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Skeletal System Skeletal System Chapter 5 Chapter 5

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Page 1: Skeletal System - ukiahadultschool.netukiahadultschool.net/uploads/6/6/8/4/66842831/skeletal_system2.pdf · System Skeleton subdivided ... Movement: skeletal muscles attached to bones

Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemChapter 5Chapter 5

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Components of the Skeletal Components of the Skeletal SystemSystem

Skeleton subdividedSkeleton subdivided– Axial Skeleton-longitudinal Axial Skeleton-longitudinal

axis of bodyaxis of body– Appendicular Skeleton-Appendicular Skeleton-

limbs and girdleslimbs and girdles

Skeletal System includesSkeletal System includes– Joints – 3 typesJoints – 3 types– Cartilages – 3 typesCartilages – 3 types

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, ElasticElastic

– Ligaments – bone to boneLigaments – bone to bone

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/skeleton.html

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Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones SupportSupport: framework: framework ProtectionProtection: protect soft body organs: protect soft body organs

examples?examples? Movement: Movement: skeletal muscles attached to bones skeletal muscles attached to bones

via tendonsvia tendons StorageStorage: fats in the internal cavities of bones : fats in the internal cavities of bones

and minerals such as Caand minerals such as Ca++++ and Phosphorus. and Phosphorus. Blood cell formationBlood cell formation: hematopoiesis (blood cell : hematopoiesis (blood cell

formation) – marrow cavities of some bones.formation) – marrow cavities of some bones.

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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

Two types of osseous Two types of osseous tissuetissue– Compact bone-dense, Compact bone-dense,

smooth, homogeneoussmooth, homogeneous– Spongy bone-Spongy bone-

needlelike pieces of needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open bone and lots of open space.space.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/276196/101316/Longitudinal-section-of-the-humerus-showing-outer-compact-bone-and

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Classification based on ShapeClassification based on Shape Four groups Four groups

1) 1) Long bonesLong bones – longer than wide, – longer than wide, shaft with heads at both ends, shaft with heads at both ends, mostly compact bone, all bones of mostly compact bone, all bones of limbs except patella, wrist, anklelimbs except patella, wrist, ankle

2) 2) Short bonesShort bones – cube shaped, – cube shaped, mostly spongy, wrist, ankle, mostly spongy, wrist, ankle, sesamoid bonessesamoid bones

3) 3) Flat bonesFlat bones – thin, flattened, – thin, flattened, usually curved, outer layers of usually curved, outer layers of compact bone sandwich spongy, compact bone sandwich spongy, skull, ribs, sternumskull, ribs, sternum

4) 4) Irregular bonesIrregular bones – don’t fit – don’t fit previous categories, hip bones, previous categories, hip bones, vertebrae vertebrae

http://www.aclasta.co.nz/osteoporosis/index.htm

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Structure of a Long BoneStructure of a Long Bone

Diaphysis Diaphysis - shaft- shaft Periosteum Periosteum - fibrous connective - fibrous connective

tissue membranetissue membrane EndosteumEndosteum Sharpey’s fibers -Sharpey’s fibers - perforating fibers perforating fibers

connect periosteum to boneconnect periosteum to bone Epiphyses Epiphyses - ends, compact bone - ends, compact bone

enclosing spongyenclosing spongy Articular cartilageArticular cartilage - covers - covers

epiphyses, glassy hyaline cartilage-epiphyses, glassy hyaline cartilage-decreases frictiondecreases friction

Epiphyseal lineEpiphyseal line - adult bones, - adult bones, epiphyseal plate in growing bones, epiphyseal plate in growing bones, hyaline cartilage, growth, replaced hyaline cartilage, growth, replaced by bone in pubertyby bone in puberty http://www.curehandpain.com/images/bone/long_bone.gif

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Structure of a Long BoneStructure of a Long Bone

Medullary cavity – Medullary cavity – 1) adults - yellow marrow1) adults - yellow marrow

2) infants – red marrow2) infants – red marrow- in adults red marrow - in adults red marrow confined to spongy bone of confined to spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bonessome long bones

Bone Markings – Table 5.1 Bone Markings – Table 5.1 projections vs depressionsprojections vs depressionsex. Trochanter, Foramenex. Trochanter, Foramen

http://www.curehandpain.com/images/bone/long_bone.gif

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Microscopic Anatomy of Long Microscopic Anatomy of Long BoneBone

Osteocytes – mature Osteocytes – mature bone cellsbone cells

Lacunae – cavities where Lacunae – cavities where osteocytes foundosteocytes found

Lamellae – circles lacunae Lamellae – circles lacunae foundfound

Haversian canals – center Haversian canals – center of lamellaeof lamellae

Osteon – lamellae + Osteon – lamellae + Haversian canalHaversian canal

CanaliculiCanaliculi Volkmann’s canalsVolkmann’s canals

http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat/images/Image269.gif

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Microscopic Anatomy of Long Microscopic Anatomy of Long BoneBone

