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inDex

AAcademic pursuit, reshaping of, 126Adivasi(s) (First peoples), 117Aesthetics, 122Africa

Sub-Saharan, 30Agriculture(al)

industrialization of, 62laborer, 69new, 56

Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), 96

Alienation, 86, 87, 119Aligarh, 36–39, 41, 42, 46–48Aligarh Muslim University (AMU),

36, 139Ali, Syed Mujtaba, 45Allahabad, 36, 41Allahabad University, 139All India Institute of Medical Sciences

(AIIMS), 86, 106All India Muslim Students Federation

(AIMSF), 38All India Students Federation (AISF),

38, 96Ambani, Mukesh, 18, 68, 142

Ambedkar, 90, 97–99, 122, 123, 125, 143

Americaatom-bombing of Hiroshima/

Nagasaki, 57rural education issues, 54

Ananda bazaar patrika, 87Andhra Pradesh, 64, 65Andrews, C.F., 46Anglo-American domination, 53Anglophone

Brahminical elite, 13civilization, 13higher education, 22

Anglopolis, 30Anil (Meena), 82, 86Annihilation of Caste, 31, 98Arabic, 117Arab world, 46Arts, 2, 12, 124Arunachal Pradesh, 116Asia(n)

East, 21, 67, 69South, 21, 30, 67, 69, 89South-east, 21, 67, 69, 82

Assam/Assamiya, 64

150 INDEx

Autonomy, 71, 73, 74, 109, 112, 141

BB.A., 42, 124Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), 98Banaras Sanskrit College, 14Bangladesh, 3, 5, 29, 30, 63, 118, 139Barbarism, 12Barmer, 88Belief system, 56, 60Benaras, 36Benaras Hindu University, 36Bengal

Presidency, 9Bengal chemicals, 15Bengali/Bengalis, 10, 11, 15, 26,

29–31, 37, 45, 64, 87, 113, 117, 119, 124, 133

Bentinck, lord, 12, 13Berlin wall, 138Bharat

control of, 74, 79policy for, 73, 75, 76, 78, 138shackle for, 73

Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi, 82, 114, 140

Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh, 64Bhojpuri, 15Bible, 11Bi-lingual(ism), 19Birla, Kumar Mangalam, 18, 68, 138Black shoe syndrome, 117, 123, 125,

141Bombay

Presidency, 11, 135Bonsai nation, 140, 141Born, Max, 27, 31, 44, 45, 63, 82, 87,

98, 123, 126Bose, P.N., 40Brahmin/ical

domination, 13, 31

entitlements, 89language, 3racist attitude, 116

Brahminism, 22, 31Brahmo/movement, 19, 38, 39,

41–44, 46–48, 53, 55, 64, 66, 68, 76, 89, 92, 94, 98, 99, 135, 139

Brain drain, 119“Brain-waste”, 119Brand(s)/Branding

wars, 4Bring-ins, 77Britain, 4, 10, 52, 53, 117, 122, 124,

136British/Raj

colonial rule, 3, 4, 17, 39, 41, 52, 102

India, 9, 10, 12, 13Indian army, 13Indian bureaucracy, 44non-violent overthrow of, 52opinion, 10, 53Parliament, 10–12, 31policy, 25power, 14university, 141

Buddha, 46, 57Business, 8, 11, 13, 18, 19, 27, 29,

64, 67, 69, 114, 124, 126, 139, 141

CCages, political and educational, 122Calcutta, 6, 9, 11, 14–16, 36, 37, 39,

41, 42, 44, 47, 87, 88, 97, 99, 103, 115, 119, 138, 139

Calcutta Madrasa, 14Calcutta Medical College, 40Calcutta University, 87, 92Cambridge, 10

INDEx 151

Capitalism/capitalist, 52, 53, 68, 86, 119, 136, 138

Caste(s)ideology, 41, 112, 126inequities, 61, 89ist democracy, 2lower, 41, 45, 87, 89, 96, 112, 114,

