bones of the thoracic limb (ossa membri …bones of the thoracic limb (ossa membri thoracici)...

BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB(OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI)

Andrea Heinzlmann

University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest

Department of Anatomy and Histology

24th September 2019

BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB

(OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI)

FORELIMB (UPPER EXTREMITY):

composed of:

1. THORACIC (SCHOULDER) GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

2. BRACHIUM (UPPER ARM, STYLOPODIUM)

3. ANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM, ZEUGOPODIUM)

4. MANUS (HAND, AUTOPODIUM)

https://veteriankey.com/canine-anatomy/


THORACIC (SHOULDER) GIRDLE

(CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

- unites the thoracic limb to the trunk

consists of:

1. the coracoid

2. the clavicle

3. the scapula

THORACIC GIRDLE


1. CORACOID:

- reduced to the CORACOID PROCESS (PROC. CORACOIDEUS)

PROC. CORACOIDUES:

- lies medially on the supraglenoid tubercle

Eq.

THORACIC GIRDLE


2. CLAVICLE:

- reduced

- embedded in the brachiocephalic muscle - CLAVICULAR INTERSECTION

https://petmassage.com/wp-content/uploads/Brachiocephalic-Muscles-in-Canines-by-Nichollette-Bond-2015-12-08.pdf

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/carnLabs/Lab01/Img1-11.html

https://petmassage.com/wp-content/uploads/Brachiocephalic-Muscles-in-Canines-by-Nichollette-Bond-2015-12-08.pdf

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/carnLabs/Lab01/Img1-11.html

THORACIC GIRDLE


3. SCAPULA:

- irregularly triangular plate

- its long axis directed cranioventrally

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab09/Img9-1.html


THORACIC GIRDLE


3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA:

a. MARGO DORSALIS:

• proximal border

• adjacent to the vertebral column

Right scapula of dog,A. lateral, B. medial aspect, left scapula of a small ruminant C. lateral aspectand a pig D. lateral aspect

THORACIC GIRDLE



a. MARGO DORSALIS:

• carries the scapular cartilage (CARTILAGO SCAPULAE)

Eq.https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

THORACIC GIRDLE



CARTILAGO SCAPULAE (scapular cartilage):

- a shock absorber

- well developed in ungulates

- in carnivores a narrow rim

Eq. https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

THORACIC GIRDLE



b. ANGULUS CRANIALIS (cranial angle):

c. MARGO CRANIALIS (cranial border)

d. ANGULUS CAUDALIS (caudal angle)

e. MARGO CAUDALIS (caudal border)Eq.

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral, B. medial aspect,

Margo

cranialis

Angulus

cranialis

THORACIC GIRDLE



f. ANGULUS VENTRALIS (ventral angle):

- formed by the margo cranialis et caudalis

Eq.

Angulus ventralis

THORACIC GIRDLE



g. CAVITAS GLENOIDALIS (glenoid cavity):

- situated at the angulus ventralis

- articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral, B. medial aspect,

THORACIC GIRDLE



INCISURA GLENOIDALIS:

- in Eq.

- craniomedial notch in the glenoid cavity

https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2019/08/03/boning-up-anatomy-plastic-horse-bones/ https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2019/08/03/boning-up-anatomy-plastic-horse-bones/

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

THORACIC GIRDLE



h. FACIES LATERLAIS

i. SPINA SCAPULAE (scapular spine):

- on the lateral surface

- divides the lateral surface into two depressions:

1. FOSSA SUPRASPINARA:

– cranial

1. FOSSA INFRASPINATA:

- caudal

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect,

left scapula of a small ruminant C. lateral aspect


THORACIC GIRDLE



j. TUBER SPINAE SCAPULAE:

- in Su, Eq

- on its middle third

left scapula of a pig D. lateral aspect



THORACIC GIRDLE



k. ACROMION:

- near the shoulder joint the scapular spine forms the acromion

- in Ca, Bo

https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeletonhttps://www.slideserve.com/tacey/ruminants-anatomy

https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton

https://www.slideserve.com/tacey/ruminants-anatomy

THORACIC GIRDLE



k. ACROMION extended:

