bs ii report finle

BUILDING SERVICES II REPORT

School of Architecture, Design and

Building

Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (HONS)

Building Service 2 (QSB 2714)

Location:

Amcorp Mall, Petaling Jaya

CHUA WEI JIE

0316323

LEE CHUN YEE 0321748

GAN JET FONG 0315998

LIM CHERN YIE 0315688

YONG BOON XIONG 0321754

TEE SIN YI 0315689

LEONG CHEE MUN 0316256


CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3

ABSTRACT

4

INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF THE BUILDING AS CASE STUDY

5

EXISTING TYPES OF SYSTEM

1.0 MECHANICAL AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

4.0 VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

6-10

11-16

17-25

26-34

PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS



35-45

46-50

CONCLUSIONS

51

REFERENCE LIST

52


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With this acknowledge we could like to express our deepest appreciates to those

who assistance us in this assignment especially Dr. Kam, whose has guided and

helped us throughout the case study when the system that we do not sure what

is the system we snapped at the mall, he would explain to us clearly.

Other than that, we still have to appreciate the assistance of the security guards

even though the management did not reply our approval. They still lend their

hand to lead us to the existing room at the mall.

Last but not least, thanks to all of the group mates Lim Chern Yie, Lee Chun Yee,

Yong Boon Xiong, Chua Wei Jie, Leong Chee Mun and Tee Sin Yi to accomplish

this case study report. Without one of the team members, this report will not

finish in flying colour and excellent. Thus, all of us have showed teamwork to

work together to finish this task.


ABSTRACT

Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable,

functional, efficient and safe. This report basically contain 3 parts which are

introduction of this case study, discuss four types of existing building services in

this building which are ventilation, fire protection system, vertical transport and

electrical supply system. Part 3 is suggestion two systems for this building,

identify the problems of two existing systems, compare and contrast existing and

recommend systems and lastly recommend the best system for the building.


INTRODUCTION

The aims of the report are observe and understanding existing building

services in the building. Through this assignment, we have to apply what we learn

in class, find the weakness of existing services and suggest suitable service to

enhance their services.

We had chosen Amcorp Mall as our target of case study. Amcorp Mall is

situated at 18, Jalan Persiaran Barat, Petaling Jaya, 46050 Selangor. The mall

comprises 5 levels of restaurants, retail outlets and 2 basement parking levels. The

mall is specially designed for people with the mini anchor-tenant-retailing

concept. It was once called the biggest indoor flea market

in Klang Valley area. First started in 1998, the flea market is still going

strong today. Others retail outlet including Giant Hypermarket located at lower

ground floor, Pharmacy like Guardian and Watson placed at level 2 and level 3

and attractive BookXcess located at level 3.

PURPOSE OF THE BUILDING

The purpose of choosing Amcorp Mall as our case study is because we

had known this mall has been in a long time so that we discussed that this mall

surely will match our report’s requirements that is to sort out their problems and

justify with our recommendations. Then, another reason why we chose this is

because one of our members, Lim Chern Yie said that we could find out all the

system that we have learned in this semester at this mall.

The systems we had found which are fire protection, vertical transportation,

electrical supply and mechanical and air conditioning system.



Ventilation is a process that replacing air in an enclosed space to control the

temperature. “A proportion of air within the enclosed space should be

continuously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air.” (Greeno, R.,1997, Building

Services, technology and design)

CENTRALIZED SYSTEM

Amcorp mall is a relatively small-sized building which is suitable for a centralized

system as centralized system requires lower service cost and easier for monitoring.

There are compressor, chiller, condenser pump and chiller pumps which placed

inside the plant room.

Centralized system overall cost lesser by 10% -20% compared to installing

individual system for the entire building. The centralized system can also prevent

wastage of energy as it can control the air conditioning to works during the

working hour which is 10am-10pm. Hence there is no worry for individual air

conditioning system to open 24 hours and cause wastage.

FIGURE 1.0 Linear Diffuser

FIGURE 1.2 Cone Diffuser


FIGURE 1.3 Multi Direction Diffuser

The chilled air is passed via ducting system throughout the mall and

discharged into the rooms through these diffusers (Linear, Cone and Multi-

direction). These diffusers are found on the ceiling of the mall and there is at

least one linear diffuser can be found infront of every shop.

Multiple variety of diffuser is used in the ventilation system of Amcorp mall to

fulfil differents needs of distribution of air, as different space need certain

direction of air and different discharge velocity of air. This can ensure even

distribution of air into the rooms.

FIGURE 1.4 Side-wall inlet

Side-wall inlet are also found in some of the enclosed space such as the

staircase of the mall.

