bibliography - springer978-1-137-49506-8/1.pdf · bibliography archival sources ars¸ivi,...

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Index

‘Abbas, Imam, 29, 30, 31, 33, 92‘Abbas I, Shah, 61–63, 65, 141n‘Abbasid Caliphate, 5, 11, 18, 20–24,

26, 29, 30–32, 33, 34, 35n, 37–43, 45, 47, 48, 58, 109, 110, 114, 119, 191, 246

‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Bishr, 74, 172‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Sa‘ud, 74, 76‘Abd al-Hamid II, 81–83‘Abd al-Husayn, Mirza, 72‘Abd al-Wahhab, Sayyid, 90, 99‘Abdullah II (Jordan), 216, 230, 234,

243‘Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Saif, 167,

180n‘Abdullah, Aga Sayyid, 75‘Abdullah bin Jiluwi, 173‘Abdullah bin Jabarin, 182n, 246‘Abdullah, King (Saudi Arabia), 182n,

246Abu Bakr, 3, 52, 55, 60, 72, 73, 84n,

107, 111, 114, 131, 138, 166, 190, 208, 213, 214, 229

Abu Hanifa, 54, 58, 63, 72, 131, 141Abu Hurayra, 231Abu Tahir, 40, 41, 43Abu Talib, 19Abu’l-Haija ‘Abdullah bin Hamdan,

41Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 193, 207Afghans, Afghanistan, 71, 72, 91, 135,

184Afrasiyab, 56

Ahl al-Bayt, 30, 57, 59, 197, 225, 227, 228, 230, 233

Ahl al-qibla, 72Ahl al-sabb wal-rafd, 4Ahmad bin Badr, 41Ahmad b. Hanbal, 45, 46, 75, 166,

167Ahmad bin Kashmard, 41Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 14, 179, 184,

187, 232, 245Ahmed Emin Bey, 91, 95, 96Ahmed Pasha, 71‘A’isha, 52, 55, 60–62, 65, 75, 194,

230‘Ajam, 72Akhbaris, 75‘Akif, Muhammad Mahdi, 227, 245Al ‘Imran, Sura, 113Aleppo, 57, 63Al-‘Abid, 95, 96Al-amr bil-ma‘ruf, 48, 49, 50n, 85Al al-Shaykh, 164Al-‘Alawi, Hasan, 126–128, 138, 140nAl-Azhar University, 13, 208, 223,

224, 229, 231–233, 235, 240n, 241n, 248

Algeria, 207, 250‘Ali bin Abi Talib, 20, 22, 24, 28, 44,

109, 166, 227‘Ali Akbar (Mulla-Bashi), 72, 74‘Ali al-Asghar bin Husayn, 190‘Ali bin ‘Abdullah, 31‘Ali bin al-Furat, 40–42, 50n

270 ● Index

‘Ali bin ‘Isa, 40‘Ali bin Yalbaq, 43, 44‘Ali Riza Pasha, 88–90‘Alid, 18–34, 35n‘Ali’s shrine, 72Al-Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, 79,

84nAlwand Aq Qoyunlu, 52, 53Amal Movement, 145, 149, 158, 159,

160nAmasya, 60, 91American Occupation, American

invasion, 1, 9, 12, 109, 115, 117, 130, 134, 139, 147, 155, 178, 243. See also United States

Amir al-Mu’minin, 82, 113‘Ammash, Salih Mahdi, 133Anatolia, 6, 52–54, 56–60, 63–65, 70Ansar, 32Ansar al-Islam, 245Ansari, Mortaza, 100Arabian Peninsula, 176The Arabian American Oil Company

(ARAMCO), 174Ardabil, 51, 54, 60‘Arif Bey, Mehmed, 95Asafi yya canal, 88Al-Ahsa’, 167–173, 175, 181n‘Aoun, Michel, 15 Ash‘ariyya, 73‘Ashur, Mahmud, 232‘Ashura’, 3, 79, 128, 130, 168, 171,

