book of armagh
TRANSCRIPT
''( fs' r^ 1958 ) »';
COIMISIUN LAIMHSCRIBHINXI XA nEIREAXX(THE IKISIt MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION)
FACSIMILESIX COLLOTYPE
OF IRISH MANUSCRIPTS
III
BOOK OF ARMAGHTHE PATRICIAN DOCUMENTS
With Introduction1;V
EDWARD GWYNN
Reproduced at /lie Ordnance Surrev, Dublin
DUBLIN PUBLISHED BY THE STATIONERY OFFICE
To be purchased directly from theGOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS SALE OFFICE, 5 NASSAU STREET. Dl'ULIN. C.2,
or through any Bookseller
Price Fifteen Shilling*.
INTRODUCTIONWhat is known of the history of the Book of Armagh may bebriefly summarised. It was written in and about the year807 A.D. at Armagh by a scribe named Ferdomnach. In the
year 937, the Four Masters tell us, a case was made for it by orderof the High King, Donnchad mac Flainn. When Brian Boroime visitedArmagh in the year 1004 an entry was made in the Book in his presence,confirming certain privileges of the Armagh clergy. The Annalists recordthat in 1134 and again in 1177 the Book was removed for a short time fromArmagh, but on each occasion it was soon restored to its proper place. Onaccount of the Patrician documents which it contains, and its connectionwith the Patrician see of Annagh, it came to be known as the Canóin
Pátraic ; and it was placed in the care of a custodian known as Maer naCanóine, or in Latin Baiulator Canonis, ' Steward of the Canon.' Thisoffice became hereditary in a family who thus acquired the name of MacMaeir (anglicised as Mac Moyre). They also held, in virtue of their office,certain lands in Armagh, known as Baile Maeir, which remained in theirpossession down to the seventeenth century. The last of the Stewards wasthe infamous Florence Mac Moyre, who pawned the Book in the year 1680for five pounds. The Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd wrote an account ofthe Book in 1707 : it was then in the possession of Arthur Brownlow, inwhose family it remained until 1853, when it was offered for sale and boughtin by William Reeves (then a country rector, afterwards Bishop of Down)for £300. Primate Lord John George Beresford took it off his hands andpresented it to the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, where it now remains.
The codex is of exceptional interest, both on account of its contentsand also as being one of the very few manuscripts surviving from the earlyages of Irish history that can be dated with precision and certainty. Thatthis is so is due to the scribe who wrote the entire volume* and madepersonal entries in several places. All of these were later rendered almostcompletely illegible by careful erasures. This was no doubt done in orderto get rid of evidence conflicting with the popular belief that the CanóinPátraic was the handwork of S. Patrick himself. This belief gave the Booka peculiar sanctity in the public estimation which naturally enhanced itsvalue. The name of the scribe consequently remained unknown until theyear 1846, when Charles Graves succeeded in deciphering two of the erasedentries. One of these yielded only the name Ferdomnach ; the other,written in Greek characters, proved to be partly legible, and by collatingthe indications which it offered with data supplied by the Annalists.Graves was able to restore all the original entry, excepting one word, with
* E. A. Lowe, however, thinks that three scribes were employed (Codices LatiniAntiquiores, part II. pp. 42, 53).
II
INTRODUCTION
virtual certainty. It runs as follows : Ferdomnach hunc librum . . . cdictante Torbach heretic Patricii scripsit, that is, Ferdomnach wrote thisbook . . . at the dictation (or perhaps ' under the orders ') of Torbach,heir of Patrick.' Graves was able to show that this note must have beenwritten in the year 807 : and he afterwards deciphered another entry, inwhich the scribe has noted that the day on which he completed the Gospelaccording to S. Matthew was the feast of that saint, September 21st. Thediscovery of this date is of very great interest to scholars, not only becauseit settles the age of this Book, but also because it serves as a fixed pointwith reference to which the age of other manuscripts may be approximatelydetermined by comparing the characteristics of their script with those ofthe Book of Armagh. Ferdomnach was an accomplished scribe ; his workshows Irish minuscule at its best, fine, elegant, regular and easily legible.It is occasionally diversified by the use of large ornate capitals and otherdevices of penmanship. Colour is sparingly employed.
Another feature of interest in the Book is that it contains long passagesin Irish which are among the earliest extant examples of the older language,and also Irish glosses on various parts of the New Testament.
