bio 12 chapter 28 protists (original slides) 2014
TRANSCRIPT
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 1/74
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITIONJane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Micae! L. Cain, "#e$en A. %asser&an, Pe#er '. Minors(y, Ro)er# B. Jac(son
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatric
Pr!tists
Chapter "#
"$%&
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 2/74
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITIONJane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Micae! L. Cain, "#e$en A. %asser&an, Pe#er '. Minors(y, Ro)er# B. Jac(son
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatric
Pr!t!z!a 'ani(al)lie pr!tists*
Chapter "#
"$%&
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 3/74
The original slides in this set are from
Chapter 28 Protists and include onlythose of animal-like protists, which are
also referred to as ‘Protozoa’.
Plant-like protists are to be
taken up with Prof Roderos.
Se te(ber "$%&
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 4/74
Overview: Li+in, s(all
• Even a low-power microscope can reveal a greatvariety of organisms in a drop of pond water
• Protist is the informal name of the group of mostlyunicellular eukaryotes
• dvances in eukaryotic systematics have causedthe classification of protists to change significantly
• Protists constitute a polyphyletic group, and
Protista is no longer valid as a kingdom
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/ Se te(ber "$%&
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 5/74
1 m
Figure 28.1
0hich !r,anis(s are pr!ary!tes
an. 1hich are euary!tes2
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/ Se te(ber "$%&
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 6/74
Concept 28.1: 3!st euary!tes are
sin,le)celle. !r,anis(s• Protists are eukaryotes
• Eukaryotic cells have organelles and are more
comple! than prokaryotic cells• "ost protists are unicellular, #ut there are some
colonial and multicellular species
Se te(ber "$%&
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 7/74
Structural an. Functi!nal 4i+ersity in Pr!tists
• Protists e!hi#it more structural and functional
diversity than any other group of eukaryotes
•
$ingle-celled protists can #e very comple!, as all#iological functions are carried out #y organelles in
each individual cell
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 8/74
• Protists, the most nutritionally diverse of alleukaryotes, include
% Photoautotrophs, which contain chloroplasts
%&eterotrophs, which a#sor# organic molecules oringest larger food particles
% Mixotrophs, which com#ine photosynthesis and
heterotrophic nutrition
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 9/74
•
$ome protists reproduce ase!ually,while others reproduce se!ually, or #y
the se!ual processes of meiosis and
fertilization
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 10/74
En.!sy(bi!sis in euary!tic e+!luti!n
• There is now considera#le evidence that muchprotist diversity has its origins in endosym#iosis
• Endosymbiosis is the process in which a
unicellular organism engulfs another cell, which
#ecomes an endosym#iont and then organelle in
the host cell
• "itochondria evolved #y endosym#iosis of an
aero#ic prokaryote• Plastids evolved #y endosym#iosis of a
photosynthetic cyano#acterium
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 11/74
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophic
eukaryote
Primary
endosymbiosis
Membranes
are represented
as dark lines in
the cell.
1 2
!ne o" these
membranes #as
lost in red andgreen algal
descendants.
Plastid
$ed alga
%econdary
endosymbiosis
%econdary
endosymbiosis
%econdary
endosymbiosis
&reen alga
'ino"lagellates
(picomplexans
%tramenopiles
Plastid
Euglenids
Chlorarachniophytes
Figure 28.2
'i)ersity o" plastid*bearing protists
produced by endosymbiosis
Plastid
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 12/74
• The plastid-#earing lineage of protists evolved into
red and green algae• The '( of plastid genes in red algae and green
algae closely resem#le the '( of cyano#acteria
• )n several occasions during eukaryotic evolution,
red and green algae underwent secondary
endosymbiosis, in which they were ingested #y a
heterotrophic eukaryote
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 13/74
Fi)e supergroups o" eukaryotes
• *t is no longer thought that amitochondriates+lacking mitochondria are the oldest lineage of
eukaryotes
• "any have #een shown to have mitochondria and
have #een reclassified
