BELL RINGER

• Welcome Back!

• Please take out your new

packet of notes (Bones,

Muscles and Skin)

• Once you find your new seat

put your card on my front desk.

• Pick up a Body System Text

book by the emergency

window and tell Ms. Mello your

textbook number

BONES, MUSCLES AND SKIN

CHAPTER 1

BODY ORGANIZATION

•The human body is organized by the different components that work together to

perform all of the functions your body does.

•Going from the smallest to the largest, put these terms in order:

_____ Organs

_____ Tissues

_____ Cells

_____ Organ systems

1. The _____________ is the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing.

2. ______________ are a group of similar cells that perform the same function. There are four types:

• _______________________ composed of muscle cells and can contract or shorten

• _______________________ directs and controls electrical messages between the brain and body

• _____________________ provides support for the body and connects all its parts (ex. Bone & fat)

• _____________________ covers the surfaces, inside & out of your body for protection

1

2

3

4

Cell

Tissues

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

BODY ORGANIZATION

•The human body is organized by the different components that work together to

perform all of the functions your body does.

•Going from the smallest to the largest, put these terms in order:

_____ Organs

_____ Tissues

_____ Cells

_____ Organ systems

3. An ____________ is a structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue.

An organ performs a specific job. (ex. Heart, lungs, brain, stomach, skin etc…)

4. An ______________________ is a group of organs that work together to

perform a major function. For example your esophagus, stomach, intestines, and

colon are parts of the Digestive System.

1

2

3

4

Organ

Organ system

ORGAN SYSTEMSOn your white boards write down what organ system matches each number

Digestive =

Nervous =

Skeletal =

Respiratory =

Muscular =

Endocrine =

Excretory =

Circulatory =

1 23

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Digestive- Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Nervous- Detects information from the environment and controls body functions.

Skeletal- Supports and protects the body.

Respiratory- Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.

Muscular- Enables movement of the body and internal organs.

Endocrine- Controls many body processes by means of chemicals.

Excretory- Removes wastes.

Circulatory- Transports materials to and from cells.

Brain pop bodysystems

HOMEOSTASIS

•All of the body systems work together to maintain homeostasis which is the

body’s tendency to keep an internal balance.

•Homeostasis is the process by which an organisms internal environment is kept

stable in spite of changes in the external environment.

•What examples of homeostasis can you think of that your body does?

Brain pop homeostasis

BELL RINGER

-Good morning, please take out your body

system homework, note packet and science

journal

-Answer the following questions in your science

journal

1. Put the following in order from smallest to

largest:

Tissues, cells, organelles, organ systems,

organs, nucleus, chromosome, gene

2. Which organ system matches this definition:

“Transports materials to and from cells”.

3. How is exercise an example of homeostasis?

4. How do you think the skeletal and muscular

system works together?

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

•What is the purpose of the skeletal system?

1. To provide shape and support

2. Allow you to move

3. Protects your organs

4. Produces blood cells

5. Stores minerals and other materials for when your body needs them

• A newborn has about 275 bones while an

adult has 206 bones

• Where do these bones go?

• As we grow some of the bones in our bodies fuse

together like our skull

JOINTS OF THE SKELETON•Joints allow bones to move in different ways. There are immovable

and movable joints.

•Immovable joints- connect bones in a way that allows little to no

movement

•Moveable joints are held together by connective tissues called

ligaments and cartilage. Cartilage covers the ends of bones and

keep them from rubbing against each other.

• Types of Moveable joints

1. Hinge- forward and backward motion

2. Ball-and-Socket- greatest range of motion, can swing freely

3. Pivot- allows for one bone to rotate around another

4. Gliding- one bone to slide over another

Joints

TRY THESE MOVEMENTS!

1.Move your arm in a circle =

2.Lift a book from your desk =

3.Kneel down =

4.Wave your hand =

5.Twist your head from side to side =

Ball-and socket joint

Hinge jointHinge joint

Hinge and gliding joint

Pivot joint

BONE INJURIES1.Fracture- a break in the bone. Simple fractures the bone may be cracked

or completely broken into two or more pieces. Complex fractures is when

the bone sticks out through the skin.

2.Dislocation- When the end of a bone comes out of its joint.

3.Sprain- when ligaments are stretched too far and tear in places. Ankle

sprains are most common. Swelling may occur.