116, 124marker, 3, 88mentality, 5, 61, 98, 108, 112–114,

121, 124, 141Centre for Research in Education and

Social Transformation (CREST), 121

Center–state relation, 66Chaitanya, 46Chanakya, ixChatterjee, Partha, 42Chhattisgarh, 107China, 21, 30, 46, 65, 127Christ, 46Christian

missions, 137principles, 9, 137

Christian missionariesAmerica, 9Denmark, 9England, 9European, 3Scotland, 9

Chuckerbutty, S.C., 15, 16, 40, 135Citizen(s), 11, 19, 81, 86, 104, 105,

110, 114, 116, 123Civilization, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 28, 40,

53, 63, 141Class(es)

inequities of, 5, 61lower, 4, 22, 61, 73, 87, 89, 102,

114, 141struggles, 4, 86, 97, 133, 140upper and middle, 53, 86

“Claste”, 88, 89, 91, 92

Climatic changes, 120Cold War, 4, 25, 49, 52, 58, 60, 67,

134Colleges, 10, 13, 16, 60, 66, 74, 91,

93–95, 103, 106–109, 111, 112, 116, 121–123, 126, 134, 135, 141

ColonialBrahminical pattern, 36, 134domination, 3, 53, 137education/planning of, 3, 9, 25, 36,

41, 43, 44, 123, 141education system, 72, 90government, 42, 43, 48, 72, 82

Colonialismanti-, 38, 43, 52–54struggle against, 53

Commanding heightsof economy, 58, 60, 122, 140, 141of education, 58, 60, 122, 140,

141, 143of science, 58

Committee to Advise on the Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education (CARHE), 142

Communism, 52, 55, 65Communist Party of India (Maoist),

97Communist Party of India (Marxist),

64, 95Conflict, 4, 13, 86, 88, 125, 126Congress, 37–39, 41, 63, 64, 80, 90,

91, 96Control, 2, 5, 18, 39, 40, 43, 52, 53,

68, 73, 74, 79, 93–95, 108, 112, 139, 144

Cosmopolitan, 92, 144Courses

academic, 60professional, 61

Cultureof power, 88

152 INDEx

DDalit

activist, 29Deccan, 10Delhi/New Delhi, 3, 6, 8, 18, 37, 42,

59, 64, 66, 86, 102, 103, 106, 116–118, 121, 143

Delhi School of Economics (D School), 106

Delhi University, 102Democracy

political, 79, 80, 90, 98, 136, 143Department of

Arabic, 117English literature, 117Gujarati, 117Hindi, 117, 124Modern Indian literature, 117Persian, 117Tamil, 117

Depression(s), 120Developmental futures, 145Development

dismal, 5, 119, 121, 123, 137, 145dominant ideology, 126elite-serving view of, 4human, 29, 30ideas of, 4Indian, 2–4mega projects, 81rural, 5, 54, 56, 76technologies of, 2under, 24, 30, 109, 117, 120vision, 4, 16, 53, 54, 137

Dhaka University, 3Disability, physiological, 5, 88, 89Discipline(s)

conceptualizations of, 5humanistic, 21, 22Indianize, 126new ordering of, 5redefinition of, 126

underdevelopment of, 24Discrimination

axes of, 4, 88Divide

accent, 31digital, 31India/Bharat, 73, 75

Draughts, 120Dreze, Jean, 30Drop-outs, 77

EEast India Company, 9–13, 31Economy

command, 56Education

agricultural, 55, 56, 60, 61, 116“basic education” buniyadi talim, 5,

39, 43, 47Chinese, 111crisis, 5, 105, 108, 142democratic vision, 63distance, 67, 105early childhood, 23electorate and, 63, 141elite vision, 63engineering, 14expenditure on, 69health, 2, 5, 67, 76, 77idea of, 44inclusive, 71, 77indicators/of, 5, 30, 67, 69investment in, 69, 70management, 70, 77, 78manual work in, 39medical, legal, technological, 14non-colonized, 140open, 67, 105oppressiveness of colonial, 45, 47orthodox Muslim, 43peace in, 57

INDEx 153

for physiologically challenged, 66reconstruction of, 62religious, 39, 44, 56, 57reservations in, 65system of, 47, 121technological, 14, 22, 56tertiary, 2, 67, 74, 82, 91, 103, 106,