These side-wall inlet are used in the staircase as there is no false ceiling for

installation of ceiling diffuser such as multi-direction diffuser.


FIGURE 1.5 Condenser pump

FIGURE 1.6 Control Panel for chiller


CAR PARK VENTILATION SYSTEM

FIGURE 1.7 Vents

FIGURE 1.8 Vents

Amcorp mall has a underground carpark and the car park is incorporated with

mechanical ventilation. The input and output of air is done by air inlet and

extraction by these vents.

Ventilation system is highly required for an underground carpark as cars emits

harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, fumes from vehicle

fluids, oil and other fuels. The ventilation is here to extracting these harmful gases

and replace it with fresh air.

When there is excess accumulation of these gases might even cause a fire

outbreak.


SINGLE ZONE CONSTANT VOLUME

Single zone constant volume were incorporated in Amcorp mall. This is the

simplest system and the most suitable system to be used for Amcorp mall. They

have a AHU which constantly supplies chilled air throughout the buildings. The

temperature will be kept constant and controlled by the thermostat’s setting on

the cooling load of AHU.

FIGURE1.9 Chilled water pipe


2.0 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TO BUILDING

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

FIGURE 2.1 Electrical Distribution Grid

This is the design of an electrical distribution for a city or a town. Electricity is

generated from the generating station or power plant. There are a few types of

generating stations some of which are thermal power plant, hydropower plant

and nuclear power plant. The power travels through a distribution grid that works

by dividing the electrical power into networks which then supplies electrical

power to every building in the vicinity.


SERVICE ENTRANCE

FIGURE 2.2 Service Entrance

The service entrance is the point supplies electrical power to every building. A

grounding system is used that acts like a drain for current to flow into the

building. The grounding system consist of two parts which are the equipment

grounding conductors and earth grounding conductors used for ground fault

protection and dissipating induced voltages and surges respectively.


ELECTRIC PANEL ROOM

FIGURE 2.3 Electrical Room FIGURE 2.4 Electrical safety signs

An electrical room is a room or space in a building dedicated to electrical

equipment.

With dangerous electrical equipment, it is important to alert workers of specific

hazards. Electrical safety signs call attention to the dangers.


MAIN SWITCH BOARD

:

Main Switch Board is an important part of any electrical installation, generally its

where the service protection device and supply authority metering equipment is

located. It distributes the large incoming power supply into a smaller form that

can be easily controlled. Protection is also provided; tripping the breakers for

when current overloads or short circuits.

FIGURE 2.8 Volt and Amp

indicator

FIGURE 2.6 Volt and

Amp indicator

FIGURE 2.7 Main Switch

Board

FIGURE 2.5 Main Switch

Board


MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)

FIGURE 2.9 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCCB) FIGURE 2.10 terminals

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect

an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic

function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. When the switch

operating knob comes at its off position during tripping, the faulty zone of the

electrical circuit can easily be identified. But in case of fuse, fuse wire should be

checked by opening fuse grip or cutout from fuse base, for confirming the blow

of fuse wire.


CABLE TRAY SYSTEM

FIGURE 2.11 Cable Tray FIGURE 2.12 Cable Tray

In the electrical wiring of buildings, a cable tray system is used to support

insulated electric cables used for power distribution and communication. Cable

trays are used as an alternative to open wiring or electrical conduit systems, and

are commonly used for cable management in commercial and industrial

construction. They are especially useful in situations where changes to a wiring

system are anticipated, since new cables can be installed by laying them in the

tray, instead of pulling them through a pipe.

Figure 2.13 Cable

covering

Figure 2.14 Miniature

Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

Figure 2.15 Cable Tray

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduit


3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

The purpose of fire protection system is to control or suppress a fire. An

uncontrolled fire is extremely dangerous. Therefore, fire protection system exists

to avoid people, properties and environment from being harmed by fire. The two

types of fire protection methods are active fire protection method and passive fire

protection method.

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Active fire protection method requires mechanical, electric or electronic activation.

They are used to slow the spread of fire or put off the fire. It is the manual or

automatic fire protection systems such as fire alarms, detectors, wet and dry risers,

sprinkler system and hose reels.

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Passive fire protection method is an integral component of the structural fire

protection and fire safety in a building. It attempts to contain fires or slow the

spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors.


ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Fire extinguishers are used to put out small scale of fire to prevent escalation into

full scale fire. Amcorp mall uses ABC dry powder fire extinguishers. Five of these

fire extinguishers are placed in every floor at the corridor of the mall and can be

easily spotted. Some of them are stored inside a metal box. These fire

extinguishers are safe and effective for use on Class A, Class B and Class C fires

and also suitable for use on live electrical fires. Fire Fighter Sdn Bhd is the

supplier of these fire extinguishers. The model of the fire extinguishers is FD-9

and they are stored pressure type. Weight of the fire extinguishers is 9.0kg and

instructions of using them are included so they can be used by an ordinary

person during an emergency. The working temperature range of the fire

extinguishers is -20° C to +60° C. The fire test rating (MAP 40%) is 27A/144B. A

sticker is placed on the fire extinguishers to keep track of their maintenance

record.

FIGURE 3.1 Type ABC powder extinguisher

FIGURE 3.2 Sticker tracking maintenance record

FIGURE 3.3 Fire extinguisher stored in metal box


FIRE HYDRANT

Fire hydrant consists of a system of pipe-work connected directly to the water

supply mains to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and intended for

the fire men to fight fire. Amcorp mall uses 2 way fire hydrant provided by Steel

Recon Industries (SRI) Sdn Bhd. The distance between 2 fire hydrants is 70m. The

model used is HYD060-C1-100-YW. The fire hydrants are installed around the

building since 1997. The service life of fire hydrant is extremely long and does not

require to be replaced. The material used for the body of the fire hydrant is cast

iron and the outlet is made of copper alloy. Test pressure of the fire hydrants is

300 psi, whereas the working pressure is 217 psi. The yellow colour of the body

indicates that the fire hydrants are private system hydrant connected to public

water main.

FIGURE 3.4 Fire hydrant outside Amcorp mall FIGURE 3.5 Two way fire hydrant


HOSE REEL

Hose reels are intended for occupant to use during early stages of fire. Five hose

reels are provided in each floor. The components in this system are hose reel

pumps, hose reel tank, hose reels, pipe works and valves. Amcorp Mall uses fire

hose reel supplied by Unique Fire Industry Sdn Bhd. The hose reels are made of

PVC. The diameter of the hose reels is 25mm and the length is 30m. The test

pressure of the hose reel is 261 psi, whereas the working pressure is 174 psi. The

hose reel, landing valves, wet risers are located in a room.

FIGURE 3.6 hose reel

FIGURE 3.7 hose reel FIGURE 3.8 hose reel


FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Fire sprinkler system is designed to detect, control, suppress fire and warn the

occupants of the occurrence of fire. It is an automatic fire suppression system

which uses a range of designed pipe work fixed inside building and water as the

firefighting agent. It is used to prevent loss of life and minimizes damage to

property and the surrounding environment. The system consists of fire pumps,

water storage tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pipe work

and valves. Sprinkler head acts as fire detector and discharge point of water. This

system greatly reduces the risk of the occupants in Amcorp Mall when fire occurs.

The system provides the occupants a much higher chance of escaping a fire

unhurt and reduces the damages to property.

FIGURE 3.9 Sprinkler inside Amcorp Mall

FIGURE 3.10 Fire sprinkler control valve


FIRE ALARM

The purpose of fire alarm system it to provide warning to people through visual

and audio appliances when there is an outbreak of fire. These alarms may be

activated from smoke detectors. They may also be activated from manual fire

alarm activation devices such as manual call point. It allows appropriate

firefighting action before the situation get out of control. Every floor of Amcorp

Mall has five fire alarms installed.

FIGURE 3.11 & FIGURE 3.12 Fire alarm and manual call point

FIREMAN’S SWITCH

The fireman’s switch is a specialized switch disconnector. The enclosure is made

of non-flammable materials. They are used by firemen to disconnect power from

high voltage devices in case of fire to prevent the equipments from exploding.

They are many fire switches around Amcorp Mall and there are painted in red so

they can be spotted easily.

FIGURE 3.13 Fireman’s switch


SMOKE DETECTOR

A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.

Smoke detectors in large premises are usually powered by a central fire alarm

system. Amcorp Mall is a large building so it is powered by a central fire alarm

system. Smoke detector is important as it triggers the fire alarms and notifies

people about fire accidents. Amcorp Mall uses ionized smoke detector.

FIGURE 3.14 Ionized smoke detector

FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM

Fireman intercom system is a two way emergency voice communication system. It

provides communication between remote telephone hand-sets located within the

building and the master telephone hand-set at the fire command centre.

FIGURE 3.15 & 3.16 Fireman intercom system


PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE AND FIRE DOOR

Fire escape staircase is used for the occupants of the building to escape from the

building in the event of fire. Fire doors are located in every escape route. This is

to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between compartments. The rating of the

fire doors is 1 hour, which means the door can withstand fire for an hour. Above

the fire doors of Amcorp Mall have the “KELUAR” sign. This indicates the stairs

within it are linked to outside of the building.

