Bell Ringer

Unit 1 Review

Scientific Method

Scientific Method

1. Hypothesis: prediction of outcome of the experiment; if, then statement

2. Experiment: controlled test of a hypothesis

3. Theory: a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

4. Difference between hypothesis & theory: hypothesis has not been tested; theory has been tested many times and lots of data support the conclusion

5. After an experiment: publish results to be retested

Hypothesis Theory Law

6. Independent = you CHANGE it; the “cause” in the experiment; the “IF” statement of the hypothesis

7. Dependent = you MEASURE it; the “effect” in the experiment; the “THEN” statement of the hypothesis

8. Constant = something that is NOT changed

Experimental Group• The Independent variable is

CHANGED• The “test” group

Control Group• The Independent variable is

NOT changed• Used for comparison of

results

Redi#1

Needham#2

Spallanzani#3

Pasteur #4

Spontaneous Generation Experiments

• Spontaneous Generation experiments proved that Life (living things) came from Life (other living things).

• Which one had an error in the scientific design? Needham; did not boil long enough to kill all of the microorganisms so they reproduced & the broth became cloudy

• Which one disproved spontaneous generation for larger organisms? Redi (flies did NOT come from meat)

• Which one completely disproved spontaneous generation? Pasteur (used S-shaped flasks to trap dust/microorganisms so broth stayed clear)

Muscle Tissue

• Examples: Skeletal, Smooth, & Cardiac muscle• Movement = expand/contract

Connective Tissue

• Examples: bone, blood, cartilage, fat, tendons• insulation, cushioning, attachment, & support

Nervous Tissue

• Examples: ganglia, motor neurons & sensory neurons• Sensation, communication, & response

Epithelial Tissue

• Examples: skin, linings of internal organs• Coverings & linings; protection

Integumentary SystemOrgans/Structures: • Skin• Hair• Nails

Functions:• Protection• Maintains body

temperature

Muscular SystemOrgans: • Smooth Muscles• Cardiac Muscles• Skeletal Muscles• Tendons

Functions:• Movement• Support• Structure

Skeletal SystemOrgans: • Bones• Cartilage• Ligaments• Joints

Functions:• Framework (support/structure)• Blood cell formation • Mineral storage• Movement

Cardiovascular SystemOrgans: • Heart• Arteries (from heart)• Veins (to heart)

Functions:• Transports nutrients & wastes

throughout the body• Transports O2 from the lungs &

CO2 to the lungs

Respiratory SystemOrgans/Structures: • Lungs• Diaphragm• Pharynx• Larynx• Trachea

Functions:• Exchange Oxygen for Carbon Dioxide

from the lungs to the bloodstream• CO2 out & O2 in

Nervous SystemOrgans: • Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Brain • Spinal Cord

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)• Motor Nerves• Sensory Nerves

Functions:• Communication• Coordination• Sensation• Response

Digestive SystemOrgans/Structures: • Esophagus• Stomach• Spleen• Liver• Gall Bladder• Small & Large Intestines• Rectum

Functions:• Digest (break down) food• Absorb nutrients• Eliminate solid waste

Organs/Structures: • Kidneys• Ureters• Urinary Bladder

Functions:• Remove waste/toxins from

bloodstream• Maintain water/chemical

balance (HOMEOSTASIS)

Urinary/Excretory System

Lymphatic SystemOrgans/Structures: • Lymph Nodes• Lymph (fluid)• Lymphatic vessels• Spleen• Thymus gland

Functions:• Returns fluid to the cardiovascular

system • Immune system that fights

bacteria/viruses

Endocrine System

Functions:• Hormone Production• Homeostasis• Metabolism

Organs/Structures: Glands

• Thymus• Pituitary• Thyroid• Parathyroid

• Adrenals• Pancreas• Ovaries• Testes

Reproductive SystemOrgans/Structures: • Female

• Ovaries• Uterus• Vagina

• Male• Penis• Testes• Prostate gland

Functions:• Produce gametes & offspring• Female: produce eggs (ovum) &

protect/nurture offspring during development

• Male: produce sperm