• )ur understanding of the relationships among
protist groups continues to change rapidly
• )ne hypothesis divides all eukaryotes +includingprotists into five supergroups
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 14/74
Figure 28.a'iplomonads
Parabasalids
Eugleno+oans
'ino"lagellates
(picomplexans
Ciliates
'iatoms
&olden algae
,ro#n algae
!omycetes
Cerco+oans
Forams
$adiolarians
$ed algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
-and plants
%lime molds
&ymnamoebas
Entamoebas
ucleariids
Fungi
Choano"lagellates
(nimals
( l )
e o
l a t e s
% t r a
m e
n o
p i l e
s
& r e
e n
a l g
a e
( m
o e b o
+ o a
n s
! p
i s t h o
k o
n t s
E x
c a
) a t a
C h r o m
a l )
e o
l a t a
$
h i + a
r i a
( r c h
a e
p l a
s t i d
a
/ n i k
o n
t a
Pro#is#an Di$ersi#y
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 15/74
'iplomonads
Parabasalids
Eugleno+oans
'ino"lagellates
(picomplexans
Ciliates
'iatoms
&olden algae
,ro#n algae
!omycetes
( l ) e o l a t e
s
% t
r a m e
n o
p i l e s
E x
c a
)
a t a
C h r o m
a l )
e o
l a t a
Figure 28.a
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 16/74
igure /.0a#
Cerco+oans
Forams
$adiolarians
$ed algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
-and plants
& r e
e n
a l g
a e
$ h i +
a r i a
( r c h
a e
p l a
s t i d a
Figure 28.a
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 17/74
%lime molds
&ymnamoebas
Entamoebas
ucleariids
Fungi
Choano"lagellates
(nimals
( m
o e b
o +
o a
n
s
! p
i s t h o
k o
n t s
/
n i k o
n t a
Figure 28.a
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 18/74
• The clade Exca)ata is characterized #y its
cytoskeleton• $ome mem#ers have a feeding groove
• This controversial group includes the
diplomonads, para#asalids, and euglenozoans
C!ncept "#/"5 E6ca+ates inclu.e pr!tists
1ith (!.i7ie. (it!ch!n.ria an. pr!tists1ith uni8ue 7la,ella
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 19/74
Figure 28./01
inetoplastids
Euglenids Eugleno+oans
'iplomonads
Parabasalids
E x
c a
) a
t
a
Chromal)eolata
$hi+aria
(rchaeplastida
/nikonta
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 20/74
'iplomonads and Parabasalids
• These two groups lack plastids, have modifiedmitochondria, and most live in anaero#icenvironments
• 'iplomonads
% &ave modified mitochondria called mitosomes
% 'erive energy from anaero#ic #iochemicalpathways
% &ave two e1ual-sized nuclei and multiple flagella
% re often parasites, for e!ample, Giardiaintestinalis +also known as Giardia lamblia
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 21/74
Figure 28.b
Giardia intestinalis a diplomonad parasite
3 m
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
"lagella
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 22/74
• Parabasalids % &ave reduced mitochondria called
hydrogenosomes that generate some energy
anaero#ically
% *nclude Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that
causes yeast infections in human females
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 23/74
Figure 28.4
"lagella
3
m
undulatingmembrane
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
The parabasali. Trichomonas vaginalis 'c!l!rize. SE3*
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 24/74
Eu,len!z!ans
• Eugleno+oa is a diverse clade that includespredatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs,
and parasites
• The main feature distinguishing them as a clade
is a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function
inside their flagella
• This clade includes the kinetoplastids and
euglenids
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 25/74
Figure 28.3
crystalline rod
5cross section6
"lagella
ring o" microtubules
5cross section6
8 m
0.2 m
Euglenozoan flagellum
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 26/74
Figure 28.3a
crystalline rod
5cross section6ring o" microtubules
5cross section6
0.2 m
Euglenozoan flagellum
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 27/74
Kinetoplastids
• inetoplastids have a single mitochondrion withan organized mass of '( called a kinetoplast
• They include free-living consumers of prokaryotesin freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial
ecosystems
• This group includes Trypanosoma, which causessleeping sickness in humans
• nother pathogenic trypanosome causes 2hagas’disease
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 28/74
Figure 28.7
m
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 29/74
• Trypanosomes evade immune responses #yswitching surface proteins
• cell produces millions of copies of a singleprotein