108, 111, 112, 119, 123, 124, 143, 145

vision of, 54, 63, 71, 112, 123Wardha scheme of, 39for women, 60

Educationalcampus, 3democracy, 78–80, 143, 145, 146ideal, colonialist/nationalist, 2, 36institutions, 2, 3, 5, 14, 19, 22, 36,

55, 57, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 82, 93, 94, 115, 116, 122

philosophy, 6, 39, 44planning, 41, 61, 66, 119, 141system, 3, 4, 11, 20, 21, 23, 25, 39,

44, 47, 69, 70, 73, 97, 103, 111, 112, 115, 122

Tagore’s vision, 45thought, 37, 39, 48, 52, 53, 80,

112universe(s), 43, 44, 53, 136, 140

Education Commission (EC), 18, 31Educative functions, 114, 115, 146Egypt, 65Elite

club, 31, 146consolidation, 142institutions, 4, 5, 73, 75, 103, 107,

111, 143power, 3, 4, 13, 15, 62, 73, 123,

137, 141, 144upper caste, 14, 31, 80, 86, 89, 113Westernized, 64

Elmhirst, leonard, 46Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 11

Elphinstone College, 41Emotion, 29Empire, 12, 13, 29England

justice system of, 2English

abuse of, 29, 138assertion of, 19authors, 19, 138believing elite, 27Brahminical power of, 27classics, 10command over, 22, 30educated, 13, 16, 18, 37, 137, 139educated elite, 18education, 9, 12, 13, 18, 31, 39,

82, 141empire of, 29fearing, 73, 75knowing classes, 22language, 2, 3, 8, 14, 15, 17, 22,

23, 53, 116, 137, 138law, 10learning, 11, 30literature, 87, 117, 124medium schools, 8, 26metropolitan, 27nations, 29, 30power of, 3, 16, 22, 27, 28, 30, 32,

138privileging of, 20roles of, 17spell of, 53students’ competence in, 118superiority of, 53use of, 8, 15, 17, 18, 24, 26

English education, 3, 9, 12–14, 18, 36, 82

English languagein India, 17power of, 3, 7

Entrepreneur/ship, 40, 106, 110

154 INDEx

Environmental degradation, 146Equality, 4, 55Equity, 71Ethics, breakdown of, 63Europe

contribution of, 60India encounter, 44modern languages of, 10

European knowledge/sciences, 11, 14, 139

Examination/exam(s)oppressive culture, 106

Exclusion, 69Experiment, 114

FFederal

government, 18language, 19

Flood(s)shelters, 114

Fort WilliamCollege, 10

France, 52, 140Fraternity, 55Freedom

civic, 63educational, 5, 45of speech, 63

Freedom movement/struggle, 41, 46, 48, 55, 57, 65, 90, 111, 138

Free Thinkers, 97French, 30, 55, 119, 138

GGandhi

developmental vision of, 54economic ideal, 52educational universe, 46political ideal, 52

thought world of, 55Gandhi, Indira, 63–65, 67Gandhi, Rajiv, 32, 64, 67Gender, 5, 46, 66, 89Geography, 5, 10, 92, 117, 120Geological Survey of India, 40German, 26, 117Ghana, 65Globalization

impact of, 4Global

processes, 4, 60South, 126

Governancetechnologies of, 2

Governmentschools, 22

Grant, Charles, 11Greek, 10Green Revolution, 58Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 106Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), 142Guru Govind, ix

H“Habits of the heart”, 141Hadith, 43Haryana, 58Hastings, Warren, 9Health, 2, 30, 67, 68, 76, 77, 105,

110, 116, 143, 145Hierarchy, 89, 105, 113, 122, 144,

145Higher education

affordable, 73British structures of, 53class character of, 74crisis, 105, 108, 142decentralization of management of,

70democratic, 136, 142

INDEx 155

elite contents of, 5enrolment, 88excellence in, 89, 91foreign direct investment in, 70governing bodies in, 72government role in, 70institutions, 3, 36, 46medium of, 20new entrants in, 74private role in, 73privatization of, 70rankings, 79space, 4, 91, 95, 97thinking, 18, 54transformative role, 55, 109

