battery elimination in electric vehicles benefitting cost ...aedlc (see the idtechex report,...

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Battery Elimination in Electric Vehicles

Benefitting cost, space, weight, safety, life, reliability

Dr Peter Harrop

[email protected]

IDTechEx

www.idtechex.com


“Toxic Materials and Alternatives in Electronics/ Electrics 2018-2028”

“Battery Elimination in Electronics and Electrical Engineering 2018-2028”

“Li-ion Batteries 2018-2028”

“Electric Vehicles 2018-2038: Forecasts, Analysis and Opportunities”

This presentation shares some of the research for the new IDTechEx reports:


Primarily, batteries deal with intermittency and inadequacy of electricity supply, the extreme

case being complete lack of electricity for moving EVs

Small batteries have been eliminated for many years.

Piezoelectric gas lighter

Bicycle dynamo

Piezoelectric or electrodynamic light switch that has no wiring.

These tend to be in applications that provide electricity only when a force is applied

The need for batteries


Li-ion battery volume demand GWh

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

GW

h

Battery volume demand by end use segment 2016-26 in GWhOff road

Wearable Electronics

Racing

Marine

Aircraft

Military

Commercial

2 Wheel

Residential EnergyStorage

Industrial

Micro EV

Car

Electric Bus

Consumer Electronics

No easing in growth rate despite some

adoption of batteryless solutions


Breathing apparatus is essential when dealing with lithium-ion battery fires


Two out of the first 50 Boeing 787 Dreamliners had lithium-

ion battery related fires

Chinese taxi with Li-ion battery with so-called safe LFP

cathodeTesla. One fire was due to penetration.

Ongoing lithium-ion fires

and explosions

Computers, hover boards,

phones, cars, aircraft

The two pilots died when this UPS plane burned due to Li-

ion battery cargo.


Breaking the rules of manufacturing. There is so much competition in lithium-ion batteries and so much potential, the industry is now cutting

corners. In manufacturing you either change your product in most respects or you scale up manufacturing one hundredfold based on a stable

design. This industry is doing both at the same time and for some it will end in tears. For example, accelerated life tests and past production

parameters can become meaningless and too rapid scaleup can reveal many problems of reproduceability, yield and so on. There will be more

nasty explosions and fires made even more likely because the industry is moving to larger batteries with more to go wrong. IDTechEx believes

that the biggest impact will be one of the leaders going out of production for some time as it sorts its processes out. That can pull down the

market value because under ten of the 500 manufacturers can make safe, affordable, suitable large Li-ion batteries in the quantities and to the

timescales required. Any problems can lead to more serious consideration of replacement or elimination in product designs.

Next Li-ion failures and production delays due to cutting corners

Silicon in

anode

combined

with higher

energy

cathodePotentially

unstable, difficult

technology being

adopted by all

majors 2017-9

Higher energy density

Aqueous or

non-

flammable

organic

electrolyte

and new

formats2018 onwards

Less toxic non- flammable, higher energy density

No leakage, longer life, non- flammable, maybe suitable for structural electronics

Solid state

electrolyte

organic or

inorganic2020 onwards

See the IDTechEx report, “Structural Electronics 2017-2027”.


How to reduce then eliminate batteries

Top up charging

X 0.2

Better batteries

X 0.5

Fewer batteries

Eliminate PbA

battery in EV

(Porsche etc)

Energy storage without batteries Elimination of energy storage

by energy harvesting – preferably

multi-mode wind, solar, water….

Top up coils in road,

catenary, gantry ….

Lithium-air, lithium

sulfur

Supercapacitors

Pseudocapacitors

Supercabatteries

AEDLC (See the IDTechEx report,

“Supercapacitor Technology and

Markets 2018-2028”)

Flywheels

Small market share partly due to

higher up-front price, some

operational limitations, some only

recently viable, some systems only

available/ viable 2018-2020 such as

good multi mode harvesting

But things are on the move!


Supercapacitors in automotive: there are many more than thisSource IDTechEx report, “Supercapacitor Technologies and Markets 2018-2028”


Dynamic charging from road Korea, China solar road with dynamic chargingThis demonstration at KAIST University Korea has operated for many years providing campus transport. It has a small battery and could

operate without a battery. See IDTechEx report, “Electrically Smart Roads 2018-2028”


Battery elimination today

See IDTechEx report, Agricultural Robots and Drones

2017-2027: Technologies, Markets, Players”

Mostly, these are sold with batteries but they can operate

is a more restricted way without them. The tourist bus top

right is specifically marketed with the no battery, day only

option. See IDTechEx report, “Energy Independent

Electric Vehicles Land, Water, Air 2018-2038”


Type: Micro EV

Name: Sunnyclist

Designer/ manufacturer: Sunnyclist

Solar energy provides up to 35km a day, as an annual average

and 70km on a sunny day without battery.

