank. The suction tank is completed with a water tank float valve that willstops the inflow of water from the main source once the water level in the tank hasreached its maximum capacity.

Figure 2.4.3.3 The water flow from the rising main that connects to the suction tank

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Figure 2.4.3.3 shows the how the water flow from the rising main into the suction tank.The rising main comes with pressure reducing and stop valve that is able to manipulatethe water flow. The rising main pipe diameter is too large to be connected directly to thesuction tank and would result in severe strain on the valves. Hence, the rising main isprovided with a manifold header so the inlet to the tank can be automatically suppliedthrough several supply pipes, as shown in Figure 2.4.3.3. Each supply pipe from therising main comes with a stop valve to control the water flow. During this process, thewater pressure from the main source is greatly reduced.

Figure 2.4.3.4 Pressure reducing valve on rising main

Pressure reducing valves are attached to the rising main to regulate the water pressurefrom the main source. A meter also comes together with the valve to provide pressurereading on the rising main.

Figure 2.4.3.5 Detail drawing of the pressure reducing valve.

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Figure 2.4.3.6 Overflow pipe

The suction tank is fitted with 2 overflow pipes which is able to discharge water out of thetank in case of the failure of float valves. The failure of float valves will result in inwardwater exceeding maximum capacity and water overflow and flooding will occur. It is asafe rule to allow the overflow pipe twice the diameter or four times the sectional area ofthe supply pipe. Overflow pipes will then discharge to the properly tapped water supplysink that is connected to the drainage system.

Figure 2.4.3.7 Reading scale attached on outside of the suction tank

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As seen on figure 2.4.3.7, a reading scale is attached on the outside of the suction tankto display its current inward water capacity. This reading scale is connected to the floatvalve within the tank and directly depended on it.

Figure 2.4.3.8 Ladders that lead up to the inspection hole

The suction tank has several inspection holes that are used for inspection andmaintenance and servicing of the tank. Ladders are attached to the tank that leads up tothe opening of the tank. Avenue K carries out its water tank maintenance every once ayear.

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2.4.42.4.42.4.42.4.4 BoosterBoosterBoosterBooster PumpPumpPumpPump (Hydropneumatic(Hydropneumatic(Hydropneumatic(Hydropneumatic System)System)System)System)

Figure 2.4.4.1 Electricity powered Hydropneumatic system is used for the booster pump

Figure 2.4.4.2 Schematic drawing showing the pump sets

Avenue K uses electricity powered hydropneumatic system booster pumps to pump thewater from suction tank to the water storage tank located at the level 8 mezzanine. Thehydropneumatic system pumps are ideal for large commercial building variable demandof water. This system consist of 6 high pressure multistage centrifugal pumpsets, suctionand delivery manifolds with valves,base frame and control panel as seen on figure2.4.4.3. The booster pump acts as a pressure booster in high rise commercial building.

At peak water demand period, all the pumps will operate, similarly if there is a drop inwater demand the duty pump speed starts to reduce and stop entirely.

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Figure 2.4.4.3 Components of booster pumpsSource:

http://www.xylemindia.in/product-catalogue/lowara/Hydropneumatic_Pumping_System.p

df

2.4.52.4.52.4.52.4.5 WaterWaterWaterWater StorageStorageStorageStorage TankTankTankTank

2.4.5.1 Water Storage Tank at Level 8 Mezzanine

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The 2 water storage tanks are placed next to the cooling tower make-up tank in AvenueK. All the roof top water tanks are enveloped with sun-shading louvers to prevent directheating from the sun.

Domestic Cold Water Storage tank Specifications:- Dimension: 1000 x 5000 x 4500 (H)-Capacity Volume: 245.6m3- Material (exterior): Hot dipped Galvanized Pressed Steel- Material (interior): PVC

The service water storage tank is made of galvanized pressed steel exterior with interiorPVC linings. The outer shell of the water tank is made of modular square panels that areknown as the sectional panel tank. The general requirement of rooftop water storagetank include cover on the tank to prevent animals and particles from trapping inside thetank.

Inspection holes are also mounted on the top of the tank for regular inspection andmaintenance. The water storage tank components in Avenue K is quite similar to itssuction tank. Overflow pipe is used to discharge excessive water at times of float valveand float failure. The water storage tank is also provided with a reading scale to show thelevel of water in it. Vent pipes are also attached on the top of the water storage tank toallow air exchange within the water tank.

Figure 2.4.5.2 Float valve and floatSource:

http://hayesplastic.com/WebRoot/RSTO/Shops/BT0247/5134/97DC/DB84/0F50/6A8E/0

A0C/05E8/6C3F/bfvcom.jpg

Float valve and float system is used to control the amount of water entering the tank.Once the tank has reached its maximum capacity, the float will float up to the watersurface and water supply will be cut off.

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Figure 2.4.5.3 Distribution pipes

Distribution pipes are connected to the water storage tank. Water is then distributed tothe tenants via service pipes. Each distribution pipes is attached with a gate valve. Thedistribution pipe diameters are made of copper with 4 inches diameter each.

Figure 2.4.5.4 Gate Valve

The gate valves at these distribution pipes open by lifting a round wedge out of the pathof the water and is often used to prevent or permit the flow of water.

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Figure 2.4.5.5 Service pipes connected to the distribution pipe.

The distribution pipes will then split into multiple service pipes. These service pipes willdistribute water according to its designated location. These service pipe are 3 incheseach and made of copper.

Figure 2.4.5.6 Rising main

Figure 2.4.5.6 The rising main is connected to the suction tank. Booster pump will pumpthe water from the suction tank to the water storage tank. The pipe diameter for the risingmain is 4.5 inches and made of Galvanized Steel.

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Figure 2.4.5.6 Overflow Pipe

Overflow pipes are attached to the top of the water storage tank. These overflow pipesare the same as the ones attached on the suction tank. The overflow pipe are 4.5inchesin diameter and made of PVC. The discharge will be lead to the drainage system ofAvenue K.