177, 191, 194, 212‘Asir, 168–169‘Askari Shrine, 116Al-Assad, Hafez, 155Association for the Rapprochement of

the Islamic Schools of Law, 223Jama‘at al-taqrib, 223, 224

‘Atabat-i ‘aliyat, ‘Atabat, 69, 88–92, 96, 99, 10. See also Shrine cities

Azerbaijan, 52, 56, 58–62, 64, 65

Bab Sayyid ‘Ali Muhammad Shirazi, 77, 79, 80, 85n

Babism, 77Badr Brigade, Badr Forces (Quwwat

Badr), 121, 136Baghdad, 5, 11, 12, 37–39, 41–43, 45,

47, 48, 50n, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 74–77, 79, 81, 87–93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 106–108, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130, 131, 136–138, 141n, 146, 158, 179, 216, 218n, 219n, 246, 247, 249

Bahrayn, 2, 7, 39, 169, 170, 173, 176, 249

Baluchi, 89Al-Banna, Hasan, 207, 209Banu Furat, 42, 50nAl-Barbahari, Abi Muhammad, 43–47Bara’a, 3, 213Baratha, 42Basra, 33, 45, 99, 167Bastami, ‘Ali, 77–80Ba‘th (Iraq), 1, 7–10, 108–112, 114,

115, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140n

Bayezid, Sultan, 52–54Al-Baz, Muhammad, 231Beirut, 1, 7–9, 108–112, 114, 115,

126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140n

Bektas Khan, 63Bektasi, 88Bidlis, 58Bidlisi, Idris-i, 53Al-Birri ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, 248 Borujerdi, Hoseyn, 232Britain, British, 78, 82, 83, 89, 95,

105–108, 117, 135, 170, 172, 184, 187–189, 207, 218n

Bukhara, 72Bursa, 57Buwayhids, 48Byzantines, 37

caliph, caliphate, 2–5, 18, 20, 22, 25–27, 31, 33, 34n, 39, 41, 43, 44–47, 49n, 50n, 53, 55, 56, 58,

Index ● 271

63, 65, 73, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 119, 131, 138, 166, 190, 191, 194, 196, 208, 213, 214, 220n, 235, 246

Capitalism, 111Caspian Sea, 38, 60, 65Caucasus, 52, 60, 63Celali rebellions, 62Cemali, ‘Ali, 47Central Asia, 71Chaldiran, 56, 57, 64Charisma, 2, 57Christians, 12, 118, 130, 154, 159,

166, 189–191, 211, 246Constitutional Revolution, Iran, 82Cox, Percy, 127Cyprus, 55

Dagestan, 57, 61Damascus, 26, 27, 30, 146, 155, 156,

158, 177, 178, 215, 251nDar al-Harb, 6Dar al-Kufr, 6 Al-Darini, Muhammad, 226–229,

238n, 240nDarius, 56Da‘wa, 205Da‘wa (Islamic Party), 109–111Dawud Pasha, 89Daylamites, 38Dhu al-Fiqar (sword), 196Dhu al-Fiqar Khan, 58Dhu al-Qadr, 56Diyarbakır, 53Doha, 216, 234, 235Druze, 145, 146, 214Dulaym, 108Al-Dulaymi, ‘Adnan, 136, 137Dunya, 18, 23

Ebussu‘ud Efendi, 14n, 59, 61, 70Egypt, 5, 13, 14n, 127, 147, 207, 216,

218n, 221n, 223–234, 235n, 243, 245, 248, 251n

‘Emad Afrugh, 188

Emami Kashani, Ayatollah Mohammad, 188

Emir Bekir, 62Emirguneoglu Tahmaspkulu Khan, 63Enver Efendi, 96Erzurum, 59, 91Eslami, Reza Hojjatolislam, 198Euphrates, 88, 89, 190Europe, 63, 82

Fadila, 118, 121Falluja, 115Al-Falluji, Husayn, 118Al-Farhan, Dawud, 137, 143nAl-Faruq, 75Fatah, 244Fath ‘Ali Shah, 82, 89, 90Fatima al-Zahra, 18–21, 25–27, 29, 106,

113, 190, 194, 200n, 212, 227 Fatimids, 5, 14n, 40, 226, 230Al-Fayyad, ‘Abdullah, 110Faysal I, King, 156, 243Al-Faysal, Sa‘ud, 156, 231, 243Firaq al-Mawt (Death Squads), 116,