1. IN DOG by PROC. HAMATUS

2. IN CAT by PROC. SUPRAHAMATUS

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect,

https://kohlibri.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/655243/title/Anatomy+and+Physiology+for+Veterinary+Technicians+and+Nurses.html

https://kohlibri.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/655243/title/Anatomy+and+Physiology+for+Veterinary+Technicians+and+Nurses.html

THORACIC GIRDLE



l. FACIES COSTALIS:

1. excavated – to form the FOSSA SUBSCAPULARIS

2. presents proximally the FACIES SERRATA (roughened area)

- insertion of the musculus serratus ventralis

Right scapula of dog , B. medial aspect, https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/487092515943987565/

https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/487092515943987565/

THORACIC GIRDLE



m. COLLUM SCAPULAE:

- distally

- the cranial border is notched – INCISURA SCPAULAE

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect, Right scapula of dog, B. medial aspect, left scapula of a pig D. lateral aspect

Incisurascapulae

THORACIC GIRDLE



n. TUBERCULUM SUPRAGLENOIDALE

- projects forward

o. PROCESSUS CORACOIDEUS

- lies medially on the supraglenoid tubercle

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/487092515943987565/

Eq.


THORACIC GIRDLE



p. TUBERCULUM INFRAGLENOIDALE

- in Ca

https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeletonRight scapula of dog , B. medial aspect,

Tuberculum

infraglenoidale

https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton

SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

1. UPPER ARM (BRACHIUM)

– formed by a single bone, the HUMERUS


Ca. https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/parts-of-the-canine-humerus/deck/1571886

https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comparative-anatomy-of-forelimb-of-camel-ox-and-horse


https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/parts-of-the-canine-humerus/deck/1571886



HUMERUS:

- a long bone

consists of:

1. a PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS

2. a DISTAL EPIPHYSIS

3. a SHAFT (DIAPHYSIS, CORPUS HUMERI)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphysis

proximal

distal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphysis


HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

a. THE CAPUT HUMERI (HEAD OF THE HUMERUS) - dorsally

b. COLLUM HUMERI (NECK OF THE HUMERUS)

- separates the head from the body

Left humerus of the horse A. caudal aspect






HUMERUS:


c. TUBERCULUM MAJUS (GREATER TUBERCLE)

– cranioventrally

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect


HUMERUS:


c. TUBERCULUM MAJUS (GREATER TUBERCLE)

1. PARS CRANIALIS

- in Eq, Bo. Su

2. PARS CAUDALIS:

- in Eq, Bo. Su

Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects Bo.

caput

Tuberculum majusPars cranialis

Pars caudalis

Tuberculum minusPars cranialis

Pars

caudalis

Tuberculum minus

Sulcus

inter-

tubercularis


HUMERUS:


CRISTA TUBERCULI MAJORIS:

- runs from the cranial border of the gerater tubercle to the cranial surface of the shaft

- on lateral aspect

- muscle attachment

https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711-114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf



HUMERUS:


d. TUBERCULUM MINUS (LESSER TUBERCLE)

- craniomedially



HUMERUS:


d. TUBERCULUM MINUS (MINOR TUBERCLE)

- craniomedially

1. PARS CRANIALIS

- in Eq, Bo.

2. PARS CAUDALIS:

- in Eq, Bo.

Bo.http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html

caput


Pars caudalis


Pars

caudalis

Tuberculum minus

Sulcus

inter-

tubercularis



HUMERUS:


e. SULCUS INTERTUBERCULARIS:

- separates the tuberculum majus from the tuberculum minus

- passage of the tendon of the musculus biceps brachii

Bo.

caput


Pars caudalis


Pars

caudalis

Tuberculum minus

Sulcus

inter-

tubercularis




HUMERUS:


TUBERCULUM INTERMEDIUM:

- in Eq

- - well developed sagittal ridge

- divides the intertubercular sulcus

Left humerus of a horse B. caudal aspect http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html



HUMERUS:


f. FACIES MUSCULI INFRASPINATI:

- attachemnt for the musclus infraspinatus

- laterally and distal to the greater tubercle

Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspectsLeft humerus of a dog, A. lateral aspect


HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents:

a. TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEA

- laterally

- in the proximal third of the shaft

- attachement for the musculus deltoideus

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral aspectLeft humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects

Left humerus of a horse, A. caudal, B. cranial aspect


HUMERUS:



- distally the tuberositas continous as the CRISTA HUMERI (humeral crest)

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral aspect

Left humerus of a horse, B. cranial aspect

http://www.boneid.net/product/horse-equus-caballus-left-humerus-lateral-view/

Cristahumeri



HUMERUS:



- proximocaudally it gives off a curved LINEA MUSCULI TRICIPITIS

LINEA MUSCULI TRICIPITIS:

- border between the greater tubercle and the head

Tuberositas

deltoidea

Linea

m. tricipitis

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/4-Measurements-of-Humerus_fig1_322568799

Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects

Bo.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/4-Measurements-of-Humerus_fig1_322568799


HUMERUS:


b. TUBEROSITAS TERES MAJOR

- in. Bo, Eq

- situated above the middle of the shaft

- medially

Bo.


Eq.

http://www.keywordsdoctor.com/aG9yc2UgaHVtZXJ1cw/

Eq.



HUMERUS:


c. TUBEROSITAS TERES MINOR:

- attachemnt for the musculus teres minor

- lies cranial to the linea musculi tricipitis

- laterally

Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspectshttps://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711-114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf



HUMERUS:


d. SULCUS MUSCULI BRACHIALIS (Musculospiral groove):

- laterally

- the musculus brachialis winds in it

- limited proximomedially by the crista humeri







HUMERUS:


d. SULCUS MUSCULI BRACHIALIS (Musculospiral groove):

- limited laterodorsally by the CRISTA EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS


Crista

humeri

Epicondylus

lateralis

Crista

epicondylus

lateralis





HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS formed by the

a. CONDYLUS HUMERI (CONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS)


SKELETON OF UPPER LIMBHUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS

a. IN CARNIVORES THE CONDYLUS HUMERI consists of:

1. TROCHLEA HUMERI – medial, large

2. CAPITULUM HUMERI – small, lateral

- articulates with the bones of the antebrachium to form the elbow joint


Capitulum

Trochlea





HUMERUS:

a. CONDYLUS HUMERI:

- in other domestic animals is uniform

- cylindrical

- articulates with the bones of the antebrachium to form the elbow joint



Condylus humeri

https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/68/68-1503984964.pdf?t=1568917129

Bo.




HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYISIS presents:

b. EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS:

- caudolateral in position

- smaller

- provides attachments for the extensors muscles of the foot

https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711-114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/dog


https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/dog


HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

c. EPICONDYLUS MEDIALIS:

- situated caudal to the trochlea

- caudomedial in position

- larger

- provides attachments for the flexors muscles of the foot






HUMERUS:


d. CRISTA EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS:

- passes from the lateral epicondyle to the caudal surface of the shaft


Eq.


HUMERUS:


e. FOSSA OLECRANI:

- between the epicondyles, dorsally

- accomodates to the proc. anconeus


Eq.


Ca,



HUMERUS:


f. FOSSA RADIALIS:

- in front and above the condylus humeri

Left humerus of a dog, A. aspect


Bo.






HUMERUS:


IN DOG:

FORAMEN SUPRATROCHLEARE

- communication between the fossa olecrani et radialis

https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/doghttps://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711-114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf




HUMERUS:


IN CAT:

FORAMEN SUPRACONDYLARE:

- situated proximal to the median epicondyle

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/humerus https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/482870391277208507/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/humerus


SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

consists of:

1. RADIUS

2. ULNA

R: radius, U: ulna, Ca. Os sarpi accessorium




Rotation of forearm:

1. seen to a modarate degree in cats

2. slightly less in dogs

3. does not occur in other domestic animals, because the radius and ulna united by ossification in

Bo and Eq


Skeleton of the left forearm od a dog, A. lateral aspect



SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII:

- space between the bones

1. narrower in carnivores

2. in ruminants reduced to two short spaces – Spatium interosseum antebrachii prox. et dist.

3. in horses reduced to one - Spatium interosseum antebrachii prox.