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2.4.62.4.62.4.62.4.6 PipingPipingPipingPiping SizingSizingSizingSizing andandandand PlumbingPlumbingPlumbingPlumbing

The selection of pipes and sizing varies according to different function and purpose.Oversizing of pipes will result in high cost and it may be unnecessary. It will also causedelay in receiving water at outlets. However, undersizing of pipes may result in slow oreven no water during peak demand period. It will also create noise as the water pressureis too high to flow through such a narrow pipe.

The types of pipes used in Avenue K are copper, PVC and galvanized steel and beloware the details:

(a) Copper (b) PVC (C) Galvanized SteelFigure 2.4.6.1 Types of Pipes in Avenue K

Table 2.4.6.2

PipePipePipePipe UsageUsageUsageUsage DiameterDiameterDiameterDiameter (inches)(inches)(inches)(inches)Rising Main 6Overflow Pipe 5Distribution Pipe 4Service Pipe 3 and below

Table2.4.6.3

TypeTypeTypeType ofofofof PipePipePipePipe WaterWaterWaterWater SystemSystemSystemSystem UsageUsageUsageUsage PipingPipingPipingPiping DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescriptionCopper PipeType L

Distribution Pipe,Rising Main, ServicePipe

Rigid, Blue in Color,will not corrode andlong lasting

PVC Overflow Pipe Rigid, lightweight,lifespan of 30 years

GalvanizedSteel

Rising Main, SupplyMain

Rigid, will corrodeover time, longlasting due togalvanized process

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2.52.52.52.5 AnalysisAnalysisAnalysisAnalysis

UBBL 89. Chases.A Chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the wall at theback of the chase not less than 100 millimeters thick in external walls and not less than100 millimeters thick in a party wall and shall not be wider than 200 millimeters.

UBBL 247. Water storage.(1) Main water storage tanks within the building, other tank for hose reel systems, shallbe located on ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inletconnections accessible to fire appliances.

UBBL 123. Pipe and service ducts.The enclosure must be sufficient enough to allow accommodation of pipes, stop cocksand permit access for repairs modifications.

The cold water supply system in Avenue K conforms to the Uniform Building By-Laws1984 by installing their suction tanks in basement level which meets the requirement ofBy-law 247. Cleaning and servicing of the water tanks are carried out annually whichadheres to the maintenance regulation set by SYABAS.

Moreover, the suction tank and water storage tanks are elevated from the ground andplaced on the RC beams. This enable enough room for the accommodation of pipes andconnections, which permits enough room for plumbers to excess for maintenance andservice. This placement method of water tanks in Avenue K successfully meet therequirements of By-law 123.

The indirect cold water supply system used in Avenue K is a good choice as it providereserve against failure of mains supply. Indirect cold water supply system requires thepresence of suction and storage tank and when sudden demands are met from thestorage cistern which then fills slowly, thereby making the demand on the main moreeven. This is much more economical as the size of the service pipe is able to be reducedto a more proper sizing. It also reduced pressure on the system installation, whichreduce the noise level. Leakage will be reduce and less water will go to waste.

The Turbine bulk meter used as master meters in Avenue K is also an excellent choicefor water distribution. Turbine bulk meter is suitable for high rise and large commercialbuildings as it is highly accurate in monitoring high flow rates. Furthermore, the waterstorage tanks are covered and protected from direct sun glare.This adheres to thegeneral hygiene guidelines of a water tank where it is required to be covered to avoidanimals and other particles from entering the water tank.

Most of the major distribution pipes used in Avenue K are copper and galvanized steelpipes. The use of copper pipe is able to avoid corrosion built up in the pipes and is longlasting. Galvanized steel pipes are long lasting as well but they are prone to corrosionover the time. New buildings no longer install galvanized steel pipes and opted forcopper pipes instead. We would suggest Avenue K to replace most of its major pipes tocopper or PVC pipes to avoid corrosion built up within the pipes. Moreover, PVC is

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economical and lightweight. Major pipes which transfer high pressure water should be ofcopper pipes to withstand the strain of the pressure.

The hydropneumatic system booster pump in Avenue K is electricity powered and itselectrical consumption is rather high. The pump sets also required its own generator setin case of power failure to ensure continuity of watter supply. Avenue K could considerinstalling lower energy consumption pumps like the hydraulic pumps to lower the overallenergy consumption of the building. The hydraulic pumps should be sufficient formedium rise commercial building like Avenue K.

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2.6.2.6.2.6.2.6. Conclusion.Conclusion.Conclusion.Conclusion.

Through this case study on Avenue K, we have definitely gained a better insight towardscold water supply system. We now understand how the water supply system works anddistributed in Malaysia. An extensive research is carried out after the site visit to obtainsufficient info for the writing of this report. The management of Avenue K has fulfilled theUBBL requirements by conforming to the by-laws and the annual maintenance. SYABASproposed guidelines are also adhered by Avenue K. Being a medium high risecommercial building, the current water supply system has proven to be efficient. Thegravity and pumped combination system also proven to be the most economicaldistribution system for commercial buildings like Avenue K and most importantly, they areable to provide constant flow of water supply to the tenants via this system.

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3.0 Electrical Supply System

3.1 Introduction Electricity is the most dominant kind of energy in a modern building. Electricity supplies electrical outlets and lighting fixtures. Ventilation, heating, and cooling equipment depend upon electrical energy. Electricity provides energy for elevators and materials transporters, and energy for signal and communication equipment. Lighting is the major user of electrical energy in most buildings. In commercial buildings, motors are the second heaviest use of electrical energy, for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing pumps, elevators and most industrial processes. As a designer, we have responsibility for seeing that power is available where needed for our clients equipment, and for making sure that the lighting and appliances are appropriate and energy efficient.

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3.2 Literature review 3.2.1 General Distribution

Figure 3.2.1.1 Transmission of electricity from power plant to commercial customer Source: http://www.avalon-energy.com/sample.aspx?C1=28

Figure 3.2.1.1 shows that the general distribution of electricity, it usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing Centralized power stations allows efficient electrical transmission, electrical power can then be dispatched relatively long distance to where it was needed.