136French Mandate, 146Fuller, Graham, 7, 34n, 126, 128

Gauhar, Mulla Hasan, 79Gaza, 204, 205, 244Georgia, 61, 62, 65Ghadiri, Ahmad, 197Al-Ghita’, Hasan Kashif, 74, 79, 208,

218nGhulat, 6, 70Gilan, 57, 65Al-Gilani ‘Abd al-Qadir, 54, 57, 58, 63Golpayegani, Ayatullah Safi , 190Greece, 53Gulf States, 147, 176, 244, 249Gulf War of 1991, 8, 120, 133, 134Gulf War of 2003, 125, 126

Haddad-‘Adel, Gholam ‘Ali, 188Al-Hadi, ‘Ali, 50n, 53, 94, 135

272 ● Index

Hadith, 48, 71, 75, 166, 167, 191, 194, 211, 220n, 231, 232, 234

Hafi z (Persian poet), 56Ha’iri, Nasrullah, 73Hamas, 24, 244, 245Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar, 152Hanafi yya, 58Hanbalis, 11, 38, 43–49, 50n, 75,

166–168Haramayn, 198Harb, Shaykh Ra‘d, 150Al-Hariri, Sa‘d al-Din, 158Harkat al-Mahrumin (Movement of

the Depressed), 149Harun al-Rashid, 109, 110, 114Hasan al-‘Askari, 50n, 53, 94, 135Hasan bin Harun, 43, 44al-Hasan bin ‘Ali, Imam, 11, 22,

24–26, 33, 34, 106, 113, 226Hasan Pasha, 81Hashimites, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28,

29, 31, 106 Hawwa, Sa‘id, 204, 209, 211–215,

219n, 220nHay’at al-‘Ulama al-Muslimin, 115, 130Haydar, Shaykh, 52Hidden Imam, 3, 30, 110, 119, 142n,

150. See also MahdiHijaz, 82, 167–169, 172Al-Hilli, ‘Allama Ibn al-Mutahhar, 166Hindiyya canal, 88Al-Hira, 31Al-Hizb al-Islami, 130Hizb al-Tahrir, 109Hizbullah, 9, 13, 14, 145–147,

149–159, 178, 182n, 186, 192, 210, 216, 230, 234, 243, 245–247, 251n

Houthi tribes, 244Hufuf, 169, 170, 174, 181nHujr bin ‘Adi, 190Humayma, 29, 30Hungary, 55Husayn, Imam, 3, 5, 11, 27, 28, 30,

31, 34, 53, 75, 92, 106, 111,

113, 132, 135, 168, 189, 194, 196, 200n, 212, 226

Husayn, Saddam, 8, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 120, 123n, 133, 138, 230

Al-Husayn, Sharif of Mecca, 106, 107Husayniya, 168, 171, 173, 175, 225,

236nal-Husri, Sati‘ 132Al-Huwali, Safar, 156Huwaydi, Fahmi, 249

Ibn Abi Sufyan, 43, 44Ibn Abi Ya‘la, 47Ibn al-Athir, 45, 50nIbn al-Jawzi, 42, 44, 45Ibn al-Kathir, 38, 50nIbn Hanbal, Ahmad, 45, 46, 75, 166,

167 Ibn Hazm, 273Ibn Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174Ibn Tabataba, 25, 35nIbn Taymiyya, 70, 166, 167, 210, 229Ibrahim bin ‘Abdullah, 38Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 231Ibtidaiye, primary school, 97, 100Ijma‘, 75Ijtihad, 3, 75, 196, 209Ikhwan Movement, 171–174, 177,

181nimam, imams, 2, 3, 10, 30, 40, 50n,

52–54, 59–63, 71, 74, 75, 81, 82, 85n, 87, 92–94, 97, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112–114, 116, 118–120, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 142n, 150, 153, 165, 168, 171, 172, 174, 185, 190–192, 194, 205, 206, 211, 219n, 226, 236n, 246, 247