Higher education/education policy, 2, 4, 18, 71, 142

Hindiimperialism, 29medium school, 8

Hindugreatness of civilization, 40identity, 3law, 10

Hindu College, 11, 36, 37, 102Hindu Growth, 3, 137Hindustan, 10, 80Hindustani, 10History

“A History of Hindu Chemistry”, 40“A History of Hindu Civilisation”,

40Horrors, political and military, 63Human capital, 21, 69Humanities, 9, 60, 104, 120, 139Hussain, Zakir, 39, 43, 140

IIdeology, 37, 41, 58, 68, 111Illahabadi, Akbar, 42Imagination, socio-political-literary,

126

IndependenceIndia’s right to, 54political, 53

Independents Consolidation, 97India

colonized, 52, 142conceptions of, 3contemporary, 4, 12, 55, 96, 113,

124developed, 6Dravidian, 29eastern, 9, 15economy, 53, 61, 103Government of, 54, 82independent, 3, 18, 19, 27, 28,

52–54, 56, 90, 117intellectual communities of, 26middle class, 5, 26, 53, 80, 89modern, 2, 4, 39, 117, 125multi-religious, 44Nehruvian, 63new, 2, 13, 16, 68, 71, 123old, 16partition of, 56plurality of/pluralist, 44polyphonic, 43rural, 39, 58, 59, 115secular state, 57software industry, 5southern, 9, 117sustainable growth, 5

Indian Constitution, 2, 55, 97Indian Council for Social Science

Research (ICSSR), 59Indian Higher Education

failings of, 103great wall of, 121poverty of, 1, 101

Indian higher education policy, 2, 3Indian Institute(s) of Management

(IIM(s)), 58, 90, 103, 140Indian Institute(s) of Science Education

and Research (IISERs), 103

156 INDEx

Indian Institute(s) of Technology (IIT(s)), 27, 58, 90, 140

Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), 103Indian languages

empowerment of, 20, 25intellectual homes in, 27modern, 10vernacular, 9, 25

Indian Nationalismcompeting visions, 4

Indian nationidea of, 3

Indian nationalist, 25, 40Indian(s)

developmental planning, 58educated, 3, 11–14, 39, 53educational thinkers, 17educationists, 60education system, 72, 90films, 115History Congress, 91language moffusil, 27political opinion, 53power-stream of, 27rulers, 13, 137Science Congress, 91scientists, 15, 40, 80, 114thought leaders, 17thought world, 55, 58upper caste, 36urban-centric planning, 59village life, 47, 52

Indian societyunderdevelopment of, 24

Indian university, 2–4, 42, 92, 107, 115, 117, 120, 126, 136, 137, 139, 145

Indira Gandhi National open University (IGNoU), 67

Indonesia, 65, 82Industry (ies/ial)

cottage, 56

state-controlled, 56townships, 58

Inequities, reproduction of, 5Injuries, self-inflicted, 115, 144Injustice

architecture of, 111, 112economic, 117edu-cultural, 28geography of, 5, 115

Innovation, 21, 26, 82Instruction

medium of, 8, 22, 25, 48religious, 39

International, 20, 29, 65, 69, 93, 144International Monetary Fund (IMF),

67Islam(ic)

identity, 3

JJamia Milia Islamia/Jamia, 15, 37, 41,

42, 140Janata Party, 64, 96Jangam (Chinnaiah), 125Japan

Japanese path, 40Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), 3,

59, 81, 103Joseph Anton, 117Journalism, upper caste domination

in, 113Justice, 2, 55, 98, 111

KKabir, 57Kannada, 10Kapur, Devesh, 106Kashmir, 98Khan, Sir Syed Ahmed, 16, 37Khilafat movement, 43

INDEx 157

King, Robert D., 28Knowledge

autonomy of, 126fragmentation of the idea of, 104,

109global centers, 90lower castes of, 124modern, 29new architecture of, 124oriental, 9portals, 105universes of China, Japan, Europe,

46useful, 10, 11

Korea (South), 21, 106Kothari, D.S., 18, 20, 58Kottayam, 88Kshatriya, 13, 48Kumar, Dipak, 15, 40Kumar, Krishna, 40Kumar (Vivek), 125Kunjalal, 45