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3.2.2 Building Electrical Distribution

Figure 3.2.2.1 Diagram of building electrical distribution system Source: http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~jef22/myweb4/electrical.htm

Figure 3.2.2.1 shows a buildings electrical distribution, and below shows the following steps of how electricity is being transmitted in a building.

1. Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) then enters the TNB substation located inside the building which is the High Voltage Room consists the Switch Gear Room & Transformer Room.

2. Electricity is then transmitted to the Low Voltage Room, which is the Main Switch Room. It functions as a distribution room that consist of main control switches, circuit breakers and meters.

3. Electricity is then continued to the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room consisting signal distribution frames connecting telecommunication wirings.

4. Electric Risers connect the wirings to the Electrical Rooms in every floor to supply electricity to the upper floors.

5. Electricity is then transmitted to the Distribution Boards for control switches of the electrical appliances.

6. Gen-Set Room is connected to the LV Room (Main Switch Room) which has a backup generator in case TNB fails to supply electricity.

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3.3 Case studies

Avenue K is a commercial building consisting of 17 floors, including the basement car park, it requires the most amount of electricity compared to residential buildings. Electricity comes from a main power source, which is the Malaysias Electric Utility Company Tenaga National Berhad (TNB). This topic is to give an understanding on how electricity is being generated and how it is being transmitted and distributed throughout the building. Similar to like most shopping malls in Malaysia, the TNB substation is placed in the back of the building at the ground floor with a protective enclosure. This is where high voltage is being reduced to low voltage for small electrical distribution throughout the whole building.

Figure 3.3.1 Electrical distribution in Avenue K

Figure 3.3.1 shows the electrical distribution in Avenue K, starting from: - TNB Substation (High Voltage Room) - Consumer Room (Medium Voltage Room) - Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room) - Gen-Set Room - Electric Rooms - Distribution Boards

TNB substation Consumer Room Main Switch

Room

Gen-Set Room

Electric Room Distribution Board

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3.3.1 TNB Room (High Voltage Room)

Figure 3.3.1.1 TNB substation Sources: http://www.infopages.net.my/product-details.aspx?pid=2484

Figure 3.3.1.2 High Voltage Switchgears Source: http://www.tngks.net/kgg/index.php/group-of-companies/al-khayarin-

switchgear-factory

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Figure 3.3.1.3 Location of TNB substation The TNB substation (Figure 3.3.1.1) is the direct linkage from the transmission cables receiving large amount of electricity, the room consist of high voltage Switchgears (figure 3.3.1.2) which direct control of the whole buildings electricity. In the case of emergency, this room is to maintain the incoming power from TNB. This TNB Substation is under the power of TNB and no other than TNB authorized personal may access this room.

Substations are part of the electricity supply network that enables the widespread use of electricity at home, work, places for education, leisure, commerce, health care, etc. The size of substations can be very variable, depending on whether they serve mainly residential properties, or also commercial and industrial units, etc. Schools and institutions such as hospitals and commercial buildings often have their own substation. The purpose of substations is to transform the voltage from long-distance high voltage power lines to the voltages used to supply the building.

Electrical substation is a combination of electrical components including switchgear, step down transformer, auxiliaries, busbar. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short circuit. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electric power via the outgoing transmission lines.

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3.3.2 Consumer Room (Medium Voltage Room)

Figure3.3.2.1 Consumer room

Figure 3.3.2.2 Location of Consumer room

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Figure 3.3.2.3 Switchgear The consumer room receives 11KV of electricity from TNB substation transformer, and then it will transfer the 11KV of electricity to the consumer transformer, which will step down the 11KV to 415V and 240V.

A high-voltage switchboard is an assembly point which receives power from the HV generators. A common busbar system runs through the board to which the power sources are connected through switchgear. The busbar act as a manifold, and feeders are taken from it, through circuit-breakers or contractors, to all power-consuming services such as transformers, motors or interconnectors.

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3.3.3 Emergency Power System An emergency power system is an independent source of electrical power that supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply. A standby power system may include a standby generator, batteries and other apparatus. Emergency power systems are installed to protect life and property from the effect of loss of primary electric power supply. Mains power can be lost due to downed lines, malfunctions at a sub-station, inclement condition, planned blackouts or in extreme cases a grid-wide failure. In modern buildings, most emergency power systems have been and are still based on generators. Normally, these generators are Diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gas engine driven generator and larger ones a gas turbine. With regular generators, an automatic transfer switch is applied to connect emergency power. One side is connected to both the normal power feed and the emergency power feed; and the other side is connected to the load designated as an emergency. If no electricity comes in on the normal side, the transfer switch uses a solenoid to throw a triple pole, single throw switch. This switches the feed from normal to emergency power. The loss of normal power also triggers a battery operated starter system to start the generator, similar to using a car battery to start an engine. Once the transfer switch is switched and the generator starts, the building's emergency power comes back on (after going off when normal power was lost. Unlike emergency lights, emergency lighting is not a type of light fixture; it is a pattern of the building's normal lights that provides a path of lights to allow for a safe exit, or lights up service areas such as mechanical rooms and electric rooms. Exit signals, Fire alarm systems (that are not on backup batteries) and the electric motor pumps for the fire sprinklers are most always on emergency power. The electric motor pumps for the fire sprinklers are almost always on emergency power. Other equipment on emergency power may include smoke isolation dampers, smoke evacuation fans, elevators, handicap doors and outlets in service areas. Hospitals use emergency power outlets to power life support systems and monitoring equipment. Some buildings may even use emergency power as part of normal operations, such as a theater using it to power show equipment because "the show must go on."

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3.3.3.1 Gen-Set Room

Figure 3.3.3.1.1 Diesel Generator

Figure 3.3.3.1.2 Location of Gen-set room

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NFPA 110 (1999 edition) requires generators to be located in a dedicated room, separated from all other areas and spaces by 2-hour fire rated barriers. NFPA 110 is very clear that nothing else may be located, stored or mounted inside the generator room, which includes normal power distribution equipment.

