skeletal system -...
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Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemChapter 5Chapter 5
Components of the Skeletal Components of the Skeletal SystemSystem
Skeleton subdividedSkeleton subdivided– Axial Skeleton-longitudinal Axial Skeleton-longitudinal
axis of bodyaxis of body– Appendicular Skeleton-Appendicular Skeleton-
limbs and girdleslimbs and girdles
Skeletal System includesSkeletal System includes– Joints – 3 typesJoints – 3 types– Cartilages – 3 typesCartilages – 3 types
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, ElasticElastic
– Ligaments – bone to boneLigaments – bone to bone
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/skeleton.html
Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones SupportSupport: framework: framework ProtectionProtection: protect soft body organs: protect soft body organs
examples?examples? Movement: Movement: skeletal muscles attached to bones skeletal muscles attached to bones
via tendonsvia tendons StorageStorage: fats in the internal cavities of bones : fats in the internal cavities of bones
and minerals such as Caand minerals such as Ca++++ and Phosphorus. and Phosphorus. Blood cell formationBlood cell formation: hematopoiesis (blood cell : hematopoiesis (blood cell
formation) – marrow cavities of some bones.formation) – marrow cavities of some bones.
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Two types of osseous Two types of osseous tissuetissue– Compact bone-dense, Compact bone-dense,
smooth, homogeneoussmooth, homogeneous– Spongy bone-Spongy bone-
needlelike pieces of needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open bone and lots of open space.space.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/276196/101316/Longitudinal-section-of-the-humerus-showing-outer-compact-bone-and
Classification based on ShapeClassification based on Shape Four groups Four groups
1) 1) Long bonesLong bones – longer than wide, – longer than wide, shaft with heads at both ends, shaft with heads at both ends, mostly compact bone, all bones of mostly compact bone, all bones of limbs except patella, wrist, anklelimbs except patella, wrist, ankle
2) 2) Short bonesShort bones – cube shaped, – cube shaped, mostly spongy, wrist, ankle, mostly spongy, wrist, ankle, sesamoid bonessesamoid bones
3) 3) Flat bonesFlat bones – thin, flattened, – thin, flattened, usually curved, outer layers of usually curved, outer layers of compact bone sandwich spongy, compact bone sandwich spongy, skull, ribs, sternumskull, ribs, sternum
4) 4) Irregular bonesIrregular bones – don’t fit – don’t fit previous categories, hip bones, previous categories, hip bones, vertebrae vertebrae
http://www.aclasta.co.nz/osteoporosis/index.htm
Structure of a Long BoneStructure of a Long Bone
Diaphysis Diaphysis - shaft- shaft Periosteum Periosteum - fibrous connective - fibrous connective
tissue membranetissue membrane EndosteumEndosteum Sharpey’s fibers -Sharpey’s fibers - perforating fibers perforating fibers
connect periosteum to boneconnect periosteum to bone Epiphyses Epiphyses - ends, compact bone - ends, compact bone
enclosing spongyenclosing spongy Articular cartilageArticular cartilage - covers - covers
epiphyses, glassy hyaline cartilage-epiphyses, glassy hyaline cartilage-decreases frictiondecreases friction
Epiphyseal lineEpiphyseal line - adult bones, - adult bones, epiphyseal plate in growing bones, epiphyseal plate in growing bones, hyaline cartilage, growth, replaced hyaline cartilage, growth, replaced by bone in pubertyby bone in puberty http://www.curehandpain.com/images/bone/long_bone.gif
Structure of a Long BoneStructure of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity – Medullary cavity – 1) adults - yellow marrow1) adults - yellow marrow
2) infants – red marrow2) infants – red marrow- in adults red marrow - in adults red marrow confined to spongy bone of confined to spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bonessome long bones
Bone Markings – Table 5.1 Bone Markings – Table 5.1 projections vs depressionsprojections vs depressionsex. Trochanter, Foramenex. Trochanter, Foramen
http://www.curehandpain.com/images/bone/long_bone.gif
Microscopic Anatomy of Long Microscopic Anatomy of Long BoneBone
Osteocytes – mature Osteocytes – mature bone cellsbone cells
Lacunae – cavities where Lacunae – cavities where osteocytes foundosteocytes found
Lamellae – circles lacunae Lamellae – circles lacunae foundfound
Haversian canals – center Haversian canals – center of lamellaeof lamellae
Osteon – lamellae + Osteon – lamellae + Haversian canalHaversian canal
CanaliculiCanaliculi Volkmann’s canalsVolkmann’s canals
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat/images/Image269.gif
Microscopic Anatomy of Long Microscopic Anatomy of Long BoneBone
Osteocytes – mature Osteocytes – mature bone cellsbone cells
Lacunae – cavities where Lacunae – cavities where osteocytes foundosteocytes found
Lamellae – circles lacunae Lamellae – circles lacunae foundfound
Haversian canals – center Haversian canals – center of lamellaeof lamellae
Osteon – lamellae + Osteon – lamellae + Haversian canalHaversian canal