4.Osteoporosis- Mineral loss in the bones as people age which makes the

bones weak and easily broken. More common in women than in men. A

calcium rich diet can help avoid mineral loss.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

There are about 600 muscles in

your body. Muscles are divided into

those that are involuntary and those

that are voluntary.

•Involuntary muscles are ones that

we are not in conscious control of.

Some examples are the involuntary

muscles that control breathing and

digesting food.

•Voluntary muscles are ones that we

are in conscious control of. For

instance smiling and standing up

use voluntary muscles.

BELL RINGER

-Good morning, please take out your note packet and science journal-Answer the following questions in your science journal

1. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:

Tissues, cells, organelles, organ systems, organs, nucleus, chromosome, gene

2. Which organ system matches this definition:“Controls many body processes by means of chemicals.”

3. Give an example of voluntary muscle?

4. Where is cardiac muscle found?

7TH PERIOD BELL RINGER

-Good afternoon please take out your note packet

-Answer the following questions on a scrap piece of paper found at your squad.

When you are done make sure your name is on it and turn it into the bin. These

will be graded!

1. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:

Tissues, cells, organelles, organ systems, organs, nucleus, chromosome, gene

2. Which organ system matches this definition:

“Controls many body processes by means of chemicals.”

3. Give an example of voluntary muscle?

4. Where is cardiac muscle found?

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Your body has three types of muscle

tissue.

1. Skeletal Muscle- these are voluntary

muscles and are attached to the bones

of your skeleton and provides the force

that moves your bones.

• Muscle cells contract when they receive messages from the nervous

system. Muscles work with skeleton to allow movement and coordination

2. Smooth Muscle- these are

involuntary muscles and work

automatically. They react more slowly to

control the movements of internal

organs and blood vessels

3. Cardiac Muscle – this is involuntary

muscle found only in your heart.

THE SKIN!What is the largest organ in the human body?

• If your skin was stretched out flat it would cover an area larger than 1.5 m^2

which is about the size of a twin mattress.

Functions of the skin

• Covers and protects the body from injury, infection and water loss

• Regulates body temperature (blood vessels enlarge when hot and get smaller

when cold. Also through sweating)

• Eliminates wastes (through sweating)

• Gathers information about the environment (nerves detect pain, pressure, and

temperature).

• Produce vitamin D (when absorbing sunlight, required for Calcium absorption).

THE EPIDERMIS•The first layer of skin is called the epidermis and is the outermost layer.

•There are no nerves of blood vessels in this layer.

•Many of the cells on the epidermis are dead and every time you rub your hands

together, you lose thousands of dead skin cells and any bacteria on them.

•Some cells in the epidermis produce melanin, the pigment or colored

substance that give skin its color. Melanin protects the skin from burning.

THE DERMIS

•The dermis is the inner and second layer of the skin. It is below the epidermis but

above a layer of fat.

•The dermis contains nerves and blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs, and oil glands.

•Sweat glands produce perspiration, which reaches the skins surface through

openings called pores. Strands of hair grow within the dermis in structures called

follicles.

2 POINT DISCRIMINATION

-You are going to test the sensitivity of your skin on your inner arm and hands!

- You will take two paper clips and move one away slowly by picking it up and putting

it down again on the skin. When you finally feel two different “points” you will use a

ruler to measure the distance

CHAPTER 2

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

BELL RINGER

How does your teeth and saliva work together to digest food.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1.Break down food into

molecules the body can

use

2.The molecules are

absorbed into the blood

and carried throughout the

body

3.Wastes are eliminated

from the body

TC

There are three primary

functions for the

digestive system

Metabolism- the sum of all of the chemical

processes in the human body

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM•Digestion- the process by which

your body breaks down food into

small nutrient molecules. There are

two kinds of digestion

• How do you digest food?

TC

•Mechanical Digestion- when

you bite and chew food

•Chemical Digestion –

chemicals produced by the

body break foods into smaller

chemical building blocks

• Absorption- is the process by which nutrient

molecules pass through the wall of your

digestive system into your blood

THE DIGESTIVE JOURNEY

•The mouth- both mechanical and

chemical digestion begin in the mouth.

•Mechanical digestion in the mouth is

performed by your

____________________

•Chemical digestion in the mouth is

performed by your

______________________.

•Saliva is an enzyme which are proteins

that speed up chemical reactions in

the body.

Teeth

Saliva

TC

THE DIGESTIVE JOURNEY

•As you swallow the epiglottis

closes off your windpipe,

preventing food from entering.