The purpose of 2-hour fire rated barrier separating the generator from the rest, is to protect the generator. The conventional wisdom is, if a fire starts on the outside of the generator room, the generators will operate for 2-hours before the fire breaks through. That should be enough time for the firemen to extinguish the fire and to evacuate the building, if need be.

So, nothing may be stored in the generator room, but NFPA 110 does permit the following emergency power supply system equipment in the generator room:

Energy converter (generator) Day tank of fuel Support equipment for the room (HVAC equipment, lighting equipment, etc.) Conductors Disconnecting means Overcurrent protective devices Transfer switches Control devices Supervisory devices Support devices needed for the system to operate as a safe and reliable source

of electric power

The last term (support devices) can be interpreted to include necessary manuals and tools to safely operate the generator, but does not include tools to perform repairs, repair parts, discarded materials, replacement filters and oil.

Battery powered emergency lights are required in the room, connected to the load side of the transfer switch, whereby the lights will illuminate during a normal power outage. The room must be maintained to a temperature of not less than 70F, unless the generator is equipped with a water jacket heater that maintains the engine temperature at 90F. Where the generator is equipped with a water jacket heater, the room must be maintained at a temperature of not less than 40F.

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3.3.3.2 Generator Set

Figure 3.3.3.2.1 Fuel cell starter of diesel generator

Figure 3.3.3.2.2 Detail drawing of generator set Source: http://generatorjoe.net/html/stepxstepGenerator.asp

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The generator that use by Avenue K is a diesel generator. It is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator (often an alternator) to generate electrical energy. This is a specific case of engine-generator. A diesel compression-ignition engine often is designed to run on fuel oil, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural gas.

Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to a power grid, or as emergency power-supply if the grid fails.

Sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a shortage of power and is complicated by modern electronics, specifically non-linear loads. In size ranges around 50 MW and above, an open cycle gas turbine is more efficient at full load than an array of diesel engines, and far more compact, with comparable capital costs; but for regular part-loading, even at these power levels, diesel arrays are sometimes preferred to open cycle gas turbines, due to their superior efficiencies.

If there is no electric supply from TNB station, the generator set will generate electricity automatically by using the petrol from the fuel tank. The electricity generated will transfer to Low Voltage Room to provide electricity. The generator set acts as a backup power of the building, in case of power outage from the main power supply.

Gen-set would normally will be installed in offices, commercial buildings, shopping mall and other large scaled building. This is because gen-set will automatic start to generate and supply emergency electric power when the main electrical distribution of electricity is distributed.

Figure 3.3.3.2.3 Ventilation system at Gen-set room

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3.3.4. Main Switch Room (Low Voltage Room)

Figure 3.3.4.1 Main Switch Room (LV room)

Figure 3.3.4.2 CO2 fire suppression system

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Figure 3.3.4.3 Location of Main Switch Room (LV Room)

Main Switch Room (LV Room) is where the main control panels located. This room consist of main switches for the entire building. The Main Switch Board allows the authorized personnel to shut down the power supply of any floor or the whole building for maintenance purpose. The Main Switch Boards used bus bar system, which connects to the other distribution boards to experience less current loss.

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3.3.5 Switch Board There are multiple elements that make up a switchboard. Included in the list of elements are a frame, buses, overcurrent protective devices, service metering, and outer covers.

3.3.5.1 Switchboard Frame

Figure 3.3.5.1.1 The frame of the switchboard Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemens-

basics

The frame of the switch board houses supports the other components. The standard switchboard frame is 90 inches high and 32 or 38 inches wide. An optional height of 70 inches with widths of 32, 38, or 46 inches is also available

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3.3.5.2 Bus

Figure 3.3.5.2.1 Buses are mounted within the frame, vertical and horizontal Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemens-

basics A bus is a conductor or set of conductors that serves as a common connection for two or more circuit. NEC article 408.3 states that bus bars shall be located so as to be free from physical damage and shall be held firmly in place Bus bars are required to have phases in sequence so that an installer can have the same fixed phase arrangement in each termination point in any switchboard. This is established by NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association). If it is a non-NEMA phase sequence, it must be marked on the switchboard. Buses are mounted within the frame. Horizontal bus bars are used to distribute power to each switchboard section. Vertical bus bars are used to distribute power via overcurrent devices to the load devices. Bus bars are made of tin-finished aluminum or silver-finished copper. Bus bars may either be temperature rated or current density rated. The current density rating specifies the maximum current per square inch of a bus bar cross section.

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Figure 3.3.5.2.2 Vertical and horizontal bus bar connections Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemens-

basics Figure3.3.5.2.2 shows the rear view drawing of the switchboard illustrates vertical and horizontal bus bar connections. The vertical phase bus bars appear to be in reverse order because they are views from the rear, but are in the proper NEMA order as viewed from the front. A bus connector makes a mechanical and electrical connection between a vertical bus bar and its corresponding horizontal bus bar. In figure3.3.5.2.2 the connector can be clearly seen on the neutral bus. Compression lugs provided on this switchboard accept properly sized incoming power cables.

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3.3.5.3 Splice Plates

Figure 3.3.5.3.1 Rear view drawing of slice plates Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemens-

basics Splice plates are used to join the horizontal bus bars of adjoining switchboard sections, as illustrated in the figure3.3.5.3.1. To make additional distribution sections easier to install when they are needed, the horizontal bus is extended and pre-drilled to accept splice plates. A new section is set flush against an existing section. The old and new sections are connected together with splice plates.

3.3.5.4 Through-bus The extended horizontal bus is also referred to as through-bus. Because the load requirements in downstream distribution sections are generally less than in upstream service sections, the capacity of the through-bus is tapered to a minimum of one-third the capacity of the incoming service mains. Full capacity or non-tapered, through-bus is available as an option. The ampacity of non-tapered through-bus remains constant throughout the switchboard.

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3.3.5.5 Overcurrent Protective Devices

Figure 3.3.5.5.1 Overcurrent protective devices, circuit breakers and disconnect switches

Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemens-basics

Operator components are mounted in the front side of the switchboard. This includes overcurrent protective devices, such as circuit breakers and disconnect switches. These devices are mounted to the bus bars using straps connected to the line side of the devices.