Llabor

anti-manual, 28, 55, 76, 108, 113, 114

cheap, 114language(s)

international, 20, 29, 138of government, 25natural, 21, 22, 30oriental, 9, 137policy, 21, 25, 28, 67of power, 8, 13, 25, 30, 139regional, 19, 31world, 20, 22, 25, 75

latin, 10learning

“liberalization, privatization, glo-balization”, 68, 70, 71, 142

outcome(s), 20through doing, 55

liberty, 4, 55library(ies), 12, 102, 104literacy rate, 88literature, 11, 12, 18, 21, 24, 27,

46, 60, 75, 87, 88, 117, 118, 124–126

ljubljana University, 2local community(community), 21,

36, 45, 57, 75, 80, 104, 107, 108london, 6, 10london university, 53

MMacaulay, William Babington, 12Madhava, 57Madhya Pradesh, 8Madras, 9, 14, 36, 41, 47, 103, 139Madrasas, 43Magahi, 15Mahalonobis, P.C., 58Maithili, 15, 22Malayalam, 26, 30, 31, 113, 124Malda, 88Malnutrition, 116, 139, 146Mandal Commission, 67, 89, 90, 98Mandal, Mohitosh, 87Manipur, 98, 116Maoist movement, 76Marathi, 10, 31Market Raj, 68Marx, Karl, 55Masters level, 25Mathematics, 10, 104, 105, 110Meghalaya, 116Ministry of Human Resources

Development (MHRD), 78Minto, lord, 11Mizoram, 116Modern industrialism, 39

158 INDEx

Moffusil, 27, 115, 144Moghul rule/Mughal Empire, 13Moira, lord, 11Mother tongue

education though, 17–19, 21, 24, 43

Muhammad, 6, 37, 38, 42, 46Muhammedan Anglo-oriental

College, 36, 37Multiculturalism, 26Multi-lingual(ism), 19Mumbai, 5, 114, 115Municipality(ies), 27Muslim

law, 10, 14South Asian, 89students, 9, 38, 46

Muslim league, 38

NNagaland, 116Nanak, 46, 57Nandy, Ashis, 6, 42Narayan, Jayaprakash, 64Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 65Nation

two-nation theory, 38National

awakening, 37, 41, 43education, 3, 5, 24, 39, 40, 123well-being, 61, 121, 123

National Democratic Alliance (NDA), 61

Nationalism, 2–4, 36, 38–43, 46, 47, 96, 137, 139, 140

aggressive, 38, 47contrast in, 44elite domination of, 41Hindu, 36, 38as ideology, 41Indian, 3, 36, 37, 39–42, 47

Muslim Indian, 36, 37, 39, 41, 47Pakistani, 41, 139, 140trumpeting of, 42

Nationalistideas and ideals, 53ultra, 62, 81

National Knowledge Commission (NKC), 18, 90, 103

National Policy on Education (NPE), 18, 65, 141

National Students Union of India (NSUI), 96

Natural tongue, 30, 32Nature, 5, 12, 36, 46, 73, 78, 80,

103, 123, 137Nehru, 3, 6, 28, 58, 60, 63, 65, 71,

81, 103, 122, 140Nkrumah, Kwame, 65Nobel Prize for literature, 46Non- Aligned Movemement (NAM),

65Non-cooperation, 38, 43Nuclear

arsenal, 60bomb, 62, 81, 123energy, 62power, 62powered nation, 114

Ooppression, 2, 16, 98, 99oral history, 3oriya, 120osmania University, 36other Backward Classes (oBC), 67,

