unit iii - biochemistry chemistry of life. i. what is everything made of? matter – anything that...
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Unit III - BiochemistryUnit III - Biochemistry
Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life
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I. What is everything made of? Matter – anything that has mass and takes
up space Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of…
Protons – positive chargeNeutrons – no chargeElectrons – negative charge
a(an) – no/nottom – to cut
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I. What is everything made of? Isotopes – atoms of same element, but
have different # of neutrons (some are heavier, but otherwise behave the same)
a(an) – no/nottom – to cut
a(an) – no/nottom – to cut
iso - equal
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I. What is everything made of? Element – substance made up of only one
type of atom; (stuff on the periodic table!)
sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl)
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I. What is everything made of? Compound – two or more atoms
chemically joined together
Sodium chloride (NaCl; table salt)
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I. What is everything made of? Compounds are made through chemical
reactions…new substances are made
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
sodium (Na) + chlorine (Cl) sodium chloride (table salt)
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I. What is everything made of?
Mixture – two or more compounds physically joined together
Solution – one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)
Suspension – large particles settle at the bottom
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I. What is everything made of?
Mixtures are not “new” substances…they are just rearranged physically
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Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M
(element, compound, or mixture)
1. oil 2. wood 3. water 4. carbon 5. starch 6. shampoo 7. air 8. silicon 9. sugar 10. cookies 11. copper
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Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M
(element, compound, or mixture)
1. oil - C 2. wood - M 3. water - C 4. carbon - E 5. starch - C 6. shampoo - M 7. air - M 8. silicon - E 9. sugar - C 10. cookies - M 11. copper - E
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II. Water
A. Why is Water Important to Organisms? Bathes cells In cytoplasm Needed for chemical
reactions Used for transport Holds/transfers heat
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II. Water
B. How does water’s structure relate to its function?
1. Water is polar
– slight positive & negative charge on opposite ends of molecule
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II. Water 2. water’s charged sides attract to other molecules with charges
These are called hydrogen bondsAre weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up!water’s special traits due to these!
hydro- water
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II. Water
Water has many special properties, most of which occur because of the hydrogen bonding
As you go through each of the properties be sure to look for 3 things:Definition of the propertyWhy the property happensWhy the property is important to organisms
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II. Water
3. special properties:
a. surface tension – forms strong layer
b. cohesion – water sticks to self well
co - together
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II. Water 3. special properties:
c. adhesion – water sticks to other stuff
d. capillarity – water “climbs” up thin tubes
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II. Water
3. special properties:
e. good solvent – water dissolves many substances
~ water will dissolve things that have charges (polar & ionic compounds)
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II. Water
3. special properties:
f. high specific heat –
- water holds its heat very well
- hard to change its temperature
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II. Water 3. special properties:
g. high heat of vaporization –
- when water does change its temperature (higher) it “carries” heat with it
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II. Water 3. special properties:
h. ice floats on water
- solid H2O takes up more space, so less dense
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III. Acids & Bases
1. pH scale: 0-14
2. neutral = pH 7 3. acid = pH < 7 4. base = pH >7
* the closer to 7, the weaker it is
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III. Acids & Bases
5. buffers – keep pH stableCells will be harmed
if pH too high or low
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IV. Organic Compounds
Organic compounds come from organisms
All include very large molecules (polymers) that are built from smaller units called monomers
mono - onepoly - many
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IV. Organic Compounds
There is a standard way of building polymers out of monomersTo join monomers together, water is removedCalled dehydration synthesis
hydr – water
syn - together
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IV. Organic Compounds
There is a standard way of breaking polymers apart into their monomersTo break polymers apart, water is addedCalled hydrolysis
hydr – waterlys - burst
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IV. Organic Compounds A. CarbohydratesA. Carbohydrates
1. examples Glucose (sugar) - cell energy Glycogen – how animals store extra glucose Starch – how plants store extra glucose Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber Chitin – makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons
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IV. Organic Compounds A. CarbohydratesA. Carbohydrates
2. structure
monosaccharide: polysaccharide:
(monomer) (polymer)
mono- onepoly- manysacchar- sugar
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IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids
1. examples – Triglycerides – fats, oils, waxesSteroids - hormonesPhospholipids – make up cell membrane
tri- threeglyc- sugar
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IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids
2. structure – nonpolar (do not like water); monomer is the fatty acid chain
fats: steroids:
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IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids
3. types saturated fats – hold as much H as possible; solid at room temp; animal fats
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IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids
3. types unsaturated fats – missing H due to multiple bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils
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IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids
3. types –
phospholipids: have polar side & nonpolar side; make up cell membrane
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IV. Organic Compounds C. Nucleic AcidsC. Nucleic Acids
1. examples: DNA, RNA (genetic material)
2. function – hereditary info 3. monomer is the nucleotide:
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IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins
1. examples: numerous! (major structural unit of
body… muscles, skin, tendons, etc.)
2. functions–structure, enzymes, hormones,…
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IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins
3. monomer is the amino acid:
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IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins
3. structure – simple proteins: complex proteins:
ex: used to build ex: chemical reactions
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IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins
4. enzyme action – allows rxns to occur faster- every rxn in body has at least 1 enzyme- missing enzyme = defect- high heat and extreme pH will “break” them
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Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 1. An example of an element would be:1. An example of an element would be:
A. NeA. Ne B. CO2B. CO2 C. C6H12O6C. C6H12O6 D. H2OD. H2O
2. Which of the following is the weakest?2. Which of the following is the weakest?
A. ionic bondsA. ionic bonds C. hydrogen bondsC. hydrogen bonds
B. electrovalent bondsB. electrovalent bonds D. covalent bondsD. covalent bonds
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Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 3. Most of water’s special properties are 3. Most of water’s special properties are
due to the fact that it is –due to the fact that it is –A. polarA. polar B. neutral C. covalent B. neutral C. covalent D. D. nonpolarnonpolar
4. Ringed lipids are called -4. Ringed lipids are called -A. triglyceridesA. triglycerides C. steroidsC. steroids
B. phospholipids.B. phospholipids. D. both B and C.D. both B and C.
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Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 5. When your body has too much 5. When your body has too much
glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____.many ____.A. monomer…triglyceridesA. monomer…triglycerides
B. monomer…carbohydratesB. monomer…carbohydrates
C. polymer…proteinsC. polymer…proteins
D. polymer…nucleic acidsD. polymer…nucleic acids
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Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 6. 6. Unsaturated fats:Unsaturated fats:
A. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can holdA. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold
B. contain only single bonds between carbon atomsB. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
C. are usually solids at room temperatureC. are usually solids at room temperature
D. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atomsD. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atoms
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The EndThe End