bs ii module 2

Amity School of Business

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( Module II)


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Hindrances- The situations,

conditions, aspects, issues, behaviours

etc that act as Hurdle in the

achievement of a desired objective or in getting a solution

to a problem.


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Hindrances in Problem Solving

RECOGNIZE THAT THESE EXIST, AND THAT MAYBE ONE OR MORE ARE LIMITING YOUR THINKING.


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• Defining the problem too narrowly.• Attacking the symptoms and not the real problem. • Assuming there is only one right answer.• Getting “hooked” on the first solution that comes to

mind.• Getting “hooked” on a solution that almost works (but

really doesn’t).• Being distracted by irrelevant information, called

“mental dazzle.”• Getting frustrated by lack of success.• Being too anxious to finish. • Defining the problem ambiguously.

Common Causes Of Hindrances


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“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS

AS WE ARE.”

PERCEPTION


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Perceptual Hindrances

• Inability to consider various viewpoints - different interests, different parties, perspectives

• Prevent the problem solver from clearly seeing either:– The problem, or– The information needed to solve the problem.


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Perception: is a process by which individuals organize

and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give

meaning to their environment.


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Perception • The way you see the world.

• Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, receiving stimuli and converting it into some meaningful picture of the world.

• Inaccurate perception of a problem creates difficulties & may be caused by only seeking what we expect to see and not applying our perspective.

• E.g. Stereotyping, Halo effect, Horn effect, Recency effect, Primacy effect, Selective Perception etc.


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• Stereotyping - preconceived notions, labelling, norms, accepted behaviour– Wearing a watch on your wrist…having a clock on your big toe

• Isolating the problem - inadequate clues, misleading information, chaos– Doctors need to do this all the time

• Limiting the problem - only considering obvious information, a cognitive boundary– Doctor doesn’t ask where you were last week or what you ate…

• Failure to use all senses - they’re all connected, context, environment, ambience, the REAL situation

• Going to the environment in question will help - smells, sounds…


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– Inability to consider various viewpoints - different interests, different parties, perspectives

• Designers must think of many views - users, manufacturers, sales…

– Saturation - your brain is full• You know it but can’t recall


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Factors Influencing Perception

1.) Perceiver

2.) Target

3.) Situation


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Perception

Factors in the perceiverAttitudesMotivesInterestsExperienceExpectations

Factors in the situationTimeWork settingSocial setting

Factors in the targetNoveltyMotionSoundsSizeBackgroundProximitySimilarity


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Cultural Blocks

Failure to consider an act that causes displeasure or disgust to certain members of society.


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Cultural blocks (OUR culture!)

– Taboos - cause displeasure or offend– Fantasy and reflection - they’re a waste of

time– Playfulness is for children - adults should

behave like adults


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Expression

• If we are unable to articulate or express ideas adequately or we use the wrong language to work on a problem, misunderstandings can arise which get in the way of finding appropriate solutions.


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Expressive Blocks

– Inability to Communicate• verbal• written

–Report–Sketches–Drawings

– Inability to “sell” your ideas


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Emotions

• Emotions also strongly influence problem- solving.

• For example- If we are anxious about the outcome of a situation or are impatient etc, the process of problem solving can be blocked.


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Emotional Blocks

• Interfere with the problem solvers ability to conceptualize the problem fluently and flexibly, and to communicate ideas.

• About feeling safe and secure - nobody likes to feel stupid


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Emotional blocks

– Fear of failure and taking a risk - rewarded when we do things right and punished for wrong! Therefore we tend to safety and lower risk ideas.

– Inability to tolerate ambiguity - an overriding desire for order and no appetite for chaos

– Judging rather than generating - analysis, synthesis, criticism too early


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Emotional blocks

– Inability to relax and incubate

– Lack of challenge - must be motivated• After a while the money doesn’t matter

– Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy - manipulation of real and imagined images

• Imagining feelings, perceptions


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Work Environment• The surroundings and factors around a

person in his working environment that effect his decisions.

• It is an important aspect in problem-solving as we know that the problems can be solved in a healthier way if we have the support of our superiors, colleagues and juniors at the work place.


Environmental Blocks

• Distractions (phones, interruptions)

Unsupportive atmosphere


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Environmental blocks

• Imposed by our immediate social and physical environments

– Supportive environments - physical space and materials to encourage creative thinking

• Paper, pens, tape, music, space…

– Emotional environment - honesty, trust and support so criticism is accepted and incorporated

• Competition and lack of trust destroy idea quality

– Autocratic bosses


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Intellect

• It is related to our knowledge, intelligence, skills or information regarding a particular aspect.

• If we lack knowledge or skill in a particular area, or have developed an inflexible mode of thinking or are not methodological in our approach to difficulties, we are likely to exaggerate the problem and not solve it.


Intellectual Blocks

Inadequate use of problem-solving strategies

Lack of training

Not knowing where to get the information


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Intellectual blocks

• Shortage of mental tactics

– Incorrect language - solving a problem visually when mathematically would be better

– Inadequate use of problem solving strategies - making a conscious choice

• Imagining, visualising, transforming, randomising…

bs ii module 2

Documents

business

solving

environment

lack

problem

things

criticism

process