biology eoct review
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Biology EOCT Review. Milton High School. Cell Organelles. Nucleus – holds DNA Cell membrane – what comes in and goes out Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell Ribosomes – protein synthesis Lysosomes – digestion Cell wall – structural support (ex. p lants) Vacuoles – storage - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Biology EOCT Review
Milton High School
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Cell Organelles
• Nucleus – holds DNA• Cell membrane – what comes in and goes out• Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell• Ribosomes – protein synthesis• Lysosomes – digestion• Cell wall – structural support (ex. plants)• Vacuoles – storage• Chloroplasts – in plants for photosynthesis
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Animal cell vs. Plant cell
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Differences in Cells
Prokaryote• Lacks nucleus• No membrane-bound
organelles• Has a cell wall• Has a cell membrane• Bacteria
Eukaryote• Has a nucleus• Has membrane-bound
organelles• Found in plants, animals,
fungi, and protists
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Viruses• Relies on a host cell to reproduce• Has DNA or RNA
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Osmosis• How water diffuses into a cell• Diffusion is process which molecules of a substance move
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates – glucose and sucrose– Provide quick energy– Polysaccharides are largest
• Lipids – fats, oils, waxes– Insoluble in water– Storage of energy
• Proteins – basic building materials– Also contain nitrogen– Made of amino acids (there are 20)
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis• Generates TWO identical
cells• Maintains chromosome
number (Diploid number)• Occurs in body cells
(somatic cells)
Meiosis• FOUR cells are formed • Each with half of the
number of chromosomes (Haploid number)
• Forms sex cells (gametes)• Requires two cell divisions
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Genetics
• Genes are located on chromosomes• Homozygous – both alleles are the same (TT)• Heterozygous – alleles are different (Tt)• Dominant alleles express themselves• Recessive alleles are hidden• Phenotype – physical appearance• Genotype – set of alleles individual receives
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Some important ecology terms
• Community – multiple populations• Abiotic – non-living items in environment• Trophic levels – different levels in food chain– Each level gets energy from level below it– Less energy available as move up to next level
• Habitat – where an organism lives• Niche – what an organism does in habitat
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Less energy available to next level – some
energy used for respiration, growth,
reproduction.
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Parasitism – one species benefits and the other species can be
harmed (need a host)
Tick is an example
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Commensalism – one species benefits and the other species is
neither harmed nor helpedThe remora and the shark
is an example – the remora is a fish which has
“suction” disks which allow it to attach to shark
without hurting the shark
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Mutualism – both species benefit
A lichen is formed by a relationship between a fungus and a green algae. The fungus anchors the lichen and protects the algae from direct sunlight
and extreme temperature fluctuations. The green algae
performs photosynthesis, providing food for itself and the
fungus.
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Natural selection - results in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the
environment
Nectar feeding
Seed-eating
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Acid rain – produced when nitrogen oxide (from car exhaust) or sulfur dioxide (from burning fossil fuels) mixes with rain
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Enhanced greenhouse effect – more heat trapped –caused by excess carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
released into the atmosphere