behaviourists_ theory of learning

8/12/2019 Behaviourists_ Theory of Learning

1/15

BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE


2/15

INTRODUCTION

BEHAVIOURAL

PERPECSTIVES Founded by John B. Watson Study of observable, measurable

behaviours

Behaviourist

Pavlov

Thorndike

Skinner


3/15

INTRODUCTION

Their ideas on learning are related with

changes in human behaviour

Its the results of observations and

experiments based on animals

Focuses on the r/ship between

stimuli/responses (resulted in changes

of behaviour)


4/15

INTRODUCTION

They believed human behaviour can be

observed, controlled and predicted.

a.k.a Stimulus Response Theory


5/15

THETHEORISTS

Pavlov

(18491936)

Watson(18781958)

B.F. Skinner

(19041990)


6/15

Ivan PavlovRussian Scientist

Pavlovs Theory, Events that previously had norelation to a given reflex could, throughexperience, trigger a reflex.

Classical Conditioning

A reflexive or automatic type of learning inwhich a stimulus acquires the capacity to

evoke a response that was originally evokedby another stimulus.

Pavlovs experiment with dogs


7/15

During Pavlovs experiment on dogs digestive

processes, he accidentally discovery other things.

When meat powder presented to Pavlovs dogs, they

begin to salivation.

Over time, he noticed that his dogs begin to salivationbefore the meat powder was even presented.

Fascinated by this finding, he paired the meat powder

with stimuli like the ringing of a bell.

After several times, the bell was used alone without the

food and as predicted, the dogs begin salivating as a

respond of the sound produced.


8/15

Pavlov therefore demonstrated how stimulus-response

bonds are formed.

In technical terms,

the meat powder = unconditioned stimulus (UCS)the dogs salivation = unconditioned response (UCR).

the bell = conditioned stimulus (CS) which

produces the conditioned response

(CR) of salivation after repeated

pairings (the bell and food.)


9/15

John. Broadus WatsonAmerican

PsychologistHis most famous research is related tochildrens emotion by using the ClassicalConditioning Model.

Extended Pavlovs work on ClassicalConditioning

Applied it to human beings. In 1921, Watson studied Albert, an 9 month

old infant child.


10/15

The goal of the study was to condition Albert to become

afraid of a white rat by pairing the white rat with a very loud,

jarring noise (UCS).

At first, Albert showed no sign of fear when he was

presented with rats, but once the rat was repeatedly paired

with the loud noise (UCS), Albert developed a fear of rats.

It could be said that the loud noise (UCS) induced fear

(UCR).

The implications of Watsons experiment suggested that

classical conditioning could cause some phobias in

humans.


11/15

Burrhus Frederic Skinner - American

PsychologistSkinners Theory, Changes in behaviour are

the result of an individuals response to events.

Operant Conditioning

Organisms normally operate on the

environment instead of reacting to the stimuli

presented to them.

Response emitted from self-motivation


12/15

Example 1: Parents rewarding a childs excellent

grades with candy or some other prize.

Example 2: A schoolteacher awards points to those

students who are the most calm and well-behaved.

Students eventually realize that when they

voluntarily become quieter and better behaved, that

they earn more points.

Example 3: A form of reinforcement (such as food)

is given to an animal every time the animal (for

example, a hungry lion) presses a lever.


13/15

3 Concepts of Operant

Conditioning Learning Model

1. Operant response occurs from the

initiative of oneself. (response achieve

its desired result -> it will established

and sustained)

2. Positive and negative reinforcers

3. Positive and negative reinforcement


14/15

Concepts Positive Negative

Reinforcer

(stimulus which cansustain individual

response)

Reward Punishment

(withdrawal ofreward which has

been promised)

Reinforcement

(technique or

process which uses

the reinforcer to

strengthen andsustain the relevant

response)

A response is

strengthened

because of

rewarding stimulus

that follows.

A response is

strengthened

because of removal

of an unpleasant

stimulus.


15/15

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND

OPERANT CONDITIONINGClassical conditioning - a stimulus automatically

triggers an involuntary response.

Operant conditioning - a voluntary response is

then followed by a reinforcing stimulus. In this

way, the voluntary response (e.g. studying for

an exam) is more likely to be done by theindividual.

behaviourists_ theory of learning

Documents