3.3.5.6 Outer Covers Cover panels are installed on the switchboard so that no live parts are exposed to the operator. The front cover is referred to as the dead front. The panels are also used as trim to provide a finished look to the switchboard.

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3.3.6 Distribution Board

Figure 3.3.6.1 Distribution board Source: http://www.doepke.co.uk/dboards/dboards.

A distribution board is a control board or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points. The board typically has a single incoming power source and includes a main circuit and a residual current or earth leakage protection device. Older distribution boards may include a series of fuses which supply the individual circuits; newer installations typically feature mini circuit breakers. A distribution board may be utilized to distribute either single or three phase supplies, depending on the installation specifics. Although distribution board equipment, layouts, and legislative requirements differ from country to country, the basic rules of distributing a single supply to various individual points while ensuring safety and control for each remains the same.

Distribution boards are common place in most industrial installations and commercial or residential buildings. Most consist of a control board or enclosure supplied with a single incoming electrical feed line. The power is then split among several small circuit breakers or, in the case of older boards, fuses which in turn feed power to different consumption points or circuits. The core function of any distribution board is to allow individual circuits to draw power from correctly rated circuit breakers and for those circuits to be isolated without causing a disruption to the rest of the supplies. Most

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importantly though, the distribution board offers protection to users and equipment from electrical shock or fire resulting from ground faults.

Most distribution boards feature a single incoming supply cable feeding multi- or single-phase power to the board. The live feed from this cable is generally first connected to a main breaker, fuse, or residual current detector (RCD). These components allow the whole board to be isolated for repairs in the case of a main breaker or fuse while the RCD protects against ground fault shock and fire hazards. In the case of a single phase supply, the live feed is taken from the main breaker or RCD and bridged across the top of a series of individual fuses or mini circuit breakers. Multiphase supplies typically have several circuit breakers for each phase and with each group bridged along their incoming terminals. The neutral and earth cores of the supply cable are then connected to separate busway bars.

Cables from the individual power outlets, light circuits, or machine points are then inserted into the distribution board on the opposite side of the supply cable. The live leads from each cable are connected to suitably rated circuit breakers and the neutral and ground leads to the appropriate busway bars. This creates a distribution environment where each circuit is fed by a suitable circuit breaker and may be isolated if the need arises without disrupting the rest of the supply.

The most significant component of any distribution board is the RCD. This is the element which stands between the circuit user and potentially fatal electric shocks and catastrophic fires. For this understanding, these units should be correctly rated, regularly tested, and never bypassed. The cause of a tripped breaker or blown fuse should also always be investigated prior to a reset to avoid possible damage to equipment or appliances and electrical shock.

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3.4 Electrical Room Space Requirements

The space requirements for standby and emergency power systems do not rank at the top of an architects design list. Consequently, service personnel can find themselves in tight quarters when these power systems are jammed into areas that meet only minimum safety requirements and dont take service- ability into account. Building service equipment must have an advocate early in the design process. It is far easier and less expensive to plan for adequate space in the design phase than to compromise on unit size and retrofit equipment to fit in cramped areas.

3.4.1 Basic Room Requirements

Minimum requirements set for the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the National Electric Code (NEC) is that a person must be able to complete service duties with enclosure doors open and for two people to pass one another. If maintenance must be done at the rear of the cabinet, similar access space must be available. The NEC also requires 3 to 4 feet (1m to 1.3m) of aisle space between live electrical components of 600 volts or less, depending on whether live components are on one or both sides of the aisle. This requirement holds even if components are protected by safety enclosures or screens.

Installations over 600 volts require even wider aisle space, from 3 feet (1,) to as much as 12 feet (4m) for voltages above 75kV. Service rooms with 1,200 amps or more require two exits in case of fire or arcing. Because transformers vary, make sure minimum wall clearances are met as specified by the manufacturer. Specific rules and exceptions are spelled out by the NFPA in its recently revised NEC rules.

3.4.2 Gen Set Space Needs

Caterpillar recommends floor space between an engine and parallel wall space or another gen set should not be less than the width of the engine. Overhead, there should be enough space allocated to allow convenient removal of cylinder heads, manifolds, exhaust piping and any other equipment for service. Consider specifying enough room for a chain hoist or overhead crane. Space fore and aft of the engine should allow camshaft removal.

Batteries to start gen sets should be kept as near as possible to the engine to avoid long energy robbing cables. The fuel tank should be located near gen sets to prevent long fuel line runs which can tax fuel pumps. Access to this equipment for service must also be considered in the design phase.

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3.4.3 Switchgear Considerations

Controls and switchgear are best housed in a separate air-conditioned room next to the gen set with a window into the engine room. Switchgear that cant be placed in a separate room should be located to take advantage of incoming air to cool the switchgear.

The enclosure should offer as much or more space as required by the gen set in a building. In fact, because enclosure square foot cost are lower than in a finished building, you will likely have more funds available for enlarging the enclosure space. EPG Designer as well as AutoCAD drawings available from your CAT dealer cite minimum clearances needed. The enclosure should offer expandable construction, withstand excessive winds, allow full service access to gen set, including the ability to lift the enclosure off the installation.

When selecting a site for the enclosure, consider cfm air requirements for the gen set(s) as well as how exhaust fumes may travel. Pay particular attention to building ventilation inlet locations. Finally, consider the systems needs for fuel storage, cooling, monitoring and maintenance. Fuel tanks can be built into enclosure bases, and is an option on the drop over enclosure- available from Caterpillar.

Enclosure security is another concern. The enclosure must be lockable and tamper and vandal resistant.

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3.5 Analysis

Avenue k has a Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) substation which distributes all the power that the building needs. Distribution circuits are LED from a transformer located in an electrical substation, where the voltage is reduced from the high values are used for power transmission. The generator set will provide electric power when power supply cut off, it is to prevent discontinuity of daily activities and the disruption of business operations. Electric power supply: Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) Location TNB substation Level 2 Consumer Room Basement 1 Main Switch Room Basement 2 Gen-set Room Basement 2 Sub-board and distribution board Every floor

Table 3.5.1 Location of electrical supply system room Unfortunately, we are not allowed to go inside to the TNB substation room. According to OSHA 1026.966(e)(3), only authorized electrical technicians are allowed to enter the substation. To prevent illegal access, the substation is protected with wall and entrance is locked as mentioned in OSHA 1926.966(e)(5) and OSHA 1926.966 (e)(2).