Imamai, Imamis, 1, 3, 6, 38–40, 49n, 166. See also Imamiyya

Imamate, 3, 142n, 208Imperialism, 196, 205–207, 213India, 58, 88, 89, 167, 169Indonesia, 184, 248

Index ● 273

International Union for Muslim Scholars, 249

Iran, 1, 2, 4–14, 49n, 52–58, 61–65, 69–73, 78, 80, 82, 87, 90, 92, 94–96, 100, 111, 116, 120, 125, 128, 129, 131–134, 137–139, 146–151, 154, 156, 159, 160n, 175–178, 183–195, 197, 198, 203, 204, 206, 208–210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218n, 220n, 224, 227–231, 233, 235, 243–245, 247–249

Iranian government, 81, 95, 244Iranian-Russian alliance, 60Iraq, 1, 2, 5–12, 14, 27, 28, 29, 30,

34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 48, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84n, 87, 95, 98, 99, 100, 105–112, 115–121, 125–140, 146, 147, 155, 163, 169, 170, 172, 175, 176–179, 184, 186, 196, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 223, 225, 230, 232, 234, 243–249

Iraq-Iran war, 8, 132, 133, 140n, 210, 211, 219n. See also Iran-Iraq War

Iraqi Accordance Front, 118Isfahan, 56Islamic Revolution in Iran, 8, 13, 198,

203–205, 207–211, 217, 219n, 224, 234

Islamic State of Iraq organization, 116Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq

(ISCI), 121Islamic unity, 82, 190, 195, 198, 211,

216‘Isma, 208Isma‘il I, 52–57, 59, 62, 64, 131,

141nIsma‘il bin Bulbul, 42Isma‘ilis, Isma‘iliyya, 1, 5, 39, 40, 42,

43, 208, 210, 214, 218n, 225Israel, Israelis, 8, 9, 117, 150, 153,

154, 156, 157, 184–186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 199, 204, 205,

209, 216, 224, 230, 245, 246–248

Israel-Lebanon war, 9, 14, 245, 246Istanbul, 54, 60, 61, 81, 82, 88, 90,

92, 96–99, 102nItaly, conquest of Libya, 1911, 83Ithna ‘Ashariyya, 1, 6, 40, 75, 142n

Jabhat ‘ulama’ al-Azhar, 248Jabir ‘Abd al-Rahman, 156Ja‘far al-Sadiq, Imam, 10, 33, 34Ja‘far bin Abi Talib, 28Ja‘fari madhahb, Ja‘fariyya, 10, 29, 71,

75, 106, 133, 141n, 195, 208Ja‘farian, Rasul, 197Al-Jalabi, ‘Abd Husayn, 132Jami (Persian poet), 56Jannati, Ahmad Ayatollah, 186, 187,

229Jaysh al-Mahdi, 115–119, 123n, 136,

247. See also Mahdi ArmyAl-Jazeera TV, 138, 176, 187, 192,

250nJerusalem, 84, 152, 153, 185, 209,

218nJews, 71, 133, 166, 184, 185,

189–191, 193, 211, 246Jihad, 5, 53, 58, 80, 83, 111, 135,

152, 153, 170, 172, 174, 185, 204–206, 210–212, 214, 215, 228

Jizya, 170Jordan, 147, 156, 172, 216, 221n,

230, 234, 243Al-Juburi, Mish‘an, 138Al-Jum‘a, ‘Abd al-Husayn, 170Al-Jum‘a, Mansur, 170Junblatt, Walid, 145Jundullah, 191Junayd, Sheikh, 51, 52, 64Al-Jurjani, Mirza Makhdum, 61

Ka‘ba, 43, 76kafi r, kuffar, 7, 23, 69, 71, 72, 74,

108, 166, 246

274 ● Index

Karabakh, 60Karbala’, 3, 5, 6, 12, 27, 30, 31,

72–74, 77–79, 82, 83, 88–94, 96, 98, 101n, 102n, 106, 118, 130, 132, 141n, 173, 175, 185, 212, 236n

Karkh, 37, 39, 47Kashani, Abu al-Qasim, 207Al-Kashi, Shaykh Ibrahim, 82Kashif al-Ghita’, Ja‘far, 74, 79, 208,