Skeleton of the left forearm od a dog,

A. lateral aspectSkeleton of the left forearm of a horse

lateral aspect

Spatium

interosseum

antebrachii

proximalis

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox

D. medial aspect


RADIUS:

- it is fused with the ulna in Bo, Eq

- long bone

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS

2. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS

3. SHAFT (CORPUS RADII)


A. lateral aspect


D. medial aspect

Skeleton of the left forearm of a horse

lateral aspect

Radius

Ulna

http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-radius-and-ulna-lateral-view



RADIUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS expanded to form the CAPUT RADII

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect

SKELETON OF THE FOREARM

(ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

a. CAPUT RADII:

FOVEA CAPITIS RADII

- on the prox. surface of the head

https://veteriankey.com/radius-and-ulna/Ca.


Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox.

C. medial aspect



(ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

a. CAPUT RADII:

TUBEROSITAS RADII

- on each side of the head

- lies dorsomedially

Skeleton of the left forearm of a horse

lateral aspect


http://www.boneid.net/product/proximalartic-surface-right-horse-radius-and-ulna/

Eq.


http://www.boneid.net/product/proximalartic-surface-right-horse-radius-and-ulna/


RADIUS:

a. CAPUT RADII:

CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS :

– lies caudally on the head

- provides articulation with the ulna

Ca.https://veteriankey.com/radius-and-ulna/


RADIUS:

b. COLLUM RADII:

- In Ca

- border between the head and the shaft

Ca.https://veteriankey.com/radius-and-ulna/



2. SHAFT OF THE RADIUS (CORPUS RADII) presents:

a. FACIES CAUDALIS

b. FACIES CRANIALIS

c. MARGO MEDIALIS

d. MARGO LATERALIS


RADIUS:


a. TROCLEA RADII

- articulates with the carpal bones through the FACIES ARTICULARIS CARPEA (carpal articular

surface)

Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect


(ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:


b. CRISTA TRANSVERSA (transversal crest):

- proximal to the articular surface

- found on the caudal surface


D. medial aspect


(ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:


c. SULCUS TENDINIS (TENDON GROOVES):

- found on the cranial surface

- passage for the tendons

1. sulcus tendinis m. abductor digiti I. longus

2. sulcus tendinis m. extensor carpi radialis

3. sulcus tendinis digit. communis

4. sulcus tendinis m. ext. digit. lateralis




(ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:


d. PROC. STYLOIDEUS RADII :

- medial facet

- on the medial aspect of the trochlea

- in Ca, Bo, Su

- in Eq – called as Porc. styloideus medialis


D. medial aspect

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog,

B. medial aspect




(ANTEBRACHIUM)RADIUS:


e. INCISURA ULNARIS RADII:

- formed by the lateral facet

- in Ca, Su

- articulates with the distal extermity of the ulna



RADIUS:


f. PROC. STYLOIDEUS LATERALIS:

- the distal ulna fused to the radius to form an intergral part of the radius

- in Eq




RADIUS:


g. FOSSA LUNATA:


A. lateral aspectSkeleton of the left forearm of a horse

lateral aspect


D. medial aspect

Ulna


ULNA:

- long bone

1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS

2. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS

3. SHAFT (DIAPHYSIS, CORPUS ULNAE)


(ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

a. OLECRANON

- projects behind the radius

its free end expanded to form the TUBER OLECRANI


D. medial aspecthttps://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

Tuber

olecrani



ULNA:


b. INCISURA TROCHLEARIS (trochlear notch):

- lies against the radius

- Its articular surface – articulates with the trochlea humeri



D. medial aspectCa.


(ANTEBRACHIUM)ULNA:


c. PROCESSUS ANCONEUS:

- proximal to the articular surface of the incisura trochlearis

- projects cranially


D. medial aspect https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

Ca.



ULNA:


d. PROCESSUS CORONOIDEUS LATERALIS et

PROCESSUS CORONOIDEUS MEDIALIS:

- distally

- on either side of the incisura trochlearis

- project forwards

Proc.

coronoideus

med.

Proc.

coronoideus

lat.




ULNA:


e. INCISURA RADIALIS ULNAE:

- between the proc. coronoideus med. et lat.

- articulates with the circumferentia articularis radii

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox. C. lateral aspect

Ca.


ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE):

- triangular

- slightly convex cranially



Corpus

ulnae



ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE) presents:

MARGO INTEROSSEUS:

- in carnovores

- surface facing the radius

- rough, elongated margo


Ca.