FIGURE 3.17 Fire escape staircase FIGURE 3.18 Fire door


FIREMAN LIFT

Fireman lift is a type of lift which enables firemen to use in order to rescue

people during an event of fire in building. Fireman lifts are typically a normal

passenger or service lift and they have a toggle switch. Once the switch it toggled,

the lifts are then removed from normal service. In Fire Service mode, the lift door

will not open or close unless the fireman holds the door open/close button. This

mode of Fire Service allows firemen to continue to utilize the elevator to rescue

people from other floors.

FIGURE 3.19 Fireman lift FIGURE 3.20 Toggle switch


4.0 VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION

The mall comprises 5 levels of restaurants, retail outlets and 2 basement parking

levels. Besides that, the mall is flanked by two office towers named Amcorp Tower

and PJ Tower, and a 27-storey serviced apartment block called Amcorp Mall

Service Suites. It has 3 blocks and 27 storeys in total.

However, we decided to observe and analyse only 5 levels of restaurant, retail

outlets and 2 basement parking levels. This is on account of the mall consists of

too many floors and blocks so we choose to focus on the main commercial areas.

ESCALATOR

FIGURE 4.1

.

FIGURE 4.2

TWO-WAY TRAFFIC (PARALLEL)

This is an interrupted arrangement. This arrangement is economical, since no

inner lateral claddings are required.

A conveyor transport designed for moving people

quickly and efficiently between floors of a building.

It requires no waiting time. It is reversible to suit

the main flow of traffic during peak times . As a

matter of fact, the creation of escalator is to ease

every man from all walks of life


Electric Control

1 – Electric Control 7 – Steps

2 – Drive 8 – Step Chains

3 – Main Shaft 9 – Handrail Compensation

4 – Handrail Drive 10 – Chain Tensioning Device

5 – Balustrade 11 – Comb Plates

6 – Main Truss 12 – Handrail Return


LIFTS

An elevator is a platform, either open or enclosed, used for moving people or

freight vertically, from one floor to another within a building. Elevators are a

standard part of any tall commercial or residential building. These days elevators

are often a legal requirement in new buildings with multiple floors. All elevators

are required to have communication connection to an outside 24 hour emergency

service, automatic recall capability in a fire emergency, and special access for fire

fighters use in a fire.

The UBBL requirements:

Under UBBL 1984 Section 123-128, lifts:

124- For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below

the main access level at least once lift shall be provided

Under UBBL 1984 Section 152- 155, Ventilation to lift shafts:

152(1) - every opening in a lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a

protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening

to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements

shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may

be approved by the D.G.F.S

ELEVATOR IN FROM BASEMENT CARPARKS TO MALLS

The size of lift car size is square and it can occupy 24 persons. The lifts are not

fitted with car doors. The ventilation inside the lift is not good as there is no

ventilation mechanism inside the lift. Besides, the speed of the door closing is too

fast as the sensor is not functioning well as day passed.

FIGURE 4.3


LIFT PERFORMANCE

The size of lift car is square in shape and the spacing inside the car is quite

narrow. The lift car capacity is for 24 passengers and the lift entrances are

1100mm to 1200mm wide with 2 pieces of doors. The standard door closing time

if 3.1s for 1100mm width door and 3.4s for 1200 width doors. However, the door

closing time for the lifts in Amcorp Mall seems to be less than 3.1 s and the

speed of the door closing is too fast. Also, the sensor for the doors is not

functioning well as it hardly could detect the presence of passenger. This was

experienced by my friends and I.

LIFT COMPONENTS

LIFT CAR

Platform where passengers or goods is transported.

Constructed with steel attached with steel frame

Fire resistance

FIGURE 4.4


DISPLAY BUTTONS

FIGURE 4.5 Level of floors indicated in the display buttons ( LVL LG, 1, 3, 4 & 5 )

FIGURE 4.6 Display buttons without levelling indicator ( LVL G & LVL 2)

Some of the lift has no indicator above the lifts. This is quite inconvenient as

passengers might need to wait for a long time if they are in a rush. They could

decide to use the stairs or lifts if they could estimate the time taken of the arrival

of lift.

INDICATOR

FIGURE 4.7

The letters are not shown clearly.


CONTROL PANEL

FIGURE 4.8 FIGURE 4.9

Some lifts are not accessible to certain floors

INTERNAL VIEW OF THE LIFT

FIGURE 4.10

There is no hand-railing inside the lift and this is quite inconvenient and

dangerous. Especially for disabled.


