BiochemistryBiochemistry

The basic building blocks of lifeThe basic building blocks of life

Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

1.1. Atoms: the most basic unit of matter (that Atoms: the most basic unit of matter (that still has the characteristics of that still has the characteristics of that element) {12}element) {12}

2.2. Subatomic Particles (make up atoms) {7}Subatomic Particles (make up atoms) {7}a. protons (+)a. protons (+)

b. electrons (-)b. electrons (-)

c. neutrons (none)c. neutrons (none)

Basic Chemistry ContinuedBasic Chemistry Continued

3. 3. Elements: A group of all one kind of atom Elements: A group of all one kind of atom (like a sheet of Aluminum foil). Elements (like a sheet of Aluminum foil). Elements cannot be broken down any further.cannot be broken down any further.

4. 4. Compound: a molecule made with 2 or Compound: a molecule made with 2 or more elements joined chemicallymore elements joined chemically (more (more later). {13}later). {13}

5. 5. Molecule: the smallest unit of a compound Molecule: the smallest unit of a compound that maintains its characteristics (must be that maintains its characteristics (must be neutral - no charge).neutral - no charge).

Atom StructureAtom Structure

Protons and neutrons Protons and neutrons compose the nucleus compose the nucleus of an atom (located in of an atom (located in the center).the center).

The positive charge of The positive charge of the nucleus is the nucleus is balanced by a cloud balanced by a cloud of negative electrons of negative electrons that orbit the nucleus.that orbit the nucleus. Electrons orbit in specific “energy levels”

-1st energy level holds 2 electrons

-2nd – holds 8

-3rd – 18 … (and so on for bigger and bigger atoms)

The Periodic Table {1 - 6}The Periodic Table {1 - 6}Atomic #

Atomic Mass

ATOMIC # = the number of protons in ATOMIC # = the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.the nucleus of an atom.

ATOMIC MASS = the mass of the ATOMIC MASS = the mass of the atom which is just protons + neutronsatom which is just protons + neutrons (electrons have very very little mass).(electrons have very very little mass).

**Measured in AMUsMeasured in AMUs = atomic mass = atomic mass units which is equal to the weight of 1 units which is equal to the weight of 1 proton or one neutron (p & n weigh proton or one neutron (p & n weigh the same). {8, 9}the same). {8, 9}

How many of each are there in the following How many of each are there in the following compounds? {15, 16, 20}compounds? {15, 16, 20}

a. Elementsa. Elements

b. Atomsb. Atoms

So where are we now?So where are we now?

H20

CO2

C6H12O6

2NaOH

3Al2(SO3)4

3 atoms, 2 elements

6 atoms, 3 elements

# of molecules

24 atoms, 3 elements54 atoms, 3 elements

3 atoms, 2 elements

So how do all of those elements come So how do all of those elements come together to form molecules/compounds?together to form molecules/compounds?

Answer? BONDING!Answer? BONDING!

Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding – Atoms share electrons in – Atoms share electrons in their outer shells to become stable. {17}their outer shells to become stable. {17}

Ex: Water (HEx: Water (H220), Glucose (C0), Glucose (C66HH12120066), Carbon Dioxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO22)…)…

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding – Sometimes atoms lose or gain – Sometimes atoms lose or gain electrons giving them + or – charges or electrons giving them + or – charges or IONS IONS {11}{11}. Charged particles are “unhappy” and want . Charged particles are “unhappy” and want to combine to make a neutral compound. When to combine to make a neutral compound. When this occurs an this occurs an IONIC BONDIONIC BOND forms! {18} forms! {18}

Ex : Salt (NaCl) Na = (+) and Cl = (-)Ex : Salt (NaCl) Na = (+) and Cl = (-)

When reactions take place to form compounds they are When reactions take place to form compounds they are represented by chemical equations. Equations must be represented by chemical equations. Equations must be balanced on both sides (same number of each atom on balanced on both sides (same number of each atom on

opposite sides of the equationopposite sides of the equation))

Examples?

Na + Cl NaCl

2H + O H20

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2

Can you balance this one?

__Fe + __O2 __Fe2O34 3 2

Look Familiar?

What’s missing?

What are some special compounds What are some special compounds that exist in nature?that exist in nature?

AcidsAcidsBasesBasesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesProteins (Enzymes)Proteins (Enzymes)Fats/LipidsFats/LipidsNucleic acidsNucleic acids

{19}{19}

All of these are organic (Carbon) compounds that are vital in ALL living things!