218nKasr-ı Sirin, 91Kayhan, 244Kaykhusraw, Faridun, 56Kazimiyya, 91, 94, 98, 102nKemal Pasazade, Semseddin Ahmed,

54, 58, 66nKemankes Mustafa Pasha, 63Al-Khallal, Abu Salama, 33Khalifa, 113Khilafat al-Rashidin, 190khalifat Allah, the replacement of God,

114khalifat rasul allah, the replacement of

God’s Messenger, 114Al-Khalil, Samir, 126Khalili, Mirza Husayn, 82Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 153, 154,

187, 188, 194, 198, 224Khanaqın, 92Khaqani (Wazir), 42Al-Kharshani, Badr, 45, 47Khatami, Mohammed, 178, 196, 197,

229, 232Khawatim, 43Khomeini, 13, 110, 111, 125, 150,

152–154, 176, 183, 185, 186, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200n, 204–207, 209, 210–116, 217n, 219n, 220n, 224

Khorasan, 29–31, 33, 34, 58Khorasani, Akhund, 82Al-Khulafa’ al-Rashidun, 213Khums, 4, 153Al-Khunayzi, Abu ‘Abd al-Karim, 170

Khunji, Fadlullah b. Ruzbihan, 56Khutba, Friday prayer, 52, 53, 56, 62,

73, 112, 113, 120Khwaja ‘Ali and Ibrahim, 51Kirmanshah, 92Kufa, 27, 31, 39, 73, 112, 117, 120Kurdish, Kurds, 8, 53, 57, 58, 111,

139, 141n, 143n, 179, 245, 257nKızılbas, 52–55, 61, 62, 64

Lebanon, 1, 2, 7–10, 12, 13, 15n, 145–152, 154–159, 159n, 160n, 175, 184, 186, 210, 212, 216, 223, 243, 245, 246, 249

Litvak, Meir, 11, 100 Luristan, 61, 62, 65

Ma‘alim fi al-Tariq, 111Madelung, 39Madhhab, madhahib, 2, 9, 70–74, 127,

219n, 223, 224, 227, 233, 247Madrasa, Madaris, 53, 70, 82, 92, 93,

95–97, 99, 100Mahdi, 4, 85n, 106, 113, 114,

116–121, 123n, 142n, 208, 212. See also Hidden Imam

Mahdi Army, Jaysh al-Mahdi, 115–119, 123n, 136, 247

Majma‘ al-buhuth al-islamiyya, 231Majma‘ al-taqrib bayn al-madhahib

al-islamiyya, 224, 231, 232Malaysia, 248Al-Maliki, Nuri, 137Mamluks, 65, 85n, 88Al-Ma’mun, 39, 114Al-Mansur, Caliph, 33Al-Maqdisi, Shaykh Abu Muhammad,

246marja‘ (pl. maraji‘) al- Taqlid, 4, 100,

106, 110Maronites, 146, 154, 159Marxism, 111Mashhad, 59, 62Mashriq, 1Matar, Salim, 126, 128

Index ● 275

Mawlawi, Faysal, 245Mazandarani, ‘Abdullah, 82Mecca, 28, 32, 40, 43, 57, 60, 72,

106, 107, 136, 176, 177, 181n, 185, 207

Meclis-i umumi-yi vilayet, 93Medina, 24–27, 32–34, 57, 60, 167,

168, 176, 181nMediterranean, 53, 63Mesopotamia, 106, 128, 163Miskawayh, 41–43, 45Mongols, 210, 213, 246Montazeri, Ayatollah Hoseyn ‘Ali, 195Morocco, 207, 216, 244, 248Mosul, 106, 108Mu‘awiya, 22–26, 28, 34, 43–45, 48,

75, 229, 235Mubarak, Husni, 216, 229, 230, 234,

241n, 243Mubtadi‘un, heretics, 23, 46, 55, 63,

70, 165, 166, 180, 183, 213, 246, 248

Muhammad (Prophet), 1–4, 6, 17–20, 22, 26, 30, 32, 33, 42, 44, 73, 75, 79, 107, 110, 120, 131, 135, 166, 181n, 185, 187, 188, 190, 194, 196, 197, 212, 237n, 246