LANDING DOORS

FIGURE 4.11

Landing Doors is to prevent objects from entering the path of lift. It is made from

steel with either painted / applied skin finish. The fire-rated to 30, 60 / 90 min –

tested to stop fire from landing.

Amcorp mall adopted the method of (c) single speed centre opening for mall lifts

and (e) two speed centre opening for service lfts.


FIRE LIFT

Passenger lifts and fire lift will be returned to the designated floor (usually ground

floor). For passenger lifts in residential buildings below 60m that are without

generator, these are connected to Automatic Rescue Device (ARD) and brought to

the nearest floor, instead of the ground floor in the event of power failure. Only

fire lift can be manually operated by the fire-fighters via the fireman switch. The

capacity of emergency power supply is usually only adequate to operate the fire

lift during power failure mode.

FIGURE 4.12


SERVICE LIFTS

FIGURE 4.13

It is also called as freight elevator. An elevator designed for carrying freight. Also,

it designed as a BOMBA lift as well.

LIFTS NOT IN USED

Abondoned lifts are allocated in the ground floor.

FIGURE 4.14

FIGURE 4.15

The abandoned lifts are blocked.


LIFTS WITH NO SERVICE BUTTONS

FIGURE 4.16

Those lifts could not be accessed from that floor. Passengers have to use the fire

lift beside them.

LIFT ARRANGEMENT

LIFT ARRANGMENT FOR 2 CAR LIFT

LIFT ARRANGEMENT FOR 3 CAR LIFT

SIDE BY SIDE ARRANGEMENT

WIDTH OF CORRIDOR = WIDTH

OF CAR LIFT

SIDE BY SIDE ARRANGEMENT

WIDTH OF CORRIDOR = 1.5 A,

WHERE A IS WIDTH OF LIFT


PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


PROBLEMS OF VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

ESCALATORS

FIGURE 5.1 No brush detector

The first problem we had found for the system was that there was no brush

detector at the side of the escalators. This is a serious issue because the brush

prevent the visitors’ especially small kids place their legs and hands into the side

as there is a roller inside of it and might injured them. The deflector brush is

made of stiff bristles and is designed to deflect objects away from the gap

between steps and sidewall.

Besides that, the other problem we found from the escalator was that it does not

have the infrared motion sensor for the escalator. It is operating and running

throughout the whole operating hours of the mall and this causes heavy

electricity costs and also wastage of energy usage.

Then, the last problem we found for the escalator was its arrangement. This was

because we have to walk until the each end side of the building to use it by

travelling to the upper or lower floor. This is wasting too much of time to the

people who is rushing to travel up or down floors as they have to run until the

end of the building.

FIGURE 5.2 Escalator places at the end of building


LIFTS

FIGURE 5.3 Abandoned lifts

On the other hand, we had also found few problems about lifts around the mall.

We noticed that there is no service buttons for the lift and we were unable to use

it then we had to discover to the other lift. Then, we noticed again there is

another abandoned lift is placed at the mall as the way of proceeding to the lift

has blocked by the advertisement banners.

FIGURE 5.4 No ventilation system and CCTV installed

When we were inside the lifts, bunch of serious issues had been discovered by

our observation. CCTV was not installed inside the elevator. This is a very serious

problem that the management has to concern about because they do not know

what is happening inside the lift and is very dangerous to ladies or alone person.

Then, there was no air coming out inside the lift and is hazardous as well if there

is any accident happening then the victims may not have sufficient air supply.


FIGURE 5.5 No handrail and bad floor condition

After that, there is no handrail for the lift and condition of the floor is bad. This is

very inconvenient for an old people or person with in capabilities.

FIGURE 5.6 Some lifts cannot access to certain floors

The next problem for this system is that some lifts cannot access to certain floors

for example a lift just can access to LG floor and B1 floor. The lift’s service

buttons had out of function.

Finally, the last problem is there are no door sensor systems for the lifts as its

doors are closing too fast. If passengers emerge to rush inside or outside the lifts

then they might get injured.


COMPARE & CONTRAST (ESCALATOR)

Current Issues

Recommendations

No deflector along side of it

Install elevator brush skirt guard

Malfunction of the elevator

Install Infrared Motion Detector

Arrangement of the elevator set far end

of the building

Should design at middle side of

building

Figure 5.8 Infrared Motion Sensor

It is recommended to Amcorp Mall’s management to install the infrared motion

detector system to their entire escalators. It is detected to the certain distance,

passenger’s walking by or passenger reaches the line then it will be activated.

