brief summary of the 2014 asm report about viruses
DESCRIPTION
The escalating drumbeats announcing new and re-emerging pathogenic viruses may drown out news about the important roles viruses play on different hosts and in our ecosystem. This brief summary will hopefully serve the purpose of directing interested readers to the complete viral world report elaborating on pathogenic and beneficial traits of viruses across the globe (authors: American Society for Microbiology).TRANSCRIPT
VIRUS SUMMARYZEENA NACKERDIEN
ICTV CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES (1)
ICTV, International Committee on the Taxonomy of VirusesAmerican Academy of Microbiology. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents 2014 [cited 2014 October]. http://academy.asm.org/index.php/browse-all-reports/5180-viruses-throughout-life-time-friends-foes-change-agents
Currently no
universal phylogeny for viruses
1. Caudovirales — doubled-stranded DNA bacteriophages;2. Herpesvirales — large, eukaryoticdouble-stranded DNA viruses;3. Ligamenvirales — linear, double-stranded DNA archaeal viruses;4. Mononegavirales — non-segmented,negative sense, single-stranded RNA plant and animal viruses;5. Nidovirales — positive sense,single-stranded RNA viruses, with vertebrate hosts;6. Picornavirales — small positive sense,single-stranded RNA viruses that infect a variety of plant, insect, and animal hosts;7. Tymovirales — monopartite single-stranded RNA viruses that infect plants
VIRAL GROUPS & REPLICATION (1)
1. American SocietyMicrobiology. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents 2014 [cited 2014 October]. http://academy.asm.org/index.php/browse-all-reports/5180-viruses-throughout-life-time-friends-foes-change-agents
Virus-particles/
virions
Virus-like particles
Endogenous viral elements
Temperate viruses
VIRAL REPLICATION DIAGRAM
BACTERIOPHAGE IN ACTION
BALTIMORE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON GENOTYPE & REPLICATION STRATEGY (1)
ss, single-stranded; ds, double-stranded; RT, reverse transcriptase1. American Society for Microbiology. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents 2014 [cited 2014 October]. http://academy.asm.org/index.php/browse-all-reports/5180-viruses-throughout-life-time-friends-foes-change-agents
Class IIssDNAdsDNA
ClassIV
(+)ssRNA
(-)ssRNA
Class V(-)ssRNA
Class VIIdsDNA-
RT
Class VIssRNA-
RTDNA/RNA
dsDNA
Class 1dsDNA
Class IIIdsRNA
7 ways to incorporate mRNA into
viral genome, including
RT
VIRAL IMPRINTS ON EARTH AND EVOLUTION (1)
1. American Society for Microbiology. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents 2014 [cited 2014 October]. http://academy.asm.org/index.php/browse-all-reports/5180-viruses-throughout-life-time-friends-foes-change-agents
Multicellular organisms could have arisen as a
result of viral predation
Viruses could have driven the origin of the eukaryotic cell
Viruses ↑photosynthesis
rates & could have enhanced the
oxygenation of the
atmosphere
Viruses could have accelerated early
carbon cycles
Pathogenicity as a driver for immune
evolution
Horizontal gene transfer introduces
pathogenic & beneficial traits
LINKS BETWEEN VIRUSES, HOSTS AND ECOSYSTEMS(1)
1. American Society for Microbiology. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents 2014 [cited 2014 October]. http://academy.asm.org/index.php/browse-all-reports/5180-viruses-throughout-life-time-friends-foes-change-agents
• Viruses increase their own reproductive fitness via a boost to host fitness
• Viruses influence host behavior in order to spread
• Viruses participate in multitrophic symbioses• Viruses exert indirect evolutionary pressures
on ecosystems• Viruses are major drivers for global
biogeochemical cycles
FUTURE GOALS & CONCLUSIONS(1)
1. American Society for Microbiology. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents. Viruses Throughout Life & Time: Friends, Foes, Change Agents 2014 [cited 2014 October]. http://academy.asm.org/index.php/browse-all-reports/5180-viruses-throughout-life-time-friends-foes-change-agents
“Exploration of the viral universe indicates that a vast frontier will yield many new discoveries. It is, however, clear that it is impossible to fully understand life on Earth without considering viruses. Indeed, a world without viruses may be unimaginable. As described in this report, viruses have played — and continue to play — a multitudeof roles: giving rise to the mammalian placenta and oxygen in the atmosphere,providing a mobile genetic toolkit and food for other microbes, shielding hosts from environmental and pathogenic threats, among others.”