89, 111, 141ottoman emperor, 43owen, John, 9oxford, 9, 10, 44, 74

INDEx 159

PPakistan, 29, 30, 37, 38, 42, 43, 46,

47, 49, 118Panchayat(s)/Panchayati Raj, 27, 65,

67, 81Pandey, Gyanendra, 29Paramedics, 77Parliamentary democracy, 2, 63Patriotism, 39Periyar–Ambedkar Study Circle, 97Persian, 9, 10, 13, 16, 25, 137PhD, 3, 6, 20, 25, 107, 138Philosophers, 63Philosophical

universe(s), 41western and eastern traditions, 54

Pitroda, Sam, 18, 75, 78Pluralism

linguistic, 27Policy

advocacy, 60educational, 6, 65environment, 4, 15, 76, 79, 112,

116, 119, 142, 146makers, 2, 5, 17, 20, 26, 55, 62, 67,

75, 76, 105, 140, 142oppressive power of, 143, 145prescriptions, 2, 3, 73

Policy Framework for Reforms in Education (PFRE), 18, 68

Policymakingdecentralized, 142

Political Economy, 10, 123Political Science, 118, 119Politics

on campuses, 89elite domination of, 64majoritarian, 27poverty of, 5, 97regional parties, 64region-centric, 64state-centric, 64

Polity, undemocratic, 143Postgraduate, 86, 107, 108, 110Poverty, 5, 68, 69, 71, 97, 123, 126Power

of convention, 117institutions, 2–4, 14, 139language, 137of people, 140science as, 140

Practice, 6, 10, 14, 44, 55, 57, 72, 104, 120, 124, 140

Prasad, Chanderbhan, 29, 30, 139Presidency College, 6, 36, 41, 97Private

capitalists, 68, 70industry, 68institutions, 72, 75investors, 72schools, 26University Bill, 70

Project Vishwajeet, 111Psychology, 120, 126Public

health, 47life, 54, 66, 78opinion, 61world, 4

Punjab, 58

QQuran, 43

RRadhakrishnan, S., 18, 20, 54, 56, 138Rajasthan, 88, 107Rajivlochan, M., 47, 53Ramamurti Committee, 65Ramanuja, 57Ram Mohan/Rammohun Roy, 16,

44, 46

160 INDEx

Ramnad, 9Rao, N.T. Rama, 64Rao, P.V. Narasimha, 18, 32Ray, P.C., 15, 40Raza, Moonis, 88Reagan, Ronald, 67Reaganomics, 67, 142Reason, 11, 12, 30, 45, 114Reddy, Janardhana, 65Religion(ous), 19, 43, 46, 57, 89Republican Party of India (RPI), 98Research

environment, 26oriented learning, 24scientific, 26social scientific, 26

Reservation, 65, 67, 89–91, 97, 98, 141, 143

Revolutionscientific, 28, 60, 62

Revolutionary Students Front (RSF), 97

Rickshaw drivers, 102, 106Rudolph, lloyd, 92, 144Rudolph, Susanne, 92Russian

language, 20, 25Revolution, 52

SSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics

(SINP), 103Saha, Meghnad, 58Samajwadi Party (SP), 98Samkara, 57Sanskrit, 9–11, 13, 16, 19, 25, 137Santiniketan, 37, 41, 42, 44–48, 53,

140Sarabhai, Vikram, 58Sarkar, Mahendralal, 40, 45Scheduled Castes, 89, 90

School book societies, 11, 16, 138Science

benefits of, 62blind belief in, 63in command, 58education/teaching, 11, 23, 40,

120as liberator, 62national academy, 62universal, 13, 44, 62, 63western, 2, 11, 13, 15, 37, 40

Scientific/technological literature, 24, 27

Secularism, 3Sen, Amartya, 30Sepoy Mutiny, 13, 37Shankar, ixSikhs, 56Siksha satra, 46, 47Singapore, 21, 106Singh, Charan, 64Singh, Manmohan, 75Singh, V.P., 32, 65, 67, 89, 97Sivaganga, 9Skill(s)/skilled

craftsman, 61education, 3, 24, 27, 61, 76, 79,

82, 145India, 3

Sloss, Robert, 111SNDT Women’s University, 37Social

change, 3, 15, 46gate-keeping, 91justice, 55, 71, 97, 98, 105, 110,

143sciences, 59, 103, 120, 121, 126,

138, 139, 145status, 95, 97

Socialism(socialist), 2, 52, 53, 55, 56, 64, 65, 80, 140, 142

Sociology, 60, 118–120, 125

INDEx 161

Socrates, 57South Africa, 6, 45, 52Soviet/Russia/Union

influence on India’s educational thought, 53

knowledge base of, 53Model, 20, 56power of, 53

Space, 4, 5, 36, 41, 60, 91, 93–96, 99, 104, 105, 107, 123

Sriniketan, 48, 53, 140Stephens (St.), 74Student(s)