• The new generation produces millions of copies ofa different protein
• These fre1uent changes prevent the host from
developing immunity
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 30/74
Euglenids
• Euglenids have one or two flagella that emergefrom a pocket at one end of the cell
• $ome species can #e #oth autotrophic and
heterotrophic
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 31/74
Figure 28.9
long "lagellum
eyespot
short "lagellum
contractile )acuole
nucleus
chloroplasts
plasma membrane
Euglena 5-M6
3 m
pellicle
lightdetector
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 32/74
igure /.3a
-ong "lagellum
Eyespot
Contractile )acuole
ucleus
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Euglena 5-M6 3 m
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 33/74
Concept 28.35 Chr!(al+e!lates (ay ha+e
!ri,inate. by sec!n.ary en.!sy(bi!sis• $ome data suggest that the clade
Chromal)eolata is monophyletic and originated
#y a secondary endosym#iosis event
• The proposed endosym#iont is a red alga
• This clade is controversial and includes the
alveolates and the stramenopiles
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 34/74
Figure 28./02
(picomplexans
Ciliates
'iatoms
%tramenopiles
(l)eolates
C h r o m
a l )
e o l a
t a
$hi+aria
(rchaeplastida
/nikonta
'ino"lagellates
&olden algae
,ro#n algae
!omycetes
Exca)ata
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 35/74
Al+e!lates
•"em#ers of the clade (l)eolata havemem#rane-#ounded sacs +alveoli 4ust under
the plasma mem#rane
• The function of the alveoli is unknown
• The alveolates include
% 'inoflagellates
% picomple!ans
% 2iliates
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 36/74
Figure 28.8
"lagellum al)eoli
(l)eolate
0 . 2
m
Al+e!li are sacs un.er the plas(a (e(brane
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 37/74
Dinoflagellates
•'ino"lagellates have two flagella and each cell isreinforced #y cellulose plates
• They are a#undant components of #oth marine
and freshwater phytoplankton
• They are a diverse group of a1uatic phototrophs,
mi!otrophs, and heterotrophs
• To!ic 5red tides6 are caused #y dinoflagellate
#looms
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
igure /.7
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 38/74
"lagella
m
Piesteria sh!mwayae
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 39/74
Apicomplexans
•(picomplexans are parasites of animals, andsome cause serious human diseases
• They spread through their host as infectious cells
called sporozoites
• )ne end, the ape!, contains a comple! of
organelles specialized for penetrating host cells
and tissues
• "ost have se!ual and ase!ual stages that re1uiretwo or more different host species for completion
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 40/74
Figure 28.10a
mero+oite
apex
red bloodcell
0.3 m
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 41/74
• The apicomple!an Plasmodi!m is the parasitethat causes malaria
• Plasmodi!m re1uires #oth mos1uitoes and
humans to complete its life cycle• ppro!imately 788,888 people die each year from
malaria
• Efforts are ongoing to develop vaccines that target
this pathogen
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 42/74
%poro+oites 5n6
!ocyst
:ygote
52n6
Mero+oite 5n6
&ametes
-i)er
-i)er cell
$ed bloodcells
&ametocytes5n6
mero+oite
apex
0.3 mred blood cell
ey
Haploid 5n6
'iploid 52n6
;nside mos<uito ;nside human
ME;!%;%
FE$=;-;:(=;!
Figure 28.10*
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 43/74
Ciliates
•Ciliates, a large varied group of protists, arenamed for their use of cilia to move and feed
• They have large macronuclei and small
micronuclei
• 9enetic variation results from con>ugation, in
which two individuals e!change haploid
micronuclei
• 2on4ugation is a se!ual process, and is separatefrom reproduction, which generally occurs #y
#inary fission
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 44/74
Figure 28.11a
contractile)acuole
oral groo)e
cell mouth
"ood )acuoles
micronucleus
macronucleus
30 m
5a6 Feeding #aste remo)al and #ater balance
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
cilia
"#r/c#/re an 0/nc#ion in #e ci!ia#e Parameci!m ca!dat!m
igure /.::
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 45/74
Contractile)acuole !ral groo)e
Cell mouth
Food )acuoles
Cilia
Micronucleus
Macronucleus
30 m
5a6 Feeding #aste remo)al and #ater balance
Con>ugation
(sexualreproduction
ey
ME;!%;%
M;C$!/C-E($
F/%;!
'iploid
micronucleus
'iploid
micronucleus
Haploid
micronucleuscompatiblemates
=he original
macronucleusdisintegrates.