CanaliculiCanaliculi Volkmann’s canalsVolkmann’s canals
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/vm8054/labs/Lab8/IMAGES/OSTEON%20AND%20INTERSTITIAL%20SYSTEM.jpg
Bone Formation, Growth, and Bone Formation, Growth, and RemodelingRemodeling
Skeleton formed from Skeleton formed from bone and cartilagebone and cartilage
Embryos vs young Embryos vs young childrenchildren
Cartilage remains in Cartilage remains in nose, parts of ribs, nose, parts of ribs, jointsjoints
OssificationOssification – bone – bone formationformation
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg
OssificationOssification
Ossification – 2 phasesOssification – 2 phases1) Hyaline cartilage model 1) Hyaline cartilage model covered w/ bone matrix by covered w/ bone matrix by OsteoblastsOsteoblasts2) Cartilage digested 2) Cartilage digested opening Medullary cavityopening Medullary cavity
-By birth hyaline cartilage -By birth hyaline cartilage models coverted to bone models coverted to bone except articular cartilages except articular cartilages and epiphyseal platesand epiphyseal plates
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg
Bone Growth - LengtheningBone Growth - Lengthening
New cartilage added 2 places New cartilage added 2 places – external articular cartilage – external articular cartilage and ephiphyseal plateand ephiphyseal plate
What do each of these do?What do each of these do? Old cartilage digested replaced Old cartilage digested replaced
by bony matrixby bony matrix
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg
Bone Growth - WideningBone Growth - Widening
Appositional Growth – Appositional Growth – diameter increasediameter increase
OsteoblastsOsteoblasts in periosteum add in periosteum add bone tissues to diaphysisbone tissues to diaphysis
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts in endosteum in endosteum remove bone from inner remove bone from inner diaphysisdiaphysis
Occurs at about same rateOccurs at about same rate Controlled by hormonesControlled by hormones Ends in puberty – epiphyseal Ends in puberty – epiphyseal
plates converted to boneplates converted to bone
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg
Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling 2 Factors 2 Factors
1) Ca1) Ca++++ in blood – bones as storage in blood – bones as storagea) below homeostatic levels a) below homeostatic levels – – parathyroid glands release PTH into parathyroid glands release PTH into blood.blood.
- PTH activates osteoclasts- PTH activates osteoclastsb) above homeostatic levels b) above homeostatic levels - Ca- Ca++++ deposited as calcium salts deposited as calcium salts
Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling
2) pull of gravity and muscles on bone2) pull of gravity and muscles on bone Necessary to retain proportions and strength during Necessary to retain proportions and strength during
growthgrowth Bones become thicker and form projections where Bones become thicker and form projections where
bulky muscles attachedbulky muscles attached No stress – bones weaken and atrophyNo stress – bones weaken and atrophy
CaCa++++ uptake/release and remodeling work together uptake/release and remodeling work together– PTH determines WHEN bone broken down or deposited based PTH determines WHEN bone broken down or deposited based
on [Caon [Ca++++] in blood] in blood– Muscle pull and gravity determine WHERE bone broken down Muscle pull and gravity determine WHERE bone broken down
or deposited or deposited
Bone FracturesBone Fractures Occur less often in youth, Occur less often in youth,
requires exceptional trauma requires exceptional trauma – twists or smashes– twists or smashes
Two types – simple or Two types – simple or compoundcompound– Comminuted – many fragmentsComminuted – many fragments– Compression – crushedCompression – crushed– Depressed – broken bone Depressed – broken bone
portion pressed inward (skull)portion pressed inward (skull)– Impacted – broken ends forced Impacted – broken ends forced
into each otherinto each other– Spiral – ragged break due to Spiral – ragged break due to
twistingtwisting– Greenstick – incomplete breakGreenstick – incomplete break
http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2008icr/ddw/docs/060308_b.html
http://www.itim.nsw.gov.au/index.cfm?objectid=2A54AE6D-1321-1C29-707811D2028CC580
Bone RepairBone Repair Reduction – closed or open, Reduction – closed or open,
immobilization to all healingimmobilization to all healing1)1) Hematoma formsHematoma forms – blood – blood
vessels broken, blood filled vessels broken, blood filled swellingswelling
2)2) Fibrocartilage callus Fibrocartilage callus formationformation – mass of repair – mass of repair tissue – cartilage matrix, tissue – cartilage matrix, bony matrix, and collagen bony matrix, and collagen fibers, act as splintfibers, act as splint
3)3) Bony Callus formsBony Callus forms – – osteoblasts and osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate to break, spongy migrate to break, spongy bone callus formsbone callus forms
4)4) Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling – – permanent patch due to permanent patch due to stressesstresses