Muhammad al-Baqir, 38, 114Muhammad al-Jawad, 53Muhammad al-Qasim, 118. See also

MahdiMuhammad ‘Ali Khan, 89Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 164,

165Muhammad Khan, 58Muhammad Sa‘id Effendi, 96 Muharram, 3, 79, 212, 236nMuktafi , 39Mulla-bashi, 72, 74Al-Mumahhidun, 119Mu’nis, 43Al-Muntasir, 39Al-Muqtadir, 41–43Murad III, 60, 61, 65Murad IV, 63, 65

Musa al-Kazim (also Musa bin Ja‘far al-Kazim), Imam, 53, 59, 87, 109, 114

Muslim Brethren, Muslim Brotherhood, 8, 60, 109, 186, 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 221n, 227, 238n, 245

Muslim Congress in Jerusalem, 1931, 84, 218n

Al-Musnad, 75Mustad‘afi n, 207Al-Mu‘tadid, 39Mustakbirin, 207Mut‘a, 4, 73, 229. See also Zawaj

mut‘aMutahhar bin ‘Abdurrahman, 61Al-Mutawakkil, 138, 187, 192, 250nMu‘tazila, 3, 73Mysticism, 64

Nadir Shah, 9, 71–74, 83, 91, 141nNajaf, 6, 9, 71, 72, 78, 79, 81–83, 88,

89, 91–95, 98, 101n, 102n, 109, 115, 117, 169, 173

Al-Najafi , Sayyid Ahmad al-Safi , 93Najafi , Shaykh Ja‘far, 74Najafi , Muhammad Hasan, 77, 78Najd, 167–169, 172, 177Nejib Pasha, 78, 79, 88–91, 96, 99Nakash, Yitzhak, 81, 91, 93Nakhjuwan, 60Namık Pasha, 88–91, 94Nasibin, 114Al-Nafi s, Ahmad Rasim, 226, 227Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Muhammad bin

‘Abdullah, 38Al-Naqshabandi, Muhammad Sa‘id, 81Nasr, 41, 42Nasrallah, Hasan, 14, 147, 153–155,

157, 230, 239n, 245 Nationalism, 7, 126, 127, 132, 139,

140Nazuk, 42Nigeria, 248Nihrir ‘Umari, 41

276 ● Index

Organization of the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula, 176

Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, 5, 6, 10–12, 14n, 51–65, 69–72, 74, 77–83, 84n, 86n, 87–97, 99, 100, 101n, 105, 107, 129, 131, 141n, 169, 170

Oudh Bequest, 98, 100

Pakistan, 14n, 176, 186, 223Palestine, Palestinian, 84, 149, 153,

204–207, 209, 210, 212, 214–216, 217n, 218n, 244, 245

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 149, 205, 209

Pan-Arabism, 7, 127Pasha, Mustafa Nuri, 88Persia, 7, 56Persian Gulf, 58, 65, 147Proto-Shi‘i, 29, 189Proto-Sunni, 191

Qadhdhafi , Muammar, 149Al-Qadir, 5Qadiriyya, 58Al-Qahir, 44, 48Al-Qa‘ida, 24, 116, 135, 136, 147,

155, 163, 180, 246, 247Al-Qa’im, Caliph, 5Qajar, Qajar dynasty, 4, 10, 70, 87,

100, 206, 217nQarmatis, 39–43Qasr-i Shirin, 63Qatar, 136, 158, 231, 248Qatif, 169, 170, 173–175, 178, 181nQawmiyya, 7, 126, 127 Qayyum al-Asma’, 77, 79Qazvin, 59Qazvini, Ibrahim, 79, 80Qom, 39, 62, 119, 232Al-Qummi, Muhammad Taqi, 223,

232Qur’an, 3, 6, 55, 61, 70, 75–77, 93,

113, 150, 166, 167, 209, 211, 220n, 230, 246

Quraysh, 19, 57Qutb, Sayyid, 111, 204

Al-Radi, 45, 46, 48Rafi da, Rafi di, rawafi d, 4, 42, 166,

167, 172, 210, 246Rafsanjani, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi,