Extreme powertrain efficiency: No

Extreme lightweighting: No

Extreme aerodynamics/ hydrodynamics/ streamlining: No

15

Sunnyclist Greece


To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the

Pilgrim Fathers going from Plymouth UK

to Plymouth USA, a boat of the same

length with sails and solar will complete

the voyage autonomously. Using either

or both of its two sails, Mayflower

Autonomous Research Ship MARS will

be able to move at a speed of up to 20

knots (37 km/h or 23 mph). On less

breezy days when the sails are

automatically stowed below deck, its

solar-powered electric motor will still take

it up to 12.5 knots (23 km/h or 14 mph).

The solar cells should be able to

generate enough current that if traveling

at 5 knots (9 km/h or 6 mph) under motor

power, the ship’s range will be unlimited,

needing no battery say the designers.

Some of those cells will be on a folding

wing that will only open under calm sea

conditions.

MARS UK autonomous boat


Technology Market position Why?

Electrodynamic*

Magneto-electric field change- dynamo, alternator, reversible motor etc.Biggest market

2017-2037

Extremely versatile in format and

power output: microwatt to megawattPhotovoltaic

pn junction, photo-electrochemical or nantenna-dide array. Light, sometimes IR, UV

Thermoelectric

Seebeck effect pn junction using temperature difference Next biggest

market but a

long way

behind

Useful where ED and PV may have

problems at low power. PZ not

successful above mW. TE not

successful above 10kW

Piezoelectric*

Movement causing electricity generation by piezo effect – compression of a suitable

ceramic or polymer

Capacitive Dielectric Elastomer Generator DEG*

Changing capacitor dimensions by force, typically using

elastomer dielectric and stretchable electrodes

Big potential

Extremely versatile in format and

power output. Not yet successful

because they are relatively new. May

overtake thermoelectric and

piezoelectric one day partly because

power >10kW is possible. 1MW MS

wave power under development

Magnetostrictive*

Movement causing electricity generation by Villari effect

Triboelectric Nanogenerator TENG*

Contact electrification with electrostatic induction

Pyroelectric

Temperature change

Limited

potential

Suitable conditions rarely

encountered, cost effectiveness,

reliability but ambient radio used by

Drayson commercial CO sensor on

sale and for experimental no-battery

cellphone

Ambient radiation eg. phone emissions

Antenna/rectifier

Microbial fuel cell burning dirt/ weeds

.

Many more EH transducer options arriving* motion harvesting

No major success

so far


Towards multiple energy harvesting for EVs

Triboelectric tires USA

Triboelectrics for motion harvesting were

only invented five years ago and yet they

have already been demonstrated

producing electricity at 70% efficiency

using common non-toxic flexible

materials.

At the University of Wisconsin Madison, a

toy car has used triboelectric tires to flash

LEDs without a battery raising the

intriguing prospect of regular cars making

hundreds of watts this way to help propel

them along: combined with other energy

harvesting that could eventually be

without batteries.


Solar road on deck

Solar sails

Airborne Wind Energy taps more consistent wind at 200-

1000m that is four times stronger. Vertical lifters permit

take-off even in still weather. See IDTechEx report

”Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) 2018-2028”

Wave power harvested to lift ship – reduce drag

One large ship NOx & particulate emission = millions of cars Reduce power needed & multi-mode harvest = zero emissionIf only a few of these possibilities prove viable and a battery is used, the necessary megawatts will be available continuously, saving emissions equivalent to millions of cars per ship and saving moneyOther options being researched include triboelectric (see IDTechEx report on this) or dielectric elastomer wave blanket, flexing hull and sails and piezo+ photovoltaic PV cloth sails harvesting rain, sun and wind

Flettner rotors are more tolerant of wind direction than sails (electrically spun cylinder in wind creates thrust)

Unmanned autonomy means less power needed

Air lubrication to reduce frictional resistance

Many energy independent electric small craft already. See IDTechEx reports, “Energy Independent Electric Vehicles Land, Water, Air 2018-2038” and

“High Power Energy Harvesting 2017-2027”

Energy independent ship opportunity 3MW with 1MWh batteries then no batteries Major sea

trials 2018

Major rollout

2018 First sales

2018

Major trials on land

2018

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjssIDHtM_VAhWOLVAKHSyKC2AQjRwIBw&url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnus_Effect_at_Flettner_Rotor_Boat.svg&psig=AFQjCNEqITFb45t_DXpfxOyAmMoXZVR72w&ust=1502548780951226


Supporting your strategic business

decisions on emerging technologies

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UK: +44 (0)1223 812 300 Japan: +81 90 5566 1533 www.IDTechEx.com

Offices:

www.IDTechEx.com

USA: +1 617 577 7890 Germany: +49 3991 669 3591 Korea: +82 31 263 7890

UK: +44 (0)1223 812 300 Japan: +81 90 1704 1184

Dr Peter Harrop

[email protected]

Free daily commentary on Energyharvestingjournal.com

www.IDTechEx.com

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