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_57e2KV2nOZs/SAGetjS3TjI/AAAAAAAAAY8/rvhaSyEf-us/s400/bone+repair.jpg
Axial SkeletonAxial SkeletonBones of SkullBones of Skull
Cranium + facialCranium + facial Cranium – encloses Cranium – encloses
brain tissuebrain tissue Facial – hold eyes, Facial – hold eyes,
facial expressionsfacial expressions Joined by sutures – Joined by sutures –
immovable joints immovable joints 1 exception – what is 1 exception – what is
it?it?http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skull_side_simplified_(bones).svg
Cranium BonesCranium Bones Frontal – foreheadFrontal – forehead Parietal – most of Parietal – most of
cranium, sagittal cranium, sagittal suturesuture
Temporal – around Temporal – around ear, squamous sutureear, squamous suture
Occipital – floor and Occipital – floor and back, lambdoid sutureback, lambdoid suture
Sphenoid – butterfly Sphenoid – butterfly shapedshaped
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skull_side_simplified_(bones).svg
Facial Bones and DamageFacial Bones and Damage
http://www.physioweb.org/skeletal/skeletal_struct.html
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/BD/cleft.htm
Cleft Palate – incomplete Maxillae formation
http://www.peidental.ca/cleft.html
Infant vs Adult SkullInfant vs Adult Skull
InfantInfant– Face small to craniumFace small to cranium– Cranium ¼ body lengthCranium ¼ body length– Fibrous regions – fontanels Fibrous regions – fontanels
allow compression, brain allow compression, brain growthgrowth
AdultAdult– Completely ossifiedCompletely ossified– Fused at suturesFused at sutures– 1/8 body length1/8 body length
http://www.waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams2/diagrams2.html
Vertebral Column Vertebral Column
Axial Support of bodyAxial Support of body Skull to pelvisSkull to pelvis 26 vertebrae (which type?) 26 vertebrae (which type?)
connected and reinforced by connected and reinforced by ligamentsligaments
Protects spinal cordProtects spinal cord Before birth 33 vertebraeBefore birth 33 vertebrae Separated by fibrocartilage – Separated by fibrocartilage –
intervertebral discsintervertebral discshttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png
Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column Discs and S-shape Discs and S-shape
prevent shock to head prevent shock to head and make trunk flexibleand make trunk flexible
Primary curvatures – Primary curvatures – thoracic and sacral thoracic and sacral regionsregions– Make C-shape of newbornMake C-shape of newborn
Secondary curvatures – Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbarcervical and lumbar– Develop after birthDevelop after birth– Allow to center weightAllow to center weight
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png
http://www.sleepywrap.com/index.php?page=stroller-baby-carrier
Herniated DiscsHerniated Discs
Drying of discs, Drying of discs, weakening of weakening of ligaments predisposes ligaments predisposes older to problemolder to problem
Also caused due to Also caused due to exceptional twistingexceptional twisting
Pressure from disc on Pressure from disc on spinal cord or nerves – spinal cord or nerves – numbness and/or painnumbness and/or pain
http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/5274.html
http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/library/healthguide/en-us/support/topic.asp?hwid=zm5009
Abnormal Spine CurvaturesAbnormal Spine Curvatures
http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=147926
http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article3094.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/9583Lordosis.html
Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis – All are either congenital, result of disease, due to poor posture, or unequal pull of muscles on spine
Thoracic CageThoracic Cage
Also known as bony Also known as bony thorax thorax
Protects organs in Protects organs in thoracic cavitythoracic cavity
Made up of sternum, Made up of sternum, ribs, and thoracic ribs, and thoracic vertebraevertebrae– What kind of bones What kind of bones
are these?are these?
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/skeletal.htm
RibsRibs 12 pair12 pair True Ribs – 1True Ribs – 1stst 7 pair 7 pair
– Attach to sternum via costal Attach to sternum via costal cartilagescartilages
False Ribs – last 5 pairFalse Ribs – last 5 pair– Indirectly or not attached to Indirectly or not attached to
sternumsternum Floating Ribs – last 2 pairFloating Ribs – last 2 pair
– Lack sternal attachmentLack sternal attachment
Intercostal space – filled with Intercostal space – filled with intercostal muscleintercostal muscle
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonShoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle
Consist of 2 bonesConsist of 2 bones
– Clavicle – collar boneClavicle – collar bone
– Scapula – shoulder Scapula – shoulder bladesblades
http://www.digitalartform.com/archives/2004/11/anatomy_practic_6.html
Upper LimbsUpper Limbs 30 bones30 bones ArmArm
– HumerusHumerus– Which type of bone?Which type of bone?