191, 192, 235Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 78Revolutionary Guards, 150, 210Reza Shah Pahlavi, 176, 206Al-Rida, ‘Ali, 59, 191Al-Rifa‘i, Hamid, 232Rigi, ‘Abd al-Malek, 191Riyadh, 172, 173, 178, 215Rule of the jurist, 8, 110, 198. See

also Velayat-e faqihRum, 56Russia, Russian, Russians, 60, 82, 95,

189, 206

Sa‘ada, 244Sabb wa-rafd, 3, 4Sadr al-din Musa, 51Sadr City, 115Al-Sadr, Muhammad, 106Al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, 12,

109–112, 114, 117, 120Al-Sadr, Muhammad Sadiq, 112–114Al-Sadr, Muqtada, 12, 114–121, 130,

247 Al-Sadr, Musa, 148, 149Sadrist Movement, 115, 117, 119, 121Safavid, Safaviyya, Safavid dynasty, 4,

5, 6, 9, 10, 51–65, 70–72, 81, 87, 91, 100, 131, 138, 230

Al-Saffar, Hasan, 175178, 182nSafi I, 63Safi al-din Ishaq, 51Sahaba, 3, 10, 42, 72, 73, 75, 166,

167, 208, 211, 230, 231, 233–235

Sahkulu, 54Al-Sa‘id, Abu al-Qasim, 40Al-Salaf al-Salih, 166, 167

Index ● 277

Salafi , 8, 116, 183, 185, 223, 245–247, 251n, 260n

Samarra’, 50n, 81, 92, 94–99, 106, 116, 135–137, 247

Sarab, 62Sarıgürz, Nureddin Hamza, 54Satan, 111, 156, 186, 209bin Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174Saudi Arabia, 7, 13, 147, 151, 156,

163–165, 175–177, 179, 180, 230, 232, 243, 245

Sefer Pasha, 62Selim I, 54–57, 64, 65, 132Seyhülislam, 14n, 54, 57, 59, 70. See

also Shaykh al-Islam.Shafa‘a, 75Shafi ‘i, Shafi ‘iyya, 51, 71, 107Shahnama, 56Shahrazur, 61, 62Shahroudi, Hashemi, 188Shaltut, Mahmud, 208, 224, 232Al-Shammar, 95, 96Sharaf Khan, 58Shari‘a, 52, 54, 55, 60, 107, 215Shaybanids, 11, 65Shaykh al-Islam, 70Shaykh al-Ra’is, 82Al-Shaykh, 95, 96, 164Shaykhis, Shaykhism, 77–79Shihata, Hasan, 228, 229Shi‘i Crescent, 2, 24, 146, 186, 216,

230, 234, 243Al-Sindi, Muhammad Hayat, 167Al-Shinnawi, Hasan, 225, 236, 238Al-Shiqaqi, Fathi, 204–211, 214, 215,

218, 271Al-Shirazi, Abu al-Fadl, 37Shirazi, Mirza Hasan, 81, 94–96, 98,

100Al-Shirazi, Muhammad al-Husayni,

175, 176Al-Shirazi, Muhammad Taqi, 12, 106,

107Shirvan, 57, 58, 60–62, 65Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar, 52

Shrine cities, 3, 6, 69, 70, 78–82, 88 Siraf, 40 Al-Sistani, ‘Ali Ayatullah, 109, 116,

134–137, 142, 247Sublime Porte, 93–97, 99Sudan, 207, 248Suez Canal, 1, 88, 89Sufi s, Sufi sm, 51, 53, 79, 88, 225Sulayman, Michel, 158Süleyman I, 54, 57–60, 65Suleyman Pasha, 89Süleymaniye, 60Sultan Ya‘qub (Mosque), 56Al-Suwaydi, ‘Abdullah, 71–74 Syria, 2, 8, 9, 27, 29, 39, 40, 48, 65,

150, 151, 155, 158, 189, 186, 204, 210, 211, 215, 218, 226, 243

Tabarru’, 52, 55, 60–62, 64Tabriz, 52, 54, 56–59, 96Tahmasp I, 52, 57–60Ta’if, 146, 151, 154Taleqani, Ayatollah Mahmud, 190Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid, 229,

