Brain Function and

Theory.

What is brain?

Fun Facts About Brain

Average weight: 1.5 kg | volume: 1130 cm3. (70% of water)

Represents-2%( body weight)

Receives-15%(cardiac output)

Consumes- 20% (body oxygen)

25% (body energy) glucose

Contains 160,000 km of blood vessels.

25% (energy) glucose

There are no pain receptors in the brain

Can stay alive for 4 to 6 minutes without oxygen before cells begin to die.

Cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. Brain have four lobes which are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes with particular functions such as movement, cognition or language, and our vision, hearing, smell, taste, and somatic senses.

Limbic system controls our emotions and motivations. Cerebellum relays information to the muscles to control movement, and the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord.

Parts of Brains

1. Frontal Lobes

When damage, there are some behaviour changes

such as Palalysis, change in mood, behaviour, personality,

different with concentration, memory and problem solving.

Involve movement, decision-

making, problem solving &

planning.

Prefrontal cortex: involve

personality expression and

planning of complex

cognitive behaviour.

Premotor & motor: control

execution of voluntary

muscle movement. FUN

CTIO

NS

Motor functions. Higher order functions,

conscious thought. Planning and problem

solving. Concentration and

attention span Reasoning, forward

and critical thinking. Judgement. Impulse control. Memory for habits and

motor activities. Emotional response

and empathy. Expressive language

and meaning.

2. Parietal Lobe

Damage to left parietal lobe

Confusion between the right and left side of the body. Agraphia, Alexia, Acalculia and Aphasia. Inability to perceive objects normally.

Damage to right parietal lobe

Neglecting part of the body or space Problems with self-care skills. Difficulty with making things

Damage to both sides

Problems with visual attention and motor skills. Inability to voluntarily control the gaze Inability to integrate components of a visual scene Problems with hand/eye coordination

Part of the cerebral

cortex.

Involved in the

reception and

processing of sensory

information.

Controls voluntary

movements,

manipulation of

objects and the

integration of

different senses

FUN

CTIO

NS

Cognition.

Information

processing.

Pain and touch

sensation.

Spatial orientation

and body position.

Speech.

Understanding the

concept of time.

Visual attention and

face recognition.

3. Temporal lobe

THE AUDITORY PATHWAY

Located :surface of the temporal lobes

(Smell sense)

( Visual sense)

Located: Side of the

head above ears.

System: Limbic

System

The upper and

central region

receive via thalamus.

FUN

CTIO

NS

Hearing ability and

auditory perception.

Understanding spoken

language and rhythm.

Memory acquisition and

learning.

Some visual perception.

Categorization and

ordering of objects.

Speech.

Emotional responses.

4. Occipital Lobe

THE VISUAL PATHWAY

Located: at primary

visual cortex

Main centre for visual

processing.

Region involved:

visuospatial

processing,

Visual, colour, depth

and motion

perception.

DA

MA

GE

One side:

homonymous

loss of vision

Both side:

stroke- cortial

blindness

5. Brain Stem and Cerebellum

FU

NC

TIO

NS

& D

AM

AG

E

FU

NC

TIO

NS

& D

AM

AG

E

Breathing

Heart Rate

Alertness and

sleep

Difficulties of

breat, heart

rate and

alertness

Coordination of

fine movement.

Balance and

equilibrium.

Reflex motor

acts.

Muscle tone.

Loss of

coordination of

fine motor

movements

(Asynergia).

Tremors,

dizziness, vertigo.

Taste sense

Chorda tympani nerve ---glossopharyngeal nerve ---vagus nerve .

SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

Somatosensory region : Skin, muscles, bones, joints and organs are triggered by a specific stimulus.

Summary of Funstions of Brains.

How memory works in learning

Teaching Grows Brain

Cells

High stress Restricts Brain

Processing to the Survival State

Neuroplasticity,

interneuron connection

continue pruned in

response. { Sensory

input, emotion,

physical skills}

Guided instruction

Practice with frequent

corrective feedback.

Brain- based get new

information cannot pass

through the amygdale

(part of the limbic system)

Teachers need to know

cut down stress flows.

Memory is constructed & stored by

patterning.

Memory is sustained by use

Short term memory

Activation of brains

related prior knowledge

before new information

taught.

Teachers demonstrate

the pattern connection &

relationships exist.

Helps increase variety of

interventions correlated

with neuroimaging

responses.

When more times a person

repeat an action, the more

dendrites grow and

interconnect greater

memory storage.

The Thinking Brain & Reactive Brain

Prefrontal cortex (17%) Automatic brain (83%)

Stress Level down, interest Negative emotion{ avoid- ignore it,and fight

high. against it }

RAS ( the Gatekeeper)

Locate: lower back of brain

Receive input from sensory nerves that come from nerve ending in eyes,

ears, mouth, face, skin, muscles and internal organ.

Solution

i. Keep yourself physically healthy and well rested

ii. Practice focusing and observing yourself.

The Limbic System

The Amygdala

o Filters negative

emotion

o Block new information

to your prefrontal

cortex

o Stress may close the

pathway of RAS and

amygdala to thinking

brain.

Solution

i. Take deep breath.

Hippocampus

o Nest to amygdale

Solution

i. Reviewing & practice

information: dendrites

grows between nerve cell

ii. Repeated stimulation

iii. Create something new:

Strengthen neural pathway.

Dopamine

o Most important

neurotransmitter

o Carry electrical messages

across synapse

o Dopamine increase,

neurotransmitter increase.