Then, when there are no passengers on the escalator, it will stop down

automatically and thus save up much heavy cost. This will also benefit to saving

of power consuming.

Then, escalator brush guard installs along side of the escalator to prevent any

accidents or injuries happen. Finally, the arrangement of escalator should not like

that at first because this is wasting too much time for people who is rushing

travels up or down to the floor.


RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESCALATORS

INSTALLING ESCALATOR BRUSH SKIRT GUARD

FIGURE 5.9 Escalator Brush

Their main function is to promote passenger safety by gently guiding passengers

away from the skirt panels. Passengers who stand excessively near the skirt will

feel the bristles and naturally move far from the sides, making their ride more

secure since they make passengers mindful of where they are standing, the

brushes enormously decrease the likelihood of avoid entanglements or squeezing.

The brushes additionally tend to keep passengers' apparel, gear or other objects

far from the skirt to avoid any injuries or accidents happen.

Installing Brush Guards along the skirting of the entire length of the escalator to

prevent entrapment between the steps and also to help to prevent injury and

vandalism, while simultaneously increasing the lifespan and reliability of the

escalator. It provides a sense of security to users and also has the added

advantage of creating a neat and tidy appearance. It is also has various

advantages which are cost effective, durable, easy installation and of course safety.


INSTALLATION OF INFRARED MOTION SENSOR

FIGURE 5.10 Post Free Automatic Operation

Infrared movement sensors for elevator emanate a light emission radiation over

the passageway of the lift. Generally, both the wellspring of the infrared shaft, it is

called the transmitter and the infrared indicator is on the same side and a

reflector is on the inverse side. At the point when a man ventures between the

transmitter and the reflector, the infrared shaft is interfered with and the elevator

is exchanged on. At the point when the bar way is restored for a sure period of

time, the elevator will be exchanged off.

Sensor Posts are no more required, as the sensors implanted in the Handrail Inlet

Cap distinguish travelers and control Automatic Operation. The elevator works at

a low speed in stand-by, and step by step expands rate to the appraised speed in

the wake of recognizing a traveler drawing closer the boarding range.

Each escalator was equipped with an infrared motion sensor that “sees’ customers

approaching and ‘tells’ the escalator to speed up.” The escalators are supposed to

slow to just 15 feet per minute when no one is on them, from the normal speed

of 100 feet per minute. The escalators gradually accelerate to the full speed, over

a few seconds, once a rider steps on.

The operating time of the escalator or moving walk is reduced, cutting energy

costs by up to 30% and also lower material wear results in longer component

service life. This means cost savings with lower replacement part costs and

reduced downtimes as fewer repairs are needed then can extend the life of 11-

13%.


COMPARE & CONTRAST (LIFT)

Current Issues

Recommendations

Bad maintenances

Improving maintenances management

No CCTV system

Installation of CCTV system

No door sensor system

Installation of Thru-beam sensor

No handrail surround inside the lift

Install handrail

There are many issues arise for the lifts at the Amcorp Mall. The management

team certainly has to think about solutions to solve it. We personally think that

the maintenance for the lift is too less often as the lifts are in bad condition. Then,

we suggest that they install handrail inside the lift to prevent any falling of the

passengers.

After that, the simplest components for lift that are door sensor system and CCTV

system, the mall do not manage to install them as well. These two are the basic

requirements for lifts to provide enough safety for passengers so that we strongly

recommend them to install it.


RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIFTS

IMPROVING MAINTENANCE AND REGULAR INSPECTION

The management team should always regularly check the lifts’ condition as there

are bad floor conditions, no ventilation, some lifts are abandoned and lifts cannot

access to certain floors. Abandoned lifts will cause wastage of building and in

long term more common problems will arise. Some certain floors are inaccessible

because there is might some technical issues happen to the lifts and require

technician to take a look and solve it as soon as possible. Then, the tiles on the

floor are cracked, if this issue do not fix early then a big problem might happen

soon. Regularly check the ventilation condition is important because of providing

adequate fresh air to the passengers by preventing them having breathing

difficulty inside the lift. These are all the responsibilities of management as we

strongly recommend them to solve it quickly because if there is any accidents

happen, they might involve in some law issues.

INSTALLING HANDRAIL INSIDE THE LIFT

FIGURE 5.11 Lift with handrail

According the escalator code and regulation, handrail should be fitted to at least

one wall of the lift car at approximately height of 900mm from floor level. The act

states that the handrail should have a diameter of between 30 and 45mm, the

minimum radius of the top section should be 10mm, the handrail is stepped off

the wall by at least 35mm to enable a comfortable grasp, all handrails must have

turned ends to ensure that there is no snagging of occupants in the car.