non-Brahmin, 45politics, 95–97unions, 70, 95

Suicide(s)farmer, 146student, 86, 144, 146

Swadeshi/movement, 39, 53Swaraj, 54, 68Sweden, 6, 21Syllabi

overhaul in, 126rethinking, 126

TTagore, Rabindranath

sociological writings of, 125Tamil, 10, 22, 31, 113, 117, 120, 137Tanjore, 9Tata, J.N., 58Teacher(s)

movement, 94unions, 94, 95

Technology(techno)absorption of, 21, 69bureaucratic, 59, 71commerce, 70, 91, 115elite, 71, 115, 141

industrial, 2mercantile, 71, 74scientific, 24, 27, 59, 60, 140, 141

Telugu, 10, 22, 29, 64, 125Thailand, 21, 67Thatcher, Margaret, 67Theory, 38, 55, 87, 104, 114Thought

economic, 10, 52, 56, 112, 144Gandhian, 52, 54political, 42

“Time-pass”, 127Tito, Josip Broz, 65Trades, 43, 44, 47, 48, 82Tradition, 10, 43, 44, 54, 63, 104Translation(s)

of Indian literature, 124, 126of scientific and educational texts,

142role of, 26

Tribalchildren, 23, 24dialect, 24languages, 29, 76peoples of central India, 76schools, 24

Turko-Afghan Sultanate, 13

UUndergraduate, 57, 59, 66, 71, 74,

86, 107–112, 116, 120, 121, 123, 145

Underprivileged, 82, 98, 119, 143United Front, 65United Progressive Alliance (UPA), 61United Provinces, 14, 38Universe(universalism)

non-Eurocentric, 47University(ies)

academic life of, 73

162 INDEx

agricultural, 59, 60, 62, 116colonial, 139, 145European and North American,

106, 126major, 59, 65, 112, 141metropolitan, 59, 67, 141national, 105, 107, 115number of students in, 104, 106open, 3, 20, 66, 67, 141parochial, 92, 93, 144private, 70–73, 79, 108, 142rural, 53, 55, 59, 60, 66, 115, 116,

122, 141social transformation, 3, 112

University Education Commission (UEC), 18, 54

Unorganized sector, 69, 71Urban/rural, 88Urdu

imperialism of, 29USA, 4, 52, 65, 67USSR, 4, 20, 52, 65Uttar Pradesh, 58, 64

VVaidya(s), 45, 48Vaishya(s), 45, 48Values, 6, 44, 78, 79, 115, 146Village

reconstruction, 47republic(s), 39

Violence, 119, 120Vishakhapatnam, 9Viswa Bharati, 37, 42, 44, 46, 47Vocational education (institutions)

stigmatization of, 22, 104, 108, 110, 114, 145

WWarsaw University, 2

Wellesley, 10West

servile imitation of, 39West Bengal, 95, 106, 118Western

civilization, 13, 17, 53education, 36, 43, 102imperial powers, 52languages, 20medicine, 2modernity, 38, 53modes of economic progress, 53

Western UniversityIndian variant of, 2

Women(’s)in colleges, polytechnics and univer-

sities, 91conservative view on, 54emancipation, 3marginalization, 91resource centers, 66studies departments, 66

Wood’s Dispatch, 14Wood, Sir Charles, 14, 25Work, 2, 3, 9, 15, 23, 43, 47, 59, 65,

75, 104, 114, 121, 124Worker(s), 27, 69, 78, 104World

diverse cultures, 57languages, 20, 25, 117political processes, 55, 56politics, 4, 52, 54, 137powers, 54, 140, 141

World warFirst, 43, 46Second, 52

WritersDalit, 113Indian English, 113Indian language, 113, 126marginalized Indian languages, 113

INDEx 163

Yyashpal, 18, 71, 78Young India, 74, 125, 143yugoslavia, 65

ZZoroaster, 57