The contents of the Book fall into three main divisions : the Patriciandocuments, the New Testament, and a Life of S. Martin of Tours. Thesecond division contains the only complete copy of the New Testamentmade by an Irish scribe that now survives ; most of the other well-knownbiblical codices, such as the Book of hells, the Book of Durrow, the Bookof Moling and the Book of Dimma, contain only the four Gospels. Theseparate books are arranged in an unusual order : Gospels, PaulineEpistles, Catholic Epistles, Revelation, Acts of the Apostles. Along withthe genuine epistles of S. Paul is included the apocryphal Epistle to theLaodiceans. The text of the New Testament as a whole shows a mixtureof the Vulgate and the Old Latin. In the present volume only thePatrician documents are reproduced. The contents are the following :
1. A life of Patrick by Muirchú maccu Machtheni, in two books(ff. 2-8). It is not an orderly biography. We get an account of the saint'searly life, and of part of his mission in Ireland ; the rest is occupied withhis miracles and other detached incidents. Scarcely anything is knownabout Muirchú beyond his name, except that he lived about the end of theseventh century. He tells us that he wrote his work ' at the command 'of Aed, bishop of Sletty in Leix, to whom he dedicated it in a florid preface.By some accident of transcription this preface (followed by a table ofcontents of book I) is found on the 20th folio of the Book of Armagh, notas one would expect on the first. The first folio is missing, but its contentscan be supplied from another copy of Muirchú's work in a Brussels manu-script.* Muirchú's Life ends on fol. 8 v° 2 : after the find are added two
* "I he Brussels text was printed by E. Hogan in Analecta Bollandiana, 1882.
INTRODUCTION
notes, one on the sacred books and vessels which the saint carried, theother on his age.
2. The first column of fol. 9 r° is occupied by brief notes about incidentsin the saint's life, which seem to belong to Tirechán's memoir, followedby three Dicta Patricii.
3. On fol. 9 r°, col. 2, begins another memoir of Patrick, written byTírechán, a native of Tirawley in Mayo and a pupil of Ultán of Ardbraccan,from whom he professes to have derived part of his materials. It seemsto have been composed not much later than 668 A.D., and is thereforeprobably a little earlier than Muirchú's Life. It has even less claim thanthe latter work to rank as a biography of the saint. Some account of hisearly life is given, but most of two books are taken up with a descriptionof his journeying about Ireland, and of the churches which he founded.This cannot however be treated as a trustworthy record of Patrick's move-ments : it is rather to be regarded as a fictitious itinerary which " servedthe very practical purpose of providing the successors of Patrick with alist of foundations from which they could claim allegiance " (Kenney).
4. Tirechán's memoir ends on fol. 15 v°, and is followed by a series ofsix short paragraphs about the saint, probably the work of Ferdomnach.Then comes (fol. 16 r° 2) a series of memoranda concerning gifts of landsand churches, which seem to have been collected by Ferdomnach with theobject of giving further support to the claims of the See of Armagh. Weare told first how Lommán, one of Patrick's disciples, was left at themouth of the Boyne with orders to proceed upstream to Trim ; how heconverted and baptised Foirtchern, his mother, and his father Fedelmid,and what lands were granted to Patrick by Fedelmid and others. At thispoint the scribe left a blank space, in which stands the entry made in theyear 1004 in the presence of Brian Boroime. After this (fol. 17 r°) comefurther memoranda by Ferdomnach on grants made to Patrick in differentparts of Connaught. Part of these are in the Irish language. The secondcolumn of fol. 17 v° is left blank.
On fol. 18 the writer begins in Latin, but soon changes back to Irish.The scene now shifts to Leinster. We are told how Iserninus was sent byGermanus of Auxerre to Ireland, where he met with Patrick in the territoryof Uí Cheinnselaig. Next comes (fol. i8 r° 2) an account, still in Irish, ofPatrick's meeting with Dubthach maccu Lugir, and of the consecration ofFiacc Find as the first bishop in Leinster, and of his church at Sletty.There follow two more paragraphs concerning Aed, bishop of Sletty, anda certain Conchad. Then a note in Latin, explaining that the writer hasused the Irish language because of the number of Irish names included,and the difficulty of making the whole intelligible in Latin. The sectionends with four halting hexameters, in which the reader is invited to prayfor the scribe.
IV INTRODUCTION
BOOK OF ARMAGH
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