The handrail can be designed in round, oval, extruded, solid flat or continuous

shape. The purpose of installing handrail is to provide safety for passengers to

prevent any possibilities of falling down.

INSTALLING OF THRU-BEAM SENSOR SYSTEM

Figure 5.12 Thru-beam Sensor

Thru-beam sensor, otherwise called transmitted beam, restricted mode, direct

filtering, or break-bar is generally the first decision in understanding photoelectric

applications. These sensors can recognize objects free of shading, reflectivity and

are not influenced by second surface reflections. The high pick up of these

sensors will blaze through smoke, haze, dimness, dust, fog, coolant, and soil

permitting them to be utilized as a part of unforgiving or tainted situations.

The framework comprises of two separate parts: a transmitter and a recipient. The

light just voyages one path which from the transmitter to the recipient.

Antagonistic impacts in the applications, for example, dust noticeable all around,

earth on the lenses, steam or fog do not promptly meddle with the framework

that high abundance to pick up. Transmitter and receiver are positioned in two

separate housings. When interrupting the light beam this will cause a change in

the output status of the receiver. Through-beam sensors offer the longest sensing

range of up to 100 meters.

It provides quick snap-in installation and is very affordable. It consists of housing

depth of less than 1 inch (22 mm) means these thru-beam sensors easily fit within

a door frame or extruded metal railing. It is also provide some advance

protections that are secure detection for automatic door and gate systems,

monitoring function in turnstiles and closing edge monitoring in elevators.


INSTALLATION OF CCTV SYSTEM

FIGURE 5.13 Operation of CCTV

The wireless video transmission system is accomplished using a laser optic

transmitter and receiver. First, the transmitter is mounted to the underside of the

lift taxi. The CCTV camera is mounted to the roof of the lift taxicab and wired to

the transmitter utilizing cajole link. The remote beneficiary is mounted on the lift

shaft floor adjusted and pointed upwards towards the transmitter. The collector is

associated with the observation DVR utilizing cajole link. If the light levels of the

lift goes exceptionally diminish, the infrared ability of the camera empower the

camera to still have the capacity to catch reconnaissance video unmistakably in

low light and even finish dimness.

It uses LED to transmit video also bring bunch of advatanges such as it saves

high installation costs, quick and easy installation, semi-permanent life span, real

time transmission, high quality (DVD quality) video transmission and high

reliability.

Close Circuit Television system in elevators are design to enhance the security

system of an office building or condominium. It is part of security monitoring

system of an organization to ensure the safety of the users of these elevators and

to detect molestations, robberies and vandalism. This system is like the third eye

of the elevator.


MECHANICAL AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

PROBLEMS OF MECHANICAL AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

FIGURE 6.0 Vent

NUMBER OF OPENINGS

One of the problems in Amcorp mall is the car park was incorporated with

mechanical ventilation but it does not seem to have sufficient number of

openings. According to UBBL By-Law 39 Natural lighting and ventilation (1), every

room designed, adapted or used for residential, business or other purposes

except hospitals and schools shall be provided natural lighting and natural

ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than

10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of

allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 5% of such floor area.

HARMFUL POLLUTANT

Moreover, since the car park is not incorporated with sufficient ventilation, there

is possibility that harmful pollutant such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides,

fumes from vehicle fluids, oil and other fuels exist in large scale. Presence of these

harmful gases in large scale will deteriorate the occupant’s health.


GROWTH OF MOULD AND MILDEW

Besides that, another problem we can see inside Amcorp mall building is the

growth of mould and mildew. Mould and mildew can spread within a building,

including on the rooftop. Mould can ruin stored items in the attic, create a musty

odor and cause health issues. The major problem is that the growth of mould and

mildew destroy the general aesthetic of the building, making the Amcorp mall

building looks lousy.

RUST

Poor ventilation cause rust and affect any plumbing or pipe work that may run

through various rooms in the building. In the worst case, it may also cause

venting straps to malfunction.

POOR AIR FLOW

Next, Amcorp mall’s car park has a poor air flow. We can feel the environment is

extremely hot, thus making us feels uncomfortable. Poor air flow is linked to

respiratory diseases such as asthma, and can also facilitate the spread of diseases.

It has also been linked with allergies, pneumonia, fatigue, nausea, dry eyes,

headaches and nasal congestion.