Acids/BasesAcids/Bases Water molecules tend to break Water molecules tend to break

apart occasionally (Hapart occasionally (H220 0 H H++ and OHand OH--) *But these # H) *But these # H++/OH/OH-- in in the Hthe H22O solution are balanced*O solution are balanced*

When When otherother substances substances containing Hcontaining H++ or OH or OH- - are are dissolved in water the dissolved in water the concentration of either Hconcentration of either H++ or OH or OH-- changes (like adding HCL gas to changes (like adding HCL gas to water)water)

If the concentration of HIf the concentration of H++ ions in ions in the solution are greater than the the solution are greater than the concentration of OHconcentration of OH-- ions then ions then the solution is an acidthe solution is an acid

If the concentration of OHIf the concentration of OH-- ions ions in the solutions are greater than in the solutions are greater than the concentration of Hthe concentration of H++ ions then ions then the solution is a basethe solution is a base

Organic Compounds: Organic Compounds: 1)Carbohydrates {21}1)Carbohydrates {21}

Composed of C,H, & OComposed of C,H, & O Ratio of 2 H atoms to each O atomRatio of 2 H atoms to each O atom Sugars and Starches – energy sources for life Sugars and Starches – energy sources for life

processesprocesses Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

-Ex :C-Ex :C66HH1212OO66 (glucose) (glucose) Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharidesDisaccharides = 2 monosaccharides

-Ex : sucrose (table sugar) and lactose-Ex : sucrose (table sugar) and lactose Polysaccharides = starches Polysaccharides = starches

Cellulose

2) Lipids/Fats {22}2) Lipids/Fats {22}

Also contain C, H, & OAlso contain C, H, & O # of H atoms per molecule MUCH greater than # O # of H atoms per molecule MUCH greater than # O

atoms (Ex: Catoms (Ex: C5757HH110110006)6)

Stored energy (food scarcity) and also used in cell Stored energy (food scarcity) and also used in cell membranesmembranes

Made of Glycerols and Fatty AcidsMade of Glycerols and Fatty Acids

3) Proteins {23}3) Proteins {23} Composed of C, H, & O, but also NComposed of C, H, & O, but also N Many different kinds of proteins with many different jobs (Ex: Many different kinds of proteins with many different jobs (Ex:

building living material, carrying out reactions, fighting disease…)building living material, carrying out reactions, fighting disease…) Made of chains of simple compounds called AMINO ACIDS (20 Made of chains of simple compounds called AMINO ACIDS (20

kinds)kinds) AA bonded = peptide, multiple AA’s bonded = polypeptide (change AA bonded = peptide, multiple AA’s bonded = polypeptide (change

order – different proteins)order – different proteins) Special proteins – ENZYMES speed up biological reactionsSpecial proteins – ENZYMES speed up biological reactions

An antibody Hemoglobin EnzymesInsulin

Molecular Surface pictures of different proteins

Enzymes {25}Enzymes {25}

Organic (means they can denature)Organic (means they can denature)Specific to a substrate (only work on one Specific to a substrate (only work on one

thing – thus there are lots and lots of thing – thus there are lots and lots of enzymes)enzymes)

They work to speed up chemical reactionsThey work to speed up chemical reactionsThey are recyclable (not used in the They are recyclable (not used in the

reaction)reaction)

Enzyme vs Catalyst {24}Enzyme vs Catalyst {24}

A catalyst is anything that speeds up a A catalyst is anything that speeds up a chemical reactionchemical reaction

An enzyme is an organic catalystAn enzyme is an organic catalystSo…an enzyme is always a catalyst, but a So…an enzyme is always a catalyst, but a

catalyst is not always an enzyme!catalyst is not always an enzyme!

4) Nucleic Acids {29!}4) Nucleic Acids {29!} The organic molecules The organic molecules

that form a CODE that that form a CODE that control an organisms’ control an organisms’ appearance and appearance and behaviorbehavior

DNA – DNA – deoxyribonucleicdeoxyribonucleic acidacid = genetic info= genetic info

RNA – RNA – ribonucleicribonucleic acidacid = messenger that = messenger that carries info for DNAcarries info for DNA

ATP – Energy ATP – Energy moleculemolecule

PS - C,H,O,NPS - C,H,O,N

Remember! All four of these organic Remember! All four of these organic compounds are made out of the CHON…compounds are made out of the CHON…CarbonCarbonHydrogenHydrogenOxygenOxygenNitrogenNitrogenPhosphorus and Sulfur are common too.Phosphorus and Sulfur are common too.All living things are made from the CHON!!!!!!!All living things are made from the CHON!!!!!!!