5b6 Con>ugation and reproduction
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 46/74
Concept 28."5 Rhizarians are a .i+erse ,r!up
!7 pr!tists .e7ine. by 4NA si(ilarities• '( evidence supports $hi+aria as a
monophyletic clade• (moebas move and feed #y pseudopodia; some
#ut not all #elong to the clade <hizaria
• <hizarians include radiolarians, forams, and
cercozoans
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 47/74
Figure 28./0
$adiolarians
Foramini"erans
Cerco+oans
$ h i +
a r i a
Exca)ata
Chromal)eolata
(rchaeplastida
/nikonta
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 48/74
Ra.i!larians
•
"arine protists called radiolarians have testsfused into one delicate piece, usually made of
silica
• <adiolarians use their pseudopodia to engulf
microorganisms through phagocytosis
• The pseudopodia of radiolarians radiate from the
central #ody
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 49/74
Figure 28.18
Pseudopodia
200 m
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
A ra.i!larian
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 50/74
F!ra(s
•
Foramini"erans, or "orams, are named forporous, generally multicham#ered shells, called
tests
• Pseudopodia e!tend through the pores in the test
• oram tests in marine sediments form an
e!tensive fossil record
• "any forams have endosym#iotic algae
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 51/74
Globigerina a "oram in the supergroup $hi+aria
100 m
Figure 28.d
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 52/74
Cerc!z!ans
•
Cerco+oans include most amoe#oid andflagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia
• They are common in marine, freshwater, and soil
ecosystems
• "ost are heterotrophs, including parasites and
predators
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 53/74
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 54/74
Figure 28.1
chromatophore
3 m
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
second case of primary endosym#iosis=
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 55/74
Concept 28.#: Uni!nts inclu.e pr!tists that
are cl!sely relate. t! 7un,i an. ani(als• The supergroup /nikonta includes animals, fungi,
and some protists
• This group includes two clades> the amoe#ozoans
and the opisthokonts +animals, fungi, and related
protists
• The root of the eukaryotic tree remains
controversial• *t is unclear whether unikonts separated from
other eukaryotes relatively early or late
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 56/74
Choano"lagellates
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 57/74
/nikonta
Exca)ata
Chromal)eolata
$hi+aria
(rchaeplastida
$E%/-=%
Common
ancestor
o" all
eukaryotes
'HF$*=%gene
"usion
Choano"lagellates
(nimals
Fungl
(moebo+oans
Eugleno+oans
(l)eolates
%tramenopiles
$hi+arians
'iplomonads
$ed algae
&reen algae
Plants
Figure 28.2
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 58/74
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 59/74
Figure 28."
( unikont amoeba
100 m
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 60/74
Gymnamoebas
•
9ymnamoe#as are common unicellularamoe#ozoans in soil as well as freshwater and
marine environments
• "ost gymnamoe#as are heterotrophic and actively
seek and consume #acteria and other protists
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 61/74
Entamoebas
•
Entamoe#as are parasites of verte#rates andsome inverte#rates
• &ntamoeba histolytica causes ame#ic dysentery,
the third*leading cause of human death due toeukaryotic parasites
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 62/74
Opisth!!nts
• !pisthokonts include animals, fungi,and several groups of protists
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 63/74
Concept 28.': Pr!tists play ey r!les in
ec!l!,ical c!((unities
• Protists are found in diverse a1uatic environments
• Protists often play the role of sym#iont or producer
* +-- Pearson E/ca#ion, Inc.
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 64/74
Sy(bi!tic Pr!tists
•
$ome protist sym#ionts #enefit their hosts % 'inoflagellates nourish coral polyps that #uild
reefs
% @ood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut
of termites
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
Figure 28 27 @ood digesting protist +para#asalid in termites
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 65/74
Figure 28.27
1 0
m
@ood-digesting protist +para#asalid in termites
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 66/74
•
$ome protists are parasitic 2 Plasmodi!m causes malaria
2 Piesteria sh!mwayae is a dinoflagellate that
causes fish kills
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 67/74
Ph!t!synthetic Pr!tists
•
"any protists are important producers that o#tainenergy from the sun
• *n a1uatic environments, photosynthetic protists
and prokaryotes are the main producers
• *n a1uatic environments, photosynthetic protists
are limited #y nutrients
• These populations can e!plode when limiting
nutrients are added
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
Figure 28 29
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 68/74
Figure 28.29
herbi)orous
plankton
!ther consumers
carni)orous
plankton
Protistan
producersprokaryoticproducers
Protists> key producers in a1uatic communities- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 69/74
• Aiomass of photosynthetic protists has declined as
sea surface temperature has increased
• *f sea surface temperature continues to warm due to
glo#al warming, this could have large effects on
% "arine ecosystems
% ishery yields % The glo#al car#on cycle
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
Fi 28 28
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 70/74
Higher
-o#er
%%=
%%=
&ro#th&ro#th;n regions bet#een the
black lines a layer o" #arm #ater
rests on top o" colder #aters.
;n the yello# regions high %%=s increase the
temperature di""erences bet#een #arm and cold
#aters #hich reduces up#elling.
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
Figure 28.28
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 71/74
Figure
28./07
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
Fi 28 /07
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 72/74
Figure 28./07a
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
Figure 28 /07b
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 73/74
Figure 28./07b
- "$%% Pears!n E.ucati!n Inc/
8/9/2019 Bio 12 Chapter 28 Protists (Original Slides) 2014
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bio-12-chapter-28-protists-original-slides-2014 74/74
End of slides for 2hapter /