Osteocytes – mature Osteocytes – mature bone cellsbone cells

Lacunae – cavities where Lacunae – cavities where osteocytes foundosteocytes found

Lamellae – circles lacunae Lamellae – circles lacunae foundfound

Haversian canals – center Haversian canals – center of lamellaeof lamellae

Osteon – lamellae + Osteon – lamellae + Haversian canalHaversian canal

CanaliculiCanaliculi Volkmann’s canalsVolkmann’s canals

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/vm8054/labs/Lab8/IMAGES/OSTEON%20AND%20INTERSTITIAL%20SYSTEM.jpg

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Bone Formation, Growth, and Bone Formation, Growth, and RemodelingRemodeling

Skeleton formed from Skeleton formed from bone and cartilagebone and cartilage

Embryos vs young Embryos vs young childrenchildren

Cartilage remains in Cartilage remains in nose, parts of ribs, nose, parts of ribs, jointsjoints

OssificationOssification – bone – bone formationformation

http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg

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OssificationOssification

Ossification – 2 phasesOssification – 2 phases1) Hyaline cartilage model 1) Hyaline cartilage model covered w/ bone matrix by covered w/ bone matrix by OsteoblastsOsteoblasts2) Cartilage digested 2) Cartilage digested opening Medullary cavityopening Medullary cavity

-By birth hyaline cartilage -By birth hyaline cartilage models coverted to bone models coverted to bone except articular cartilages except articular cartilages and epiphyseal platesand epiphyseal plates

http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg

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Bone Growth - LengtheningBone Growth - Lengthening

New cartilage added 2 places New cartilage added 2 places – external articular cartilage – external articular cartilage and ephiphyseal plateand ephiphyseal plate

What do each of these do?What do each of these do? Old cartilage digested replaced Old cartilage digested replaced

by bony matrixby bony matrix

http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg

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Bone Growth - WideningBone Growth - Widening

Appositional Growth – Appositional Growth – diameter increasediameter increase

OsteoblastsOsteoblasts in periosteum add in periosteum add bone tissues to diaphysisbone tissues to diaphysis

OsteoclastsOsteoclasts in endosteum in endosteum remove bone from inner remove bone from inner diaphysisdiaphysis

Occurs at about same rateOccurs at about same rate Controlled by hormonesControlled by hormones Ends in puberty – epiphyseal Ends in puberty – epiphyseal

plates converted to boneplates converted to bone

http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bonedevel.jpg

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Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling 2 Factors 2 Factors

1) Ca1) Ca++++ in blood – bones as storage in blood – bones as storagea) below homeostatic levels a) below homeostatic levels – – parathyroid glands release PTH into parathyroid glands release PTH into blood.blood.

- PTH activates osteoclasts- PTH activates osteoclastsb) above homeostatic levels b) above homeostatic levels - Ca- Ca++++ deposited as calcium salts deposited as calcium salts

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Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling

2) pull of gravity and muscles on bone2) pull of gravity and muscles on bone Necessary to retain proportions and strength during Necessary to retain proportions and strength during

growthgrowth Bones become thicker and form projections where Bones become thicker and form projections where

bulky muscles attachedbulky muscles attached No stress – bones weaken and atrophyNo stress – bones weaken and atrophy

CaCa++++ uptake/release and remodeling work together uptake/release and remodeling work together– PTH determines WHEN bone broken down or deposited based PTH determines WHEN bone broken down or deposited based

on [Caon [Ca++++] in blood] in blood– Muscle pull and gravity determine WHERE bone broken down Muscle pull and gravity determine WHERE bone broken down

or deposited or deposited

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Bone FracturesBone Fractures Occur less often in youth, Occur less often in youth,

requires exceptional trauma requires exceptional trauma – twists or smashes– twists or smashes

Two types – simple or Two types – simple or compoundcompound– Comminuted – many fragmentsComminuted – many fragments– Compression – crushedCompression – crushed– Depressed – broken bone Depressed – broken bone

portion pressed inward (skull)portion pressed inward (skull)– Impacted – broken ends forced Impacted – broken ends forced

into each otherinto each other– Spiral – ragged break due to Spiral – ragged break due to

twistingtwisting– Greenstick – incomplete breakGreenstick – incomplete break

http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2008icr/ddw/docs/060308_b.html

http://www.itim.nsw.gov.au/index.cfm?objectid=2A54AE6D-1321-1C29-707811D2028CC580

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Bone RepairBone Repair Reduction – closed or open, Reduction – closed or open,

immobilization to all healingimmobilization to all healing1)1) Hematoma formsHematoma forms – blood – blood

vessels broken, blood filled vessels broken, blood filled swellingswelling

2)2) Fibrocartilage callus Fibrocartilage callus formationformation – mass of repair – mass of repair tissue – cartilage matrix, tissue – cartilage matrix, bony matrix, and collagen bony matrix, and collagen fibers, act as splintfibers, act as splint