ULNA:


- in ruminants and horses the radius and ulna fused

- the interosseal space reduced

- the distal third of the shaft of the ulna has completely regressed in horse





ULNA:


SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII:

- in Ca, Su



ULNA:


SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII PROXIMALE:

- in Eq, Bo


D. medial aspect

Spatium

interosseum

prox.




ULNA:


SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII DISTALE:

- In Bo


D. medial aspect



ULNA:


a. CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA)

- in horse there is no head

- projects distally as the PROC. STYLOIDEUS ULNAE

Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral aspect


ULNA:



- carries a CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS ULNAE:

CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS ULNAE:

- in Ca, Su

articulates with the radius

Ca.


ULNA:



- In Bo. fused to the radius



ULNA:



- in Eq. it is used with the trochlea of the radius to form the PROC. STYLOIDEUS LATERALIS


ULNA:


CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA):

bears the FACIES ARTICULARIS CARPEA – articulates with the bones of the carpus

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateralaspect

Bo.

SKELETON OF THE MANUS

composed of:

1. BASIPODIUM represented by the OSSA CARPI

2. METAPODIUM represented by the OSSA METACARPALIA

3. ACROPODIUM represented by the OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS



SKELETON OF THE MANUS

composed of:

4. DORSUM MANUS

5. PALMA MANUS

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1040638717692846https://veteriankey.com/canine-anatomy/

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1040638717692846


SKELETON OF THE CARPUS

consists of three rows of carpal bones:

1. PROXIMAL (ANTEBRACHIAL) ROW

2. MIDDLE (INTERCARAPAL) ROW

3. DISTAL (METACARPAL) ROW

Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the dog. (From Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.)


INTERCARPAL ROW:

consisted of from 1 to 4 individulal bones (OSSA CARPI CENTRALIA)

- fuses after birth with the medial bone of th antebrachail row

- in domestic species remains only the antebrachial and metacarpal rows to be considered



PROXIMAL (ANTEBRACHIAL) ROW comprises the:

1. OS CARPI RADIALE (os scaphoideum, Cr)

– situated medially, distal to the radius

2. OS CARPI ULNARE (os triquetrum, Cu)

- lies distal to the ulna

3. OS CARPI INTERMEDIUM (os lunatum, Ci)

- between os carpi radiale et ulnare

4. OS CARPI ACCESSORIUM (os pisiforme, Ca)

- laterally

- A sesamoid bone


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTFfgmS-M9s

Bo.

Cr.

radius ulna

Cu.Ci. Ca.

metacarpus




METACARPAL ROW comprises from medial to lateral the:

1. OS CARPALE PRIMUM (os trapezium, C1)

2. OS CARPALE SECUNDUM (os trapezoideum C2)

3. OS CARPALE TERTIUM (os capitatum C3)

4. OS CARPALE QUARTUM (os hamatum, C4)

5. OS CARPALE QUINTUM (C5) absent or fused with C4


Bo.

Cr.

radius ulna

Cu.Ci. Ca.

metacarpus

C2+C3 C4





THE NUMEBER OF CARPAL BONES:

1. 8 in pig 4 in each row

2. 7 in carnivores – Cr and Ci fused – OS CARPI INTERMEDIORADIALE




1. 7 in horse – C1 missing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnbvCwlIOTI




1. 6 in ruminants – C1 missing, C2 and C3 fused – OS TRAPEZOIDEOCAPITATUM


Bo.

Cr.

radius ulna

Cu.Ci. Ca.

metacarpus

C2+C3 C4


SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS

OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc)

1. OS METACARPALE PRIMUM (Mc1)

- situated medially

2. OS METACARPALE SECUNDUM (Mc2)

3. OS METACARPALE TERTIUM (Mc3)

4. OS METACARPALE QUARTUM (Mc4)

5 OS METACARPALE QUINTUM (Mc5)

- situated laterally



1. in carnivores: Mc3- Mc4 the longest

2. in pigs Mc1 missing




in horse

• Mc3 fully developed

• Mc2 and Mc4 reduced

• Mc1 and Mc5 lacking







in ruminants

• Mc1, Mc2 missing,

• Mc3 and Mc4 fused

• Mc5 rudiment




PARTS OF THE OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc):

