11/6/2013

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Kingdom Fungi

Announcements

Friday lab: Fungi & Lichen

Bring a Lichen to ID!

Do prelab

Quiz #4 Friday

Study Prokaryotes & Protists

Mushroom Fest extra credit due Fri

Email me or bring to lab

Endosymbiosis article– 1 page

summary due Friday.

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Protist review:

1-minute paper topics A. Why is the Kingdom Protista not an

evolutionarily valid group?

B. Briefly describe the malaria life cycle.

C. What is a red tide? Why do they form and

why are they dangerous?

Lecture Outline 1. Major Fungal Characteristics

2. Fungi Diversity

1. Chytrids

2. Zycomycets

3. Glomeromycets

4. Basidiomycets

5. Ascomycets

3. Ecology

1. Decomposers

2. Mutualisms

1. Lichen

2. Mycorrhiza

3. Endophytes

3. Pathogens

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Stepping back to “the tree”

Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants…

In your groups - discuss:

1. Why they were originally

thought to be more closely

related to plants?

2. Why they are now

considered to be more

closely related to animals?

Major Fungal

Characteristics 1. Organism organization:

Unicellular or

Multicellular

2. Eukaryotic cells

3. Heterotrophs-- they obtain their nutrients from other organisms

4. Fungi secrete enzymes outside their bodies and absorb the digested nutrients

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Fungi have

filamentous bodies

• Fruiting body

• Mycelium

Made of

hyphae

Anatomy

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Figure 18.1 Masses of hyphae form

mycelia

The dense interwoven mat you see here growing through leaves

on a forest floor is a mycelium made up of microscopic hyphae

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Filamentous body

Fig. 22-1

mycelium hyphae

Filamentous Structural Organization

One cell

of one hypha

thread

of the

mycelium.

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Septum and pore between cells in a

hypha

DNA in Chromosomes

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Haploid nucleus

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes

Fungi

(1n)

Adult

human

(2n)

What causes a ‘fairy ring’?

Discuss with your table

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Major Fungal Characteristics

Cell wall composition Chitin (with some cellulose), a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi

Reproduction spores

asexual

sexual

Sex: Fungi can be classified

as:

male, female

….. + many more sexes!

Called “mating types”

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Fungi Classification & Taxonomy

Groups are based

on cell nuclear

structure: number

of nuclei per cell

and

Reproductive

structures

Hyphae cell nuclear structure

Hyphae of most species

are divided into many

cells by partitions called

septa (singular, septum);

each cell possesses one

or more nuclei

Pores in the septa allow

cytoplasm to stream from

one cell to the next.

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Fungi Classification & Taxonomy

Groups are

based on cell

nuclear

structure:

and

reproductive

structures

Phylogeny of the Major Groups of Fungi

Septation

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Fungal Diversity

56,000 known species

+ a million unknown?

Chytridiomycota

Most chytrids are aquatic

They are distinguished from other fungi

by forming flagellated spores that

require water for dispersal

They reproduce both asexually and

sexually

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Zygotmycota (Zygomycetes)

1% of known species

Successful, rapid reproducers

Produce and disperse hundreds of spores

from hyphae tips

Bread molds

Zygomycosis- malnourished, diabetics,

burns, weakened immunity systems

Zygomycota Zygote Fungi

Aseptate: Multi-nucleated cells of

hyphae

Reproduces both sexually and

asexually through sporangia

Reproductive structure:

zygosporangia

Examples: Rhizopus stolonifer &

Pilobus crystallinus

Pilobolus crystallinus

Rhizopus

stolonifer

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Pilobus crystallinus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrKJ

AojmB1Y

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Glomeromycota

Live in intimate contact with the roots of plants

Their hyphae penetrate root cells and form

microscopic branching structures inside the cell

Mutualism: Internal mycorrhizae

Club fungi (Basidiomycota)

25,000 species

Reproductive structures protrude out

from mycelium

“mushrooms”

Caps with gills on

surface that have

spores

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Basidiomycota

Cells: Septate

Amanita muscaria

Basidiomycota

Reproductive structures:

Basidiocarp, basidium,

basidiospore

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Ascomycota: Sac fungi Most diverse group

30,000 species

Cells: Septate

Reproductive structures Ascocarp, ascospores develop in

ascus

Symbiotic associations: Endophytic mycorrhizae -

beneficial association with plants

With insects: leaf cutter ants, termites

Peziza sp.

Ascomycota Sexual reproductive structures:

Ascocarp, asci, ascospores

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Ascomycota

Asexual reproduction

Structure: Conidia

Example:

Penicillium

Diverse lifestyles

Fungi can be:

Decomposers e.g. bread mold

Parasites e.g. Athlete’s foot

Mutualistic symbionts

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Decomposers

Angel wings

Pleurocybella porrigens

Chicken of the woods

Mutualists:

A. Lichens

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Lichen A. Lichens are a

composite

organism

(fungus+algae or

cyanobacteria)

The fungal component is

usually in the Ascomycota

Lichen

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Lichen with

basidiomycet

fungi

Lichen with

Basidiomycota fungi

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Ecological Roles of Lichens

Pioneer species: Survive in hostile

habitats and colonize new habitats

Cyanobacteria-containing lichens can fix

nitrogen

Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form

plants can use

Environmental indicators

Symbiosis of Fungi with Other Organisms

1. Mutualistic

B. Mycorrhizal fungi

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Mycorrhizal fungi

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Symbiosis of Fungi with Other

Organisms

1. Mutualism

C. Endophytic fungi Aphids

Clacvicepts

Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms

2. Pathogenic

Examples:

Ergot

Salem witch trials?

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Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms

2. Pathogenic

Plant diseases caused by

Rusts

Smuts

Examples:

Corn smut

Dutch elm disease

Chestnut blight

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World’s largest

organism?

Pathogenic Fungi

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Lobster mushrooms

Parasitize other

fungi!

Pathogenic fungi

Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms

2. Pathogenic Example:

Chytridiomycosis infectious skin disease that

affects amphibians

worldwide

Caused by a Chytrid fungus

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Chytrid life cycle

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Chytrid infection

The pathogenic chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,

has infected this frog

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Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms: Pathogenic

White nose syndrome:

Geomycets destructens

Bat populations in the

east are devistated!

Globalization—from

Europe

Cordyceps/ Phasyrum and

Insects

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuopJ

YLBvrI&feature=related