231, 233, 234, 241Tanzimat reforms, 90Taqiyya, 3, 25, 72, 75, 80, 125, 166,

189, 192, 197, 205, 212, 214, 219, 225

Taqrib, Taqrib al-madhahib (Also: Ecumenism), 9, 11–13, 72, 73, 105, 107, 109, 112, 114, 117, 136, 193, 194, 203, 204, 210, 211, 220, 223, 224, 231, 233, 241, 245, 247, 249

Al-Tasawwur al-Islami, 111Al-Taskhiri, Muhammad ‘Ali, 231, 248Tawhid, 165Tehran, 89, 95, 110, 116, 178, 184,

186, 191, 192, 204, 206, 207, 209–211, 216, 224, 228, 231, 233, 235, 244

Transoxania, 53Tunikabuni, Mirza Muhammad, 80

278 ● Index

Turkey, 10, 131Al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 166Twelfth Imam, 52, 85n, 116. See also

MahdiAl-‘Ubaydi, Habib, 106

Uhud (Battle), 32‘Udul, 73‘Ulama’, 4–6,11, 12, 55, 69–74,

76–84, 86, 89–91, 93, 95, 96, 99–101, 112, 115, 120, 130–133, 135, 136, 164–169, 171–177, 179–182, 191, 205, 207, 212, 215, 216, 218, 219, 230, 235, 246–248

‘Umar bin al-Khattab, 3, 53, 55, 60, 72–75, 84, 107, 111, 131, 138, 166, 190, 194, 208, 213, 214, 229, 235

‘Umar II, 23Umayyad, 7, 11, 14, 19, 22–24, 26,

27, 29, 30–32, 37, 38, 44, 119, 190, 194, 220

United Nations (UN), 117United States (US), 8, 9, 115, 117,

119, 120, 125, 130, 137, 142, 146, 147, 155, 176–178, 182, 186, 188, 189, 191, 209, 233, 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 270

Urmiyeh, 62Usulis, 75Akhbari-Usuli Confl ict, 85, 255‘Uthman, 3, 52, 60, 73, 107, 111,

131, 208, 213, 214, 220Uzbeks, 11, 52, 58, 61, 62, 65, 71

Van, 59Velayat-e faqih, Wilayat al-faqih, 8,

150, 152, 153, 176, 198

Wahhabis, Wahhabiyya, 13, 74–77, 81, 84, 89, 90, 109, 116, 163–165, 168, 169, 171–177, 179–181, 183, 185, 190, 191, 193, 198,

199, 215, 221, 226, 228, 231, 236, 244–247, 251, 256, 262

Al-Walid bin ‘Abd al-Malik, 31Waqf, Awqaf, 92, 224, 240, 248Al-Wardani, Salih, 226–228, 236, 238,

263Al-Wardi, ‘Ali, 85, 101, 107, 108, 121,

131, 141, 263Wasatiyya, 248Wasil, Nasr Farid, 232West Bank, 117, 205World War I, 6, 10, 83, 93, 105

Yahya bin Zayd, Alid, 32Yaramazlar, 89Yemen, 14, 38, 209, 244, 250, 260Yerevan, 60, 63, 64Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Shaykh, 136, 188,

193, 216, 230–236, 239, 248, 249, 251, 256, 260, 262

Yusuf Pasha, 63. See also Emirguneoglu Tahmaspkulu Khan

Zahhak, 56Zakat, 4, 153Zanj, 48Zaqzuq, Mahmud Hamdi, 240, 248Al-Zarqawi, Abu Mus‘ab, 115, 155,

246, 250nZawaj misyar, 4Zawaj mut‘a, 4, 73, 229Zayd bin ‘Ali, 31, 38Zaydis, Zaydi, Zaydiyya, 1, 28, 29,

38–40, 48, 106, 208, 232, 240, 244, 261

Zaynab, 135, 142, 226, 266Zionism, Zionists, 84, 155, 185,

187–189, 192–194, 200, 212, 214, 233, 245, 247

Ziyarat al-qubur, Ziyarat, 74, 89Zoroastrians (majus), 7, 188Zuhab, 63Al-Zumur, ‘Abbud, 228

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