3)3) Bony Callus formsBony Callus forms – – osteoblasts and osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate to break, spongy migrate to break, spongy bone callus formsbone callus forms

4)4) Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling – – permanent patch due to permanent patch due to stressesstresses

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_57e2KV2nOZs/SAGetjS3TjI/AAAAAAAAAY8/rvhaSyEf-us/s400/bone+repair.jpg

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Axial SkeletonAxial SkeletonBones of SkullBones of Skull

Cranium + facialCranium + facial Cranium – encloses Cranium – encloses

brain tissuebrain tissue Facial – hold eyes, Facial – hold eyes,

facial expressionsfacial expressions Joined by sutures – Joined by sutures –

immovable joints immovable joints 1 exception – what is 1 exception – what is

it?it?http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skull_side_simplified_(bones).svg

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Cranium BonesCranium Bones Frontal – foreheadFrontal – forehead Parietal – most of Parietal – most of

cranium, sagittal cranium, sagittal suturesuture

Temporal – around Temporal – around ear, squamous sutureear, squamous suture

Occipital – floor and Occipital – floor and back, lambdoid sutureback, lambdoid suture

Sphenoid – butterfly Sphenoid – butterfly shapedshaped

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skull_side_simplified_(bones).svg

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Facial Bones and DamageFacial Bones and Damage

http://www.physioweb.org/skeletal/skeletal_struct.html

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/BD/cleft.htm

Cleft Palate – incomplete Maxillae formation

http://www.peidental.ca/cleft.html

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Infant vs Adult SkullInfant vs Adult Skull

InfantInfant– Face small to craniumFace small to cranium– Cranium ¼ body lengthCranium ¼ body length– Fibrous regions – fontanels Fibrous regions – fontanels

allow compression, brain allow compression, brain growthgrowth

AdultAdult– Completely ossifiedCompletely ossified– Fused at suturesFused at sutures– 1/8 body length1/8 body length

http://www.waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams2/diagrams2.html

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Vertebral Column Vertebral Column

Axial Support of bodyAxial Support of body Skull to pelvisSkull to pelvis 26 vertebrae (which type?) 26 vertebrae (which type?)

connected and reinforced by connected and reinforced by ligamentsligaments

Protects spinal cordProtects spinal cord Before birth 33 vertebraeBefore birth 33 vertebrae Separated by fibrocartilage – Separated by fibrocartilage –

intervertebral discsintervertebral discshttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png

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Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column Discs and S-shape Discs and S-shape

prevent shock to head prevent shock to head and make trunk flexibleand make trunk flexible

Primary curvatures – Primary curvatures – thoracic and sacral thoracic and sacral regionsregions– Make C-shape of newbornMake C-shape of newborn

Secondary curvatures – Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbarcervical and lumbar– Develop after birthDevelop after birth– Allow to center weightAllow to center weight

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png

http://www.sleepywrap.com/index.php?page=stroller-baby-carrier

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Herniated DiscsHerniated Discs

Drying of discs, Drying of discs, weakening of weakening of ligaments predisposes ligaments predisposes older to problemolder to problem

Also caused due to Also caused due to exceptional twistingexceptional twisting

Pressure from disc on Pressure from disc on spinal cord or nerves – spinal cord or nerves – numbness and/or painnumbness and/or pain

http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/5274.html

http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/library/healthguide/en-us/support/topic.asp?hwid=zm5009

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Abnormal Spine CurvaturesAbnormal Spine Curvatures

http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=147926

http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article3094.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/9583Lordosis.html

Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis – All are either congenital, result of disease, due to poor posture, or unequal pull of muscles on spine

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Thoracic CageThoracic Cage

Also known as bony Also known as bony thorax thorax

Protects organs in Protects organs in thoracic cavitythoracic cavity

Made up of sternum, Made up of sternum, ribs, and thoracic ribs, and thoracic vertebraevertebrae– What kind of bones What kind of bones

are these?are these?

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/skeletal.htm

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RibsRibs 12 pair12 pair True Ribs – 1True Ribs – 1stst 7 pair 7 pair

– Attach to sternum via costal Attach to sternum via costal cartilagescartilages

False Ribs – last 5 pairFalse Ribs – last 5 pair– Indirectly or not attached to Indirectly or not attached to

sternumsternum Floating Ribs – last 2 pairFloating Ribs – last 2 pair

– Lack sternal attachmentLack sternal attachment

Intercostal space – filled with Intercostal space – filled with intercostal muscleintercostal muscle

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Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonShoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle

Consist of 2 bonesConsist of 2 bones

– Clavicle – collar boneClavicle – collar bone

– Scapula – shoulder Scapula – shoulder bladesblades

http://www.digitalartform.com/archives/2004/11/anatomy_practic_6.html

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Upper LimbsUpper Limbs 30 bones30 bones ArmArm

– HumerusHumerus– Which type of bone?Which type of bone?