1. PROXIMAL END (BASIS)

2. CORPUS (BODY)

3. DISTAL EXTREMITY (CAPUT)



1. PROXIMAL END (BASIS):

bears:

a. the metacarpal tuberosity - medial

b. facies articularis for the individual metacarpal bones

c. facies articularis for the carpal bones


Metacarpal

tuberosity





2. CORPUS (BODY):

- carries the distal extremity (Caput)


SKELETON

OF THE METACARPUS

3. CAPUT (HEAD):

a. TROCLEA

- divides by a sagittal ridge (crista trochlea) into:

• a medial

• a lateral surface

https://threedmedprint.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s41205-019-0050-2

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ahe.12294

https://threedmedprint.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s41205-019-0050-2



IN CARNIVORES:

TUBEROSITAS OSSIS METACARPALIS – on dorsal surface of Mc2 and Mc3



IN RUMINATS:

Mc3 and MC4 fused – large metacarpal bone

palmar and dorsal surface

dorsal longitudinal grooves (sulcus longitudinalis dorsalis)

palmar longitudinal grooves (sulcus longitudinalis palmaris)

TUBEROSITAS OSSIS METACARPALIS III – on dorsal surface of Mc3 - medially



SKELETON OF THE METACARPUSIN HORSE:

- Mc3 the large metacarpus

- the dorsal surface is convex

- the palmar surface falt

- oval in cross section

- Facies articularis carpeae

- the base bears a prominet tuberosity - medially


Metacarpal

tuberosity


SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

DIGITI MANUS:

1. in carnivores: all five digits are present (1st to 5t)

2. in pigs there are 4 (2nd to 5th)

3. in ruminants two chief digits 3rd and 4th, fully developed, the 2nd and the 5th reduced

4. in horse only one digit, the 3rd one


each digit has three PHALANGES (OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS)

1. PHALANX PROXIMALIS (Os compedale, first, PhI, long pastern bone)

2. PHALANX MEDIA (OS coronale, second, PhII, short pedal bone)

3. PHALANX DISTALIS (Os unguiculare, Os ungulare, third, PhIII, coffin bone)

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-7.htmlhttp://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-1.html




each PHALANX has:

1. BASIS

2. BODY

3. CAPUT with TROCHLEA

Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the dog. (From

Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.)


FIRST DIGIT:

- developed only in carnovores

- bears only PhI and PhIII

- the middle PhII missing

Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the

dog. (From Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.)

http://www.picgran.com/edit.php

http://www.picgran.com/edit.php


PHALANX PROXIMALIS:

- short

- cylindrical

1. BASIS PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS:

- carries FOVEA ARTICULARIS

http://www.ironfreehoof.com/hoof-anatomy-and-bones-of-the-lower-leg.html

1. Coffin bome

2. Navicular bone

3. P2

4. P1

5. Proximal sesamoid bones

basis

corpus

caput



PHALANX PROXIMALIS :

2. CORPUS PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS

- ends distally at the CAPUT

- TRIGONUM PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS – on the palmar side

Trigonum

phalangis

proximalis

Equine Proximal Phalanx (Palmar View)

http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-proximal-phalanx-palmar-view

basis

corpus

caput



PHALANX PROXIMALIS :

3. CAPUT PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS

- has a TROCHLEA

basis

corpus

caput

Equine Proximal Phalanx (Palmar View)



SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF

THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX MEDIA :

1. BASIS PHALANGIS MEDIAE bears:

- FOVEA ARTICULARIS

- PROC. EXTENSORIUS in Eq, Bo - dorsally

- TUBEROSITAS FLEXORIA in Eq, Bo - palmar

basis

corpus

caput

Fovea articularis

Proc. extensorius

Facies flexoria


Eq, dorsal aspect

Eq, palmar aspect

Proximal articulating surface

Articulating with P1

Distal articulating surface

Articulating with P3





PHALANX MEDIA :

2. CORPUS PHALANGIS MEDIAE

3. CAPUT PHALANGIS MEDIAE





SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE

FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

1. FACIES ARTICULARIS

2. FACIES ARTICULARIS SESAMOIDEA

Os ungulare of a horse. 1 Processus extensorius, 2

Facies articularis 3 Processus palmaris, 4 Incisura

processus palmaris, 5 Sulcus parietalis, 6 Foramen

parietale, 7 Margo solearis, 8 Crena marginis solearis,

9 Margo coronalis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_bone#/media/File:Hufbein-Pferd.jpg

Facies articularis

sesamoidea

Facies

articularis

Proc.

extensorius

Proc. palmaris

Grooves for foramina

solaria


Dorsal view



SKELETON OF THE DIGITS

OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

3. FACIES PARIETALIS

4. FACIES SOLEARIS

Forman

nutrieuns

Proc. extensorius

for the m. extensor

diggitorum comm.