•The food then enters the

esophagus which is a muscular

tube that connects the mouth to

the stomach. Food remains in

the esophagus for only about 10

seconds.

•After food enters the

esophagus, it pushes the food

toward the stomach.

TC

THE DIGESTIVE JOURNEY

•In the stomach mechanical

and chemical digestion occur

•Mechanical digestion-

the smooth muscle in the

stomach contracts to

produce a churning

motion and mixes the

food with fluids

•Chemical digestion- The

stomach contains

digestive juice that

contains the enzyme

pepsin and hydrochloric

acid

TC

FINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

•After the liquid leaves the

stomach it enters the small

intestine where most

chemical digestion takes

place.

•Almost all chemical

digestion and absorption of

nutrients takes place in the

small intestine and the

nutrients from food will

eventually enter the

bloodstream.

•This is completed with the

help from the liver,

gallbladder and pancreas. Dr Bionics Digestive System

TC

THE LARGE INTESTINE

•Once the liquid food

material reaches the end of

the small intestine most of

the nutrients have been

absorbed. The remaining

material moves into the

large intestine

• The water from the food material is absorbed into the bloodstream and the remaining material is readied for elimination from the body.

• The large intestine ends at the rectum where waste material is compressed into solid form and is then eliminated from the body through the anus.

TC

Dr Bionics Digestive System

PUT THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TERMS IN ORDER

•Esophagus

•Mouth

•Small intestine

•Large intestine

•Stomach

•Bloodstream

TC

BELL RINGERYou want to have a snack. You can either have one large

apple or three twix minis. Which one will provide more

energy?

Calories = 130

Total Fat = 0 g

Total Carbohydrate = 34 g

Protein = 1g

Calories = 150

Total Fat = 7 g

Total Carbohydrate = 20 g

Protein = 1g

FOOD & ENERGY

•Nutrients are the substances in the food that provide the

body with everything it needs to carry out all of its

essential processes.

TC

Food provides your body with the needed materials for

growing, repairing tissues and the energy to live.

• There are six groups of nutrients necessary for human health• Carbohydrates• Fats• Proteins• Vitamins• Minerals• Water

FOOD & ENERGY

When nutrients are used the amount

of energy they released are

measured in units called calories.

Calorie- the amount

of energy needed to

raise the temperature

of one gram of water

by one degree

Celsius

Calorie Ted-ed

You need to eat a certain number of Calories a day to meet your body’s energy needs. Your daily energy requirements depends on many factors• Level of physical activity• Age • Gut bacteria• Length of digestive track• Medical conditions• Gender• Metabolism

6 TYPES OF NUTRIENTS

1. Carbohydrates- Provide short acting energy and the raw materials to

make cell parts

2. Fats- Provide long-lasting energy as well as form part of the cell

membrane and supports your internal organs and insulates your body.

3. Proteins- needed for tissue growth and repair. Also they plan an important role in chemical reactions with cells

4. Vitamins- are helpers in a variety of chemical reactions in the body.

Example Vitamin K helps your blood to clot.

5. Minerals- nutrients that are not made by living things. They are present in soil and are absorbed by plants through their roots… Then we eat the plants.Example calcium is needed for strong teeth and bones.

6. Water- most important nutrient because the body’s vital processes such as the breakdown of nutrients take place in water.

Vitamins Ted-ed

FOOD LABELSBy law every food item must have listed specific nutritional information on it. This information are called food labels.

Food Labels allow you to evaluate a single food as well as to compare the nutritional value of two different foods. There are 4 important parts to a food label.

1. Serving Size- The size of a single serving AND the number of servings in the container.

1.

2.

2. Calories- How much energy you get from one

serving of this food including how many calories

from fat.

3. Percent Daily Value- How the nutritional

content of one serving fits into the recommended

diet for a person following 2,000 calories a day

3.

FOOD LABELS

By law every food item must have listed specific nutritional information on it. This information are called food labels.

Food Labels allow you to evaluate a single food as well as to compare the nutritional value of two different foods. There are 4 important parts to a food label.

4.

4. Ingredients- are listed in order by

weight, starting with the main ingredient.

Here you can find if substances that you

are allergic to or do not want to eat are in

the food item

1. FOOD LABEL

1. How many servings of this

food are there in the entire

container?

2. How many calories are

there in two servings of this

food?

3. How many servings of this

food would a person need

to eat to get 50% of the

recommended daily value

of total fat?

8 servings

460 calories

5 servings