UBBL 240: Electrical isolating switch

1) Every floor or zoneof any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relavant floor or zone served.

2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the firemans switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

The electrical system in Avenue K are deemed comprehensive and safe as they obeyed the Uniform Building by Law and Tenaga National Berhad requirement. The arrangements of the plants are well designed, as there is no transmission problem. The plant rooms are well maintained and organized accordingly. Based on the study, the electrical distribution system is suitable for Avenue K as it is a vital component of the building sue to the act that it contains a lot of users thus consumes a lot of electrical usage. The electrical services in Avenue K is sufficient in term of the electrical distribution and usage.

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UBBL 253: Emergency Power System

1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property.

2) Emergency power systems shall provide power for smoke control systems, illumination, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address systems, fire lifts and other emergency systems.

3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency operation of all equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other lift.

4) All wiring for emergency systems shall be in metal conduit or of fire resisting mineral insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk.

5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or group of buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10 seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall comprise one or more of the following approved types:

5a) Storage Battery Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 87.5 percent of the system voltage the total load of the circuits supplying emergency lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 1.5 hours;

5b) Generator set A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the normal service.

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3.6 Conclusion After visit to Avenue K and do research on their building services, we can easily identify and understand relevant information related to water and electrical supply, sewerage, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning as well as fire protection systems. We understood how each building services functions including the connections and position of different parts equipment.

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CHAPTER 4.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE

4.1 Introduction

In order to manage human waste, industry waste and excess rainwater to keep the living area of human clean and comfortable, the drainage system, sewerage system and sanitary appliances play an important role. Drainage system is a system of piping to run off excess water whereas sewage system is to dispose the waste water and solids in a proper way. Waste water also called sewage, it can be defined as any liquid waste that contains animal, vegetable or chemical waste in solution. A fixture that connected to the sewer pipe is sanitary appliance which allows a person to put in sewage or liquids into the sewerage system and the medium used to flush the sewage into the sewer pipe is water.

In Malaysia, the task of developing and maintaining an efficient and modern sewerage system is in charge by the Indah Water Konsortium (IWK). IWK manages the collection and treatment of sludge from sewerage system and septic tanks.

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4.2 Literature Review

4.2.1 Sewerage

Sewerage is considered as the collection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste. Physical structures required for that collection, treatment and disposal are all included in sewerage work.

Sewage is the liquid waste carried by a sewer and may include domestic and industrial discharges as well as storm sewage, infiltration and inflow. Sewage which forms in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions is sanitary sewage. Storm sewage is flow derived from rainfall events and carried into sewers intended for its transporting. In addition, infiltration is water which enters the sewers from the ground through leaks. Besides that, water which enters the sewers from the surface, during rainfall events, through flaws in the system, or though connections to roof or basement drains is called inflow.

A sewer is a generally closed pipe or conduit which carries sewage but normally not flowing full. A sanitary sewer is designed to carries sanitary sewage and excludes the others whereas a storm sewer carries storm sewage and any other wastes which may be discharged into the streets or onto the surface of the ground. In additions, a combined sewer carries both domestic and storm sewage and the system composed of it called combined system. On the other hand, separate system is the one which segregates the storm water.

Sewage treatment includes any process which used to modify the characteristics of the waste water into a more harmless substance to the environment. Sewage disposal means the discharge of liquid wastes to the environment. Normally, sewage is treated in some manner before being discharged to the environment.

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4.2.2 Combined Sewer and Separated Sewer

Combined sewer is designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage and industrial wastewater in the same pipe then transport to a sewage treatment plant to be treated and discharged to a water body. Between dry and wet weather, there will be large distribution in flow which will caused the combined sewer overflows. This overflow may cause serious pollution to the environment.

Figure 4.2.2.1 Diagram of combined sewer system.

Source: http://greenlearningstation.org/resources/1/CombineWasteWaterOverflow.jpg Separated sewer is designed to collect storm water and wastewater with separate pipe. The system will be split into sanitary sewer system and storm sewer system and they will collect and direct waste water and storm water respectively. This provide more capacity and prevent flooding. Besides, it also allow stormwater to be used as water resources and prevent untreated amount of overflow directly into our waterbody.

Figure 4.2.2.2 Diagram of separated sewer system.

Source:http://www.villageofshorewood.org/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=1575

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4.3 Case Study

Avenue K Mall uses two pipe plumbing system. The soil waste will be discharged into septic tank whereas the sullage from restaurants, food court and sink will be treated differently. The sullage will be transport to grease interceptor. After treatment, it will be discharged to septic tank.

Sewage ejector is located at basement 2 whereas grease interceptor is located at basement 3 of Avenue K. Roof drain is located at Level 8 Mezzanine level (Rooftop) of Avenue K.

Sewerage system

Sanitary appliances Traps Stacks Septic Tank Public Sewer Sewer

Treatment River

Kitchen appliances Traps Grease Interceptor Septic Tank Public Sewer

Drainage system

Roof drain Waste pipes Sump pump Main Sewer Pipes River

Figure 4.3.1 Basement 2 Floor Plan showing the location of sewerage ejector room.

Sewerage Ejector Room

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Figure 4.3.2 Upper Concourse Floor Plan.

Toilet

Figure 4.3.3 Details of male and female toilets plan.

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Figure 4.3.4 Schematic diagram for plumbing system.

Kitchen Toilet Sewage

Ejector Grease Interceptor

Sump pump

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4.4 Component of System

Each system has their own components and each component plays their own role to support the system. If one of the components lose their function, the system may fail and not able to work efficiently.