ForearmForearm– Radius, UlnaRadius, Ulna
HandHand– Carpal (8) wristCarpal (8) wrist– Metacarpals (1->5)Metacarpals (1->5)– Phalanges (14)Phalanges (14)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg
Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle Large and heavy Large and heavy
bonesbones Attached to axial Attached to axial
skeletonskeleton Bearing weight most Bearing weight most
important functionimportant function Houses reproductive Houses reproductive
organs, urinary organs, urinary bladder, part of large bladder, part of large intestinesintestines
http://classes.midlandstech.com/bio112/figure7.23pelvic%20girdle%20and%20hip%20bone.htm
Lower LimbsLower Limbs ThighThigh
– Femur – heaviest, Femur – heaviest, strongest bone in bodystrongest bone in body
LegLeg– Tibia, FibulaTibia, Fibula
FootFoot– Tarsals (7)Tarsals (7)– Metatarsals (5)Metatarsals (5)– Phalanges (14)Phalanges (14)– Supports weight, level Supports weight, level
to propel bodiesto propel bodies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8844.htm
JointsJoints All bones form joint except 1All bones form joint except 1 2 functions – hold bone 2 functions – hold bone
together, mobilitytogether, mobility Classified 2 waysClassified 2 ways
– Functionally – amount of Functionally – amount of movementmovement Synarthroses - immovableSynarthroses - immovable Amphiarthroses - slightlyAmphiarthroses - slightly Diarthroses – freelyDiarthroses – freely Where would you find each?Where would you find each?
– Structurally – separation of Structurally – separation of body regions at jointbody regions at joint Fibrous - immovableFibrous - immovable Cartilaginous - bothCartilaginous - both Synovial - freelySynovial - freely http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/sp/13/100006.htm
JointsJoints
Cartilaginous – bone ends connected by Cartilaginous – bone ends connected by cartilagecartilage– Intervertebral joints of spine (amphiarthrotic)Intervertebral joints of spine (amphiarthrotic)– Epiphyseal plate of growing long bone Epiphyseal plate of growing long bone
(synarthrotic)(synarthrotic) Fibrous – boned united by fibrous tissueFibrous – boned united by fibrous tissue
– Sutures of cranium, connective tissueSutures of cranium, connective tissue
JointsJoints Types of Synovial Types of Synovial
Joints based on shapeJoints based on shape– Shape determines Shape determines
movementmovement– Plane, hinge, pivot, Plane, hinge, pivot,
condyloid, saddle, ball-condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socketand-socket
Synovial – bones Synovial – bones joined by cavity filled joined by cavity filled with synovial fluidwith synovial fluid– All joints of limbsAll joints of limbs
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/API%20Notes%20I%20Types%20of%20Joints.htm
Diseases of the JointsDiseases of the Joints
SprainsSprains – ligaments, – ligaments, tendons damaged, tendons damaged, heal slowly and heal slowly and painful due to low painful due to low blood supplyblood supply
ArthritisArthritis – joint inflammation, 100+ diseases, – joint inflammation, 100+ diseases, most widespread degenerative disease.most widespread degenerative disease.
Acute – bacterial infection, AntibioticsAcute – bacterial infection, AntibioticsChronic – Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid, Chronic – Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid, goutygouty
http://www.epodiatry.com/ankle-sprain.htm
OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis
85% elderly85% elderly ““wear and tear”wear and tear” Articular cartilageArticular cartilage Bone spurs – Bone spurs –
restricted movementrestricted movement
http://www.csmc.edu/5619.html
http://www.yorkshirekneeclinic.co.uk/knee-arthritis-treatment.htm
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Chronic inflam. DiseaseChronic inflam. Disease 3x women3x women Joints of fingers, wrists, Joints of fingers, wrists,
ankles and feetankles and feet SymmetricalSymmetrical Auto-immuneAuto-immune Cartilage destroyed, scar Cartilage destroyed, scar
tissue connect bones, ossifiestissue connect bones, ossifies
http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/5234.html
http://www.bestglucosamine.co.uk/rheumatoid-arthritis.html
Gouty ArthritisGouty Arthritis
Uric acid accumulates Uric acid accumulates in blood, deposits in blood, deposits crystals in joints, crystals in joints,
Normally affects Normally affects single jointsingle joint
Mostly men, rarely Mostly men, rarely before 30before 30
http://gouthomeremedies.info/category/uncategorized
http://www.learningradiology.com/notes/bonenotes/goutpage.htm
The EndThe End