UNPLEASANT ODOUR

Next problem is the unpleasant odour in the basement car park of the Amcorp

mall. The buildup of damp and humidity in a building create an unpleasant and

musty odor, which can spread to other areas of the building. This fragrance can

be particularly difficult to get rid of, unless the air quality in the building is

improved.

HIGH EXPENSES

From what we observed, all the problems above contribute to high expenses to

maintain the building at its finest. This is because air conditioner inside the

building will have to work extra hard to keep the air inside the home cool. Over

time, this can reduce the lifespan of a unit and increase energy costs. It means

that the cost of cooling or air conditioning a building will naturally be higher, as

more energy will be used trying to ventilate the property

Conclusion

When you consider all of the negative health impacts and financial expenses

associated with poor ventilation, and then naturally, it is more cost-effective to

ensure a building is well ventilated.


RECOMMENDATION FOR VENTILATION SYSTEM

VENTILATION SYSTEM

Replace conventional ventilation system with impulse ventilation.

Impulse ventilation is a system intended for the ventilation of enclosed and

basement car parks without the use of ducting within the body of the car park. It

may also be used in loading bays, warehouses, for service roads and tunnels,

although these are likely to be designed with slightly different criteria.

Impulse ventilation differs from the conventional ducted ventilation system in a

few principle ways:

• Ducting is replaced by impulse fans to provide control of the airflow within

the car park.

• Smoke management and control, which is usually not possible with a

ducted system, is a key feature of the impulse system

ADVANTAGES OF IMPULSE VENTILATION

• Cost savings on building and mechanical equipments investment

Building height can be reduced due to the flexibility of the installation of the fans.

Thus total air flow will decrease which help to reduce the power of the main

exhaust and makeup air fans. Besides smaller mechanical fans, the gent set sizes

will become smaller also.

• Energy saving

The impulse ventilation system can be easily linked to CO monitoring which

enables the system to react to the level of pollution within a car park. Depending

on the pollution level, either more impulse fans are activated to increase air

mixing thereby reducing the concentration of CO gases, or the airflow rate is

increased to extract the polluted air more quickly. Lower airflow rates can also

reduce the amount of attenuation needed, since the rate of extract overnight can

be reduced when there is very little, if any, traffic movement.

• Higher efficiency


Impulse ventilation incorporates a fully addressable fire detection system. This

includes multi-criteria detector heads which detect smoke as well as heat. This

provides early detection of a fire and its location. The accurate location of a fire

enables the ventilation system to respond appropriately. It is able to provide a

signal to a remote indication to display the fire’s location, thus enabling the fire

service to determine the most suitable route to approach the fire. Once a fire is

detected and its location established, the impulse ventilation system will switch to

smoke extract mode, thus increasing the rate of ventilation through the main

extract fans and activating only the impulse fans necessary to control the flow of

smoke.

• Space and completion period

The smaller sized main exhaust and make up air fans allow the use of smaller fan

rooms or eliminate the need altogether. With the elimination of ductworks, the

duration of ventilation work will be reduced.

2. Major repair and preventive maintenance measure.

Timely maintenance can effectively decrease the equipment downtime and the

number of major repairs. Better conservation of mechanical ventilation system can

increased life expectancy of system, thereby eliminating premature replacement of

machinery and equipment. Frequent maintenance improved safety and quality

conditions for everyone including worker and the occupants of the building.


CONCLUSION

In conclusion, building services are very essential in our daily life for our

safe, comfortable, and livable environment. Building service is a necessity today

for comfort and safety, water and electric supply and workplace productivity.

Based on the site visit, we have found mechanical and air conditioning and

vertical transportation system contain a lot of issues. For mechanical and air

conditioning system, number of openings is too less inside the mall, harmful

pollutants are able to enter the building and of its poor airflow. In order to solve

this issue, they should be replaced with conventional ventilation system with

impulse ventilation. When we consider all of the negative health impacts

associated with poor airflow, and then naturally, it is more cost-effective to ensure

a building is well ventilated.

Then, there are also many problems occur to the vertical transportation

system. For escalator, there is no brush steel guard and infrared motion detector

to it. This can be improved by installing brush steel guard and the detector in

order to improve the overall performance of the escalator. For the lift, bad

management might cause huge problem for the mall. The lift’s door is closed too

fast with no sensor and this will hurt passenger. There are no installations of

CCTV system inside to provide adequate security. However, all of these problems

can be solved if the management team put huge concern to manage it.

Lastly, we understand that virtually all of the modern lifestyle is matching

with building service theories. All of it will help us to easily understand the daily

life cycle around us. Then, we have also gained some technical and soft skills

through this assignment that are our communication, teamwork, managing and

critical thinking skill.


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