ForearmForearm– Radius, UlnaRadius, Ulna

HandHand– Carpal (8) wristCarpal (8) wrist– Metacarpals (1->5)Metacarpals (1->5)– Phalanges (14)Phalanges (14)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg

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Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle Large and heavy Large and heavy

bonesbones Attached to axial Attached to axial

skeletonskeleton Bearing weight most Bearing weight most

important functionimportant function Houses reproductive Houses reproductive

organs, urinary organs, urinary bladder, part of large bladder, part of large intestinesintestines

http://classes.midlandstech.com/bio112/figure7.23pelvic%20girdle%20and%20hip%20bone.htm

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Lower LimbsLower Limbs ThighThigh

– Femur – heaviest, Femur – heaviest, strongest bone in bodystrongest bone in body

LegLeg– Tibia, FibulaTibia, Fibula

FootFoot– Tarsals (7)Tarsals (7)– Metatarsals (5)Metatarsals (5)– Phalanges (14)Phalanges (14)– Supports weight, level Supports weight, level

to propel bodiesto propel bodies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8844.htm

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JointsJoints All bones form joint except 1All bones form joint except 1 2 functions – hold bone 2 functions – hold bone

together, mobilitytogether, mobility Classified 2 waysClassified 2 ways

– Functionally – amount of Functionally – amount of movementmovement Synarthroses - immovableSynarthroses - immovable Amphiarthroses - slightlyAmphiarthroses - slightly Diarthroses – freelyDiarthroses – freely Where would you find each?Where would you find each?

– Structurally – separation of Structurally – separation of body regions at jointbody regions at joint Fibrous - immovableFibrous - immovable Cartilaginous - bothCartilaginous - both Synovial - freelySynovial - freely http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/sp/13/100006.htm

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JointsJoints

Cartilaginous – bone ends connected by Cartilaginous – bone ends connected by cartilagecartilage– Intervertebral joints of spine (amphiarthrotic)Intervertebral joints of spine (amphiarthrotic)– Epiphyseal plate of growing long bone Epiphyseal plate of growing long bone

(synarthrotic)(synarthrotic) Fibrous – boned united by fibrous tissueFibrous – boned united by fibrous tissue

– Sutures of cranium, connective tissueSutures of cranium, connective tissue

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JointsJoints Types of Synovial Types of Synovial

Joints based on shapeJoints based on shape– Shape determines Shape determines

movementmovement– Plane, hinge, pivot, Plane, hinge, pivot,

condyloid, saddle, ball-condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socketand-socket

Synovial – bones Synovial – bones joined by cavity filled joined by cavity filled with synovial fluidwith synovial fluid– All joints of limbsAll joints of limbs

http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/API%20Notes%20I%20Types%20of%20Joints.htm

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Diseases of the JointsDiseases of the Joints

SprainsSprains – ligaments, – ligaments, tendons damaged, tendons damaged, heal slowly and heal slowly and painful due to low painful due to low blood supplyblood supply

ArthritisArthritis – joint inflammation, 100+ diseases, – joint inflammation, 100+ diseases, most widespread degenerative disease.most widespread degenerative disease.

Acute – bacterial infection, AntibioticsAcute – bacterial infection, AntibioticsChronic – Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid, Chronic – Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid, goutygouty

http://www.epodiatry.com/ankle-sprain.htm

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OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis

85% elderly85% elderly ““wear and tear”wear and tear” Articular cartilageArticular cartilage Bone spurs – Bone spurs –

restricted movementrestricted movement

http://www.csmc.edu/5619.html

http://www.yorkshirekneeclinic.co.uk/knee-arthritis-treatment.htm

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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Chronic inflam. DiseaseChronic inflam. Disease 3x women3x women Joints of fingers, wrists, Joints of fingers, wrists,

ankles and feetankles and feet SymmetricalSymmetrical Auto-immuneAuto-immune Cartilage destroyed, scar Cartilage destroyed, scar

tissue connect bones, ossifiestissue connect bones, ossifies

http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/5234.html

http://www.bestglucosamine.co.uk/rheumatoid-arthritis.html

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Gouty ArthritisGouty Arthritis

Uric acid accumulates Uric acid accumulates in blood, deposits in blood, deposits crystals in joints, crystals in joints,

Normally affects Normally affects single jointsingle joint

Mostly men, rarely Mostly men, rarely before 30before 30

http://gouthomeremedies.info/category/uncategorized

http://www.learningradiology.com/notes/bonenotes/goutpage.htm

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The EndThe End