4.4.1 Sanitary and Sewerage System

Sanitary sewage from sanitary appliances will flow through trap then to soil or waste stack pipe. After that it will be transferred to septic tank. Other than sanitary sewage, sewage from kitchen will be direct to grease interceptor for treatment then transferred to septic tank.

4.4.1.1 Water Closet (WC) [Siphon] Avenue K uses the wall mounted WC which hides the water tank for aesthetic purpose. Flush water actually exists through a special fitting in the wall and there is no flush lever, instead, it will be replaced by a button on a rectangular plate on the wall above the toilet. If want to access the tank for maintenance, the plate can be removed. These toilets are quieter and save more spaces compare to those regular floor-mount models but these are more complicated to install. After flushing, soil waste will be disposed from WC outlet pipe to the soil stack pipe.

(a) (b) Figure 4.4.1.1.1 (a) Water closet front view, (b) side view shows that it is joined to the

wall and (c) diagram of WC.

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Figure 4.4.1.1.2 Diagram of WC.

UBBL 43. The Minimum Demension of Latrines, Water-Closets and Bathrooms

In all buildings, the size of latrines, water-closet and bathroom shall be:

(a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 105m by 0.75m;

(b) In the ease of water-closets with fittings other than pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.25m by 0.75m;

(c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5sqm with a width of not less than 0.75m;

(d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2sqm with a width of not less than 0.75m.

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4.4.1.2 Basins

For aesthetic purpose, the plumbing lines of the basins are hidden beneath the basin and being covered as cupboard. Since it is in an open space, the maintenance is easy. Besides, if there is blockage, its convenient for repairing because its easy to access. The water used will flow to waste-water pipe.

(a) (b) Figure 4.4.1.2.1 (a) The wall-mounted basin and (b) the plumbing lines underneath the

basin.

4.4.1.3 Urinal

The flushing system incorporated by this urinal to rinse urine from the bowl of the device to prevent odors is manual button. After flushing, urine and water flow into drainage line.

(a) (b) Figure 4.4.1.3.1 (a) Water flush urinal and (b) schematic diagram showing function of

urinal Source: http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/resource-book-waterless-urinals-ecological-sanitation-method-saves-water-energy-and-uses

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4.4.1.4 Bottle Trap

Bottle trap sits right under the sink and its used to keep the bathroom hygienic and

clean. The used water will be carried through the basin waste, then into the drainage and lastly into the sewer. Normally, there will be accumulation which causes a lot harmful gases and bottle trap prevents these gases to enter the bathroom.

(a) (b)

Figure 4.4.1.4.1 (a) Bottle trap beneath the sinks and (b) diagram of the function of the bottle trap.

Source: http://carriethomson.hubpages.com/hub/Why-Do-We-Need-Bottle-Traps-For-The-Wash-Basins#

4.4.1.5 Floor Trap

It collects waste water from sink, shower and bathroom etc. to avoid wetting of the whole toilet floor area. Other than that, it also help prevents gases from entering the place. The waste pipe is connected above the water seal of the floor trap.

Figure 4.4.1.5.1 Two different types of floor trap.

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4.4.1.6 Floor Trap

It is important for ventilation of the system by allowing air from the fresh-air inlet to rise through the system and carry the abominable gases which then provide some purification for the piping. Moreover, vent pipe also breaks the possible siphonage of water out of trap by introducing air near a fixture. The size of vent pipe is 50mm. Besides, the system of air vent will parallel with the drainage system and extend through the roof.

Figure 4.4.1.6.1 Vent pipe.

Law Of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974, Section 57

No water pipe, stack pipes or down spout used for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or permitted to serve or to act as ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.

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4.4.1.7 Soil Stack Pipe

It is a vertical waste pipe. This pipe will carries waste from toilet to the sewer. After sewer, it will be send to the public sewer line. The size of this pipe is 100mm.

Figure 4.4.1.7.1 Soil stack pipe.

4.4.1.8 Waste Stack Pipe

Waste drainage from sinks, tubs and shower are carried away by waste stack pipe but not soil sewerage from the sanitary fixtures. For Avenue K, waste stack pipe, soil stack pipe and vent pipe are all make of cast-iron so that they are more durable. The size of horizontal waste pipe is 30-50mm whereas vertical waste pipe is 75mm.

Figure 4.4.1.8.1 Waste stack pipe.

Law Of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974, Section 56(1) Rain water pipes not to be used as soil pipe state that: No pipe used for the carrying of rainwater from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil and drainage from any privy or water closet or sullage water.

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4.4.1.9 Grease Interceptor

The waste is passed from those kitchen sinks of restaurants through the circuitous path within the grease interceptor. As the grease floats to the top, it will be trapped between baffles whereas the more fluid waste passes through at a lower level. This grease interceptor requires periodic servicing and it is located at Basement 3 of Avenue K.

Figure 4.4.1.9.1 (a) Grease interceptor and (b) grease that floats on top of the tank.

Figure 4.4.1.9.2 Diagram of how grease interceptor works.

Source : http://www.omahapumping.com/grease-traps-101/

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4.4.1.10 Sewage Ejector This is installed when subsoil drainage, fixtures or other equipment are situated below the level of public sewer. The drainage will flow into this pit by gravity, from the pit, the content will be ejected up to the building sewer. In Avenue K, this sewage ejector is located at Basement 2.

Figure 4.4.1.10.1 Sewage ejector.

4.4.1.11 Septic Tank

It is a sedimentation chamber which provides storage for the sludge and scum. Besides, it also helps break down the waste solids. It is constructed of concrete which has resistant to decay. If the septic tank does not being maintained or pumped, the accumulated solids will clog the soil. The waste water that discharged from Avenue K to the tank will be retained for a day or more in order to have sufficient time for the grease float to the top and finer solid sink. When it is about 70% purified, it can be left for second treatment.

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4.4.2 Drainage System

Rain water is collected at the basement and pump out of the building through the drainage system. When it rain, rainwater enter from roof drain and flow into the manholes through drain water pipe. Water in the sump will be discharged when it reached a level which will cause water overflow in the basement.