Hoof cartilage

situated here

Articular

surface for

P2

Sulcus

parietalis

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimbhttp://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-6.html




FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES PARIETALIS IN HORSE:

A. PARS MEDIALIS:

1. Sulcus parietalis medialis

2. Porcessus palmaris medialis

3. Foramen processus palmaris medialis

4. Incisura processus palmaris medialis


PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES PARIETALIS IN HORSE:

B. PARS LATERALIS:

1. Sulcus parietalis lateralis

2. Porcessus palmaris lateralis

3. Foramen processus palmaris lateralis

4. Incisura processus palmaris lateralis

Os ungulare of a horse. 1 Processus extensorius,

2 Facies articularis 3 Processus palmaris,

4 Incisura processus palmaris, 5 Sulcus parietalis,

6 Foramen parietale, 7 Margo solearis,

8 Crena marginis solearis, 9 Margo coronalis




PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES SOLEARIS IN HORSE:

1. Facies flexoria

2. Linea semilunaris

3. Planum cutaneum

Linea

semilunaris


Facies flexoria

Planum

cutaneaum

Linea semilunaris

http://m.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-distal-phalanx-ventral-view


http://m.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-distal-phalanx-ventral-view


PHALANX DISTALIS:


4. Sulcus solearis medialis

5. Sulcus solearis lateralis


PHALANX DISTALIS:


6. Foramen soleare mediale

7. Foramen soleare laterale

8. Canalis solearis


PHALANX DISTALIS IN HORSE:

9. Margo coronalis

10. Processus extensorius

11. Margo solearis

12. Crena marginis solearis

Os ungulare of a horse.

1 Processus extensorius,

2 Facies articularis

3 Processus palmaris,

4 Incisura processus palmaris,

5 Sulcus parietalis,

6 Foramen parietale,

7 Margo solearis,

8 Crena marginis solearis,

9 Margo coronalis


https://holistichorse.com/hoof-care/seedy-toe-or-white-line-disease/


https://holistichorse.com/hoof-care/seedy-toe-or-white-line-disease/


PHALANX DISTALIS IN HORSE:

13. Cartilago ungularis medialis

14. Cartilago ungularis lateralis

http://vanat.ahc.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab04/Img4-13.html

http://enlightenedequine.com/2011/09/12/what-makes-it-natural-hoof-care/

http://vanat.ahc.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab04/Img4-13.html

http://enlightenedequine.com/2011/09/12/what-makes-it-natural-hoof-care/


FOREFOOT

OSSA SESAMOIDEA:

- increase the surface of the interdigital joints

1. OSSA SESAMOIDEA PROXIMALIA

- two bones on the palmar aspects

– in the articulatio metacarpophalangea







SKELETON OF THE DIGITS

OF THE FOREFOOT

2. OS SESAMOIDEUM DISTALE (navicular bone)

- in the articulatio interphalangea distalis

- one bone on the palmar aspect of each phalanx





THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

VETERINARY

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

1. R. Nickel, A. Shummer, E. Steiferle: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Band III., 2.

Auflage

2. Klaus-Dieter Budras, Patrick H. McCarthy , Wolfgang Fricke : Renate Richter Anatomy of the

Dog, 5th revised Edition

3. Klaus-Dieter Budras , W.O.Sack, Sabine Röck : Anatomy of the Horse 5th revised Edition

4. Klaus – Dieter Budras, Rober E. Habel: Bovine Anatomy, 1st Edition

5. Miller’s Anatomy of the dog, 4th Edition

6. König – Liebich: Anatomie der Haussäugetiere, 4. Auflage

7. König – Liebich: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, 4th Edition

8. Saunders W.B: Veterinary Anatomy Flash Cards, 2nd Revised edition

bones of the thoracic limb (ossa membri …bones of the thoracic limb (ossa membri thoracici)...

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