4.4.2.1 Roof Drain

It is used to direct rainwater from the roof to the ground to prevent rainwater from pooling at the roof. This help to prevent extra water load adding to the building. Besides, roof drain allows drainage for rainwater without clogging. The materials used in Avenue K are PVC which is more sustainable. It also helps provide aesthetic view by being able to hide on top of the roof.

(a) (b) Figure 4.4.2.1.1 (a) Roof drain and (b) diagram of the flow of rain water from roof drain

to sump pit.

Rain water

Rain water

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4.4.2.2 Perimeter Drain

Perimeter drains helped direct rain water and reduce chances of flooding. It is also used to prevent ground water from penetrating into the foundation of building. If ground water penetrates into foundation, it might destroy the foundation.

4.4.2.3 Sump Pump

Rainwater from roof drain or perimeter drain will be transfer to sump pit. When the water level of sump pit reaches a limit, sump pump will pumps out the water automatically. In Avenue K, sump pump is submerged into the manhole and located at basement 3. The minimum depth for sump pits is 750mm whereas the minimum area is 0.25 m.

Figure 4.4.2.3.1 Sump pump.

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4.4.2.4 Manhole

It provides access to a sewer for testing, visual inspection of sewers, maintenance of flow or water quality-monitoring instruments and removing obstruction in the sewer line. Furthermore, it also allows joining of sewer or alignment of sewer or both and help in ventilation of sewage. It is provided when there is change in grades or sizes of sewer. Normally, at the junction of two or more sewer there will be manhole provided.

Figure 4.4.2.4.1 Manholes.

Figure 4.4.2.4.2 Diagram of manholes.

Source : http://www.traceyconcrete.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/figure4.jpg

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4.5 Analysis and Findings

Through our analysis and observation, the sanitary, sewerage and drainage systems in Avenue K obeyed the Law of Malaysia.

Drainage System Law 115

All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutter, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and off from the roof.

According to the law above, Avenue K has provided sufficient roof drains to direct the rainwater from the roof top to the sump pit. Floor drain is much more aesthetic compare to gutter.

UBBL 123. Pipes and Service Ducts

(1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes. Cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be:

(a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings branches and mains together with support and fixing; and

(b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other controls there 10 enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated.

(2) The access, openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

For those pipes that used for sanitary, sewerage and drainage system, they followed the law above and provide adequate access for the maintenance and repairs. This is very important as it may affect the efficiency of the system or cause failure in the system. The failure in system may reduce the sustainability of the building.

One pipe plumbing system conveys both soil and waste water to the drain directly whereas the two pipe plumbing system collects soil and waste water separately. Avenue K uses two pipe plumbing system which is more costly compare to one pipe plumbing but it is worth. By using two pipe plumbing, storm water collected can be reused as the water resource for toilet flushing or cleaning in the building. Moreover, it provides more capacity compare to one pipe plumbing which then help to prevent overflow of combined sewer.

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4.6 Conclusion

In conclusion, by analyzed and studied the sewerage system, we found that it plays an important role in keeping the cleanliness and hygienic of the building and also the sustainability of the building. The sewerage system of Avenue K is considered obeyed to the Laws of Malaysia and functions efficiently.

Other than the system itself, its maintenance also plays an important role. Without maintenance, the system will not last. Furthermore, the failure of system may cause damage to the building structure or endanger the health of building users.

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CHAPTER 5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

5.1 Introduction

Elevators are the most commonly used mode of vertical transportation in modern buildings, namely commercial, office, and residential structures having more than three stories. Elevators are used to move persons from levels to levels within a structure. Elevators are also used to move goods and in some cases motor vehicles. They provide ease of movement between floors as well as function as a transportation device for various goods.

5.2 Literature Review

Development of modern technology has led to the creation of mechanical transportation in tall structures such as the elevator and escalator.

Avenue-K makes use of the mechanical systems in order to provide ease of access for its users. However, the design of the mechanisms has to be taken into proper consideration during the design process of the building such as the type of building, nature of the buildings occupancy, orientation, waiting time and other else.

Standardization of the system has been done in order to provide a faster and easier way in designing of the mechanical transportations in a structure. It also serves to economize the production of the materials and parts needed to assemble the mechanical systems.

Mechanical transportation systems also allow people who were previously unable to climb stairs, for example the disabled and the elderly to move throughout a building. It also enables structures to be built higher as building materials can be transported easily to upper floors when constructing the building.

Vertical transportation consists of elevators and escalators while horizontal transportation consists of travelators.

5.2.1 Type of Elevator

There are two types of elevator system which is traction elevator and hydraulic elevator. Traction elevator includes geared traction, gearless traction, and machine-room less. For hydraulic elevator, it includes conventional hydraulic elevator, holeless hydraulic elevator and roped hydraulic elevator.

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5.2.1.1 Traction Elevator

Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.

Geared Traction Elevator

Geared traction elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet.

Gearless Traction Elevator

Gear-less traction elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice for high-rise applications.

Machine-Room Less Elevator

Machine-room less elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine.

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5.2.1.2 Hydraulic Elevator

Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Conventional Hydraulic Elevators

Conventional hydraulic elevators have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.

Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators

Hole-less hydraulic elevators have a piston on either side of the cab. In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance. Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of travel distance.

Roped Hydraulic Elevators

Roped hydraulic elevators use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.

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5.3 Case Study

5.3.1 Elevator

In Avenue-K, the elevator system used is geared traction system. The types of elevators used are passenger elevator, firemans elevator and also freight elevator/cargo lift.

Figure 5.3.1.1 Passenger Elevator Figure 5.3.1.2 Firemans Elevator

Figure 5.3.1.3 Freight Lift

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A case study is carried out at Avenue K for an in-dept understanding towards the elevator system. First of all, generator from the electric room will generate electricity to the control and machine room. The control room is in charge of controlling and moitoring the lift system. When a user interacts with the elevator, the signal will be transmited to the control room and machine room respectively. After that, the geared motor in the machine room will respond to the users call by moving the elevator car up

building services project 1: case study and documentation of building services system

Documents

escalator system

case study building

electrical supply system

types of water supply

literature review

component